Malachite Green Dye Removal from Aqueous Solutions Using Invader Centaurea Solstitialis Plant and Optimization by Response Surface Method: Kinetic, Isotherm, And Thermodynamic Study

Abstract

Invasive plants reduce the yield by inhibiting the development of agricultural products. In this study, invasive (CS) plant which is agricultural waste was used as adsorbent for removal of Malachite Green (MG) from aqueous solution. The adsorbent - adsorbate relationship was examined by the spectrophotometric method and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The surface morphology was determined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). CS surface area was measured by Brunauer, the Emmett and Teller (BET) analysis. The experiments were designed and modeled by RSM. The correlation factor of the developed model was 0.984. The capacity of 90.816 mg.g^-1 was achieved when MG solution with concentration of 312.5 mg.L^-1 was adsorbed onto 0.325 g CS for 75 min at a pH of 7.5. In this work the shaking velocity and the adsorbent size were 150 rpm and 30 mesh respectively. Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherms were studied. Temkin isotherm had the highest R² of 0.997. The kinetics models of the adsorption process were investigated and fitted with pseudo-second-order kinetic (R² = 0.9982). The intraparticle diffusion model reflected the involved two steps; the first comprehended the boundary diffusion layer, while the second introduced the intraparticle diffusion effects. The adsorption was found to be endothermic with a Gibbs free energy of -4.47 KJ.mol^-1. It was noted that the adsorption process was irreversible with a max percentage of desorption process of 2.16%. Column experiments were conducted to realize the adsorption process. The efficiency of the column reached 99.5% after 40 min and stilled constant. As a result, CS has shown a potential for MG removal from aqueous solution.

Keywords

• Malachite Green; Centaurea solstitialis
• Adsorption process
• Response Surface Method

İstilacı Centaurea Solstitialis Bitkisi Kullanılarak Sulu Çözeltilerden Malahit Yeşil Boya Giderimi ve Tepki Yüzey Yöntemi ile Optimizasyon: Kinetik, İzoterm ve Termodinamik Çalışma

Öz

İstilacı bitkiler, tarım ürünlerinin gelişimini engelleyerek ürün verimini azaltmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, sentetik bir boya olan Malachite Green (MG)'nin sulu çözeltiden uzaklaştırılmasında tarımsal atık olan istilacı Centaurea Solstitialis (CS) bitkisi adsorban olarak  kullanılmıştır. Adsorbent - adsorbate ilişkisi, spektrofotometrik yöntem ve Fourier dönüşüm infrared (FTIR) ile incelenmiştir. Yüzey morfolojisi taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) ile belirlenmiştir. CS yüzey alanı Brunauer, Emmett ve Teller (BET) analizi ile ölçülmüştür. Deney tasarımı ve modellemesinde RSM kullanılmış ve korelasyon faktörü 0,984 olarak bulunmuştur. Optimum çalışma koşulu olan 312.5 mg.L^-1MG içeren çözeltiye (pH=7.5) 0.325 g CS (30 mesh) koyularak 150 rpm’de 75 dakika çalkalanmıştır. Çalışmada CS tanecik boyutu 30 mesh ve çalkalama hızı 150 rpm sabit tutulmuştur. Optimum çalışma koşullarında CS’nin maksimum adsorpsiyon kapasitesi 90.816 mg.g^-1 bulunmuştur. Sonuçlar Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin ve Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) izotermleri ile değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak adsorpsiyon işleminin Temkin izotermine (0,997 R²) uyan yalancı ikinci dereceden (R² = 0.9982) bir kinetik reaksiyon olduğu bulunmuştur. İntrapartikül difüzyon modeli, sırasıyla sınır difüzyon tabakası ve partikül içi difüzyon etkilerini göstermiştir. Adsorpsiyonun -4,47 KJ.mol^-1 Gibbs serbest enerjisi ile endotermik olduğu bulunmuştur. Desorpsiyon çalışmasında maksimum %2.16’lık bir verim elde edilmiştir. Bu sonuç CS üzerine adsorbe olan MG’nin tekrar suya karışma ihtimalinin düşük olduğunu göstermektedir.  Daha sonra kolon çalışmalarına geçilmiştir.  Kolonun verimliliği, 40. dakikada % 99.5'e ulaşmış ve bundan sonra sabit kalmıştır. Sonuç olarak, CS’nin, sulu çözeltiden MG gideriminde etkili bir adsorbent olduğu bulunmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Malahit Yeşili
• Centaurea solstitialis
• Adsorpsiyon işlemi
• Tepki Yüzey Yöntemi

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