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A Comparison of Six Legged ODE (Open Dynamics Engine) Based Gait control Algorithm and Standard Walking Gaits

Yıl 2019, Özel Sayı 2019, 242 - 255, 31.10.2019
https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.637865

Öz

In legged robots, there are changes in the sequence of legs and the foothold positions depending on the speed. The walking sequence, known as gait, is important for the robot's ability to move in a stable and less energy-consuming way. In this study, the previously developed ODE-based gait control algorithms for a six-legged mobile robot and the standard walking gaits were compared in terms of stability and repeatability. In the ODE-based gait control algorithm, dynamic effects are not neglected, as in standard gait patterns. Owing to this, the ODE-based gait controller has the ability to constantly balance itself against external disturbances. In order to test this feature of the control algorithm, the same comparison operations were repeated for a fixed motion scenario on a rotatable inclined floor. In this study firstly layered control architecture has explained which developed for ODE-based controllers. Thereafter, servo motor controllers, ODE based stability and ODE based gait controllers used in robot are introduced respectively. After in order to make the performance of these controllers comparable to the methods in the literature, standard gait patterns have been introduced. Following this section, the performance criteria to be used in the comparison procedures and the reasons for their selection are given. Later on, the rotatable inclined floor, which was builded in order to demonstrate the performance of the robot and controller used in the test system better, has explained. Afterwards, an experimental scenario in which the slopes are changed periodically over time was determined, with the aim of using this scenario in comparison experiments in which performed on the rotatable inclined floor. In the comparison results section, the experimental performance results shown by ODE-based gait controller and standard walking arrangements are given in detail through this test system and comparison criteria. As a result of the study, a 65 percent improvement was observed in stability of robot, both flat and inclined floor according to standard walking gaits.

Kaynakça

  • Murray, R. M., Li, Z., Sastry, S. S., & Sastry, S. S. (1994). A mathematical introduction to robotic manipulation: CRC press.
  • Vukobratović, M. (1975). Legged locomotion robots and anthropomorphic mechanisms: Mihailo Pupin Institute.
  • Siegwart, R., Nourbakhsh, I. R., & Scaramuzza, D. (2011). Introduction to autonomous mobile robots: MIT press.
  • Ritzmann, R. E., Quinn, R. D., & Fischer, M. S. (2004). Convergent evolution and locomotion through complex terrain by insects, vertebrates and robots. Arthropod Structure & Development, 33(3), 361-379.
  • Inagaki, S., Yuasa, H., Suzuki, T., & Arai, T. (2006). Wave CPG model for autonomous decentralized multi-legged robot: Gait generation and walking speed control. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 54(2), 118-126.
  • Erden, M. S., & Leblebicioğlu, K. (2008). Free gait generation with reinforcement learning for a six-legged robot. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 56(3), 199-212.
  • Wang, Z., Ding, X., Rovetta, A., & Giusti, A. (2011). Mobility analysis of the typical gait of a radial symmetrical six-legged robot. Mechatronics, 21(7), 1133-1146.
  • Kajita, S., Yamaura, T., & Kobayashi, A. (1992). Dynamic gait control of a biped robot along a potential energy conserving orbit. IEEE Transactions on robotics and automation, 8(4), 431-438.
  • Nishiwaki, K., Murakami, Y., Kagami, S., Kuniyoshi, Y., Inaba, M., & Inoue, H. (2002, May). A six-axis force sensor with parallel support mechanism to measure the ground reaction force of humanoid robot. In Proceedings 2002 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (Cat. No. 02CH37292) (Vol. 3, pp. 2277-2282). IEEE.
  • Nonami, K., Barai, R. K., Irawan, A., & Daud, M. R. (2014). Historical and Modern perspective of walking robots Hydraulically Actuated Hexapod Robots (pp. 19-40): Springer.
  • Vukobratović, M., & Stepanenko, J. (1973). Mathematical models of general anthropomorphic systems. Mathematical biosciences, 17(3-4), 191-242.
  • Vukobratović, M., & Stepanenko, J. (1972). On the stability of anthropomorphic systems. Mathematical biosciences, 15(1-2), 1-37.
  • Koenig, N., & Howard, A. (2004). Design and use paradigms for gazebo, an open-source multi-robot simulator. Paper presented at the Intelligent Robots and Systems, 2004.(IROS 2004). Proceedings. 2004 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on.
  • Eaton, M. (2007). Evolutionary humanoid robotics: past, present and future 50 years of artificial intelligence (pp. 42-52): Springer.
  • Estimation Of Contact Forces On Real-Time Six Legged Mobile Robot With ODE (Open Dynamİcs Engıne), YILDIRIM Ş., ARSLAN E., International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering ICAME 2016, İstanbul, Türkiye, 10 - 13 May 2016, ss.185-190
  • ODE (Open Dynamics Engine) based stability control algorithm for six legged robot, YILDIRIM Ş., ARSLAN E. MEASUREMENT, cilt.124, ss.367-377, 2018
  • ODE (Open Dynamics Engine) Based Gait control Algorithm for Six Legged Robot, YILDIRIM Ş., ARSLAN E., JOURNAL OF NEW RESULTS IN SCIENCE (JNRS), cilt.7, ss.35-46, 2018
  • A New Walking Performance Criteria for ODE (Open Dynamics Engine) Based Six Legged Robot Control YILDIRIM Ş., ARSLAN E. The International Conference on Material Science, Mechanical and Automotive Engineerings and Technology, İzmir, Türkiye, 10 - 12 April 2018, ss.1-5
  • Campos, R., Matos, V., & Santos, C. (2010, November). Hexapod locomotion: A nonlinear dynamical systems approach. In IECON 2010-36th Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (pp. 1546-1551). IEEE.
  • Arslan, E. (2018). Parallel programming supported balance and walk control for six legged mobile robot (Phd. Thesis)
  • Belter, D., & Skrzypczyński, P. (2012). Posture optimization strategy for a statically stable robot traversing rough terrain. Paper presented at the Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), 2012 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on.

Altı Bacaklı ODE (Open Dynamics Engine) Tabanlı Yürüyüş Kontrol Algoritması ile Standard Yürüyüş Düzenlerinin Karşılaştırılması

Yıl 2019, Özel Sayı 2019, 242 - 255, 31.10.2019
https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.637865

Öz

Bacaklı robotlarda, hareket hızına bağlı olarak, bacakların yere temas sıralarında ve pozisyonlarında farklılıklar görülmektedir. Gait olarak bilinen bu yürüyüş sırasının robotun kararlı ve daha az enerji harcayacak bir şekilde hareket edebilmesi açısından önemi büyüktür. Bu çalışmada daha önce altı bacaklı bir mobil robot için geliştirmiş olduğumuz ODE tabanlı yürüyüş kontrol algoritmaları ile standard yürüyüş düzenlerine sahip algoritmalar, denge ve kararlılık açısından karşılaştırılmıştır. ODE tabanlı yürüyüş kontrol algoritmasında, standard gaitlerdeki gibi dinamik etkiler ihmal edilmemektedir. Bu sayede ODE tabanlı yürüyüş kontrolörüne, dışardan gelen bozucu etkenlere karşı kendisini sürekli olarak dengeye getirebilme özelliği katılmıştır. Kontrol algoritmasının bu özelliğini test edebilmek için aynı karşılaştırma işlemleri eğimi değiştirilebilir hareketli bir platform üzerinde sabit bir hareket senaryosu için tekrarlanmıştır. Çalışmada ilk olarak daha önce geliştirilen ODE tabanlı kontrolörler için belirlenen katmanlı kontrol mimarisi açıklanmıştır. Daha sonra sırasıyla robotta kullanılan servo motor kontrolörleri, ODE tabanlı denge ve ODE tabanlı yürüyüş kontrolörleri tanıtılmıştır. Ardından bu kontrolörlerin performansını literatürdeki metotlarla karşılaştırılabilir bir hale getirmek için standard yürüyüş düzenleri tanıtılmıştır. Bu bölümün sonrasında karşılaştırma işlemlerinde kullanılacak performans kriterleri ve bunların seçim sebepleri verilmiştir. Daha sonra da deney sisteminde kullanılan robotun ve kontrolörün performansını daha iyi bir şekilde ortaya koymak amacı ile kurulan eğimi değiştirilebilir platform açıklanmıştır. Sonrasında ise, bu eğimi değiştirilebilir platform üzerinde yapılacak karşılaştırma deneylerinde kullanılması amacı ile eğimlerin zamana bağlı olarak periyodik bir şekilde değiştirildiği bir deney senaryosu belirlenmiştir. Karşılaştıma sonuçları bölümünde ise bu deney sistemi ve karşılaştırma kriterleri üzerinden, standard yürüyüş düzenleri ile ODE tabanlı yürüyüş kontrolörünün göstemiş olduğu deneysel performans sonuçları detaylı bir şekilde verilmiştir. Çalışma sonunda standard yürüyüş düzenlerine robotun stabilitesinde hem düz hem de eğimli zeminlerde yüzde 65 oranında bir iyileşme gözlenmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Murray, R. M., Li, Z., Sastry, S. S., & Sastry, S. S. (1994). A mathematical introduction to robotic manipulation: CRC press.
  • Vukobratović, M. (1975). Legged locomotion robots and anthropomorphic mechanisms: Mihailo Pupin Institute.
  • Siegwart, R., Nourbakhsh, I. R., & Scaramuzza, D. (2011). Introduction to autonomous mobile robots: MIT press.
  • Ritzmann, R. E., Quinn, R. D., & Fischer, M. S. (2004). Convergent evolution and locomotion through complex terrain by insects, vertebrates and robots. Arthropod Structure & Development, 33(3), 361-379.
  • Inagaki, S., Yuasa, H., Suzuki, T., & Arai, T. (2006). Wave CPG model for autonomous decentralized multi-legged robot: Gait generation and walking speed control. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 54(2), 118-126.
  • Erden, M. S., & Leblebicioğlu, K. (2008). Free gait generation with reinforcement learning for a six-legged robot. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 56(3), 199-212.
  • Wang, Z., Ding, X., Rovetta, A., & Giusti, A. (2011). Mobility analysis of the typical gait of a radial symmetrical six-legged robot. Mechatronics, 21(7), 1133-1146.
  • Kajita, S., Yamaura, T., & Kobayashi, A. (1992). Dynamic gait control of a biped robot along a potential energy conserving orbit. IEEE Transactions on robotics and automation, 8(4), 431-438.
  • Nishiwaki, K., Murakami, Y., Kagami, S., Kuniyoshi, Y., Inaba, M., & Inoue, H. (2002, May). A six-axis force sensor with parallel support mechanism to measure the ground reaction force of humanoid robot. In Proceedings 2002 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (Cat. No. 02CH37292) (Vol. 3, pp. 2277-2282). IEEE.
  • Nonami, K., Barai, R. K., Irawan, A., & Daud, M. R. (2014). Historical and Modern perspective of walking robots Hydraulically Actuated Hexapod Robots (pp. 19-40): Springer.
  • Vukobratović, M., & Stepanenko, J. (1973). Mathematical models of general anthropomorphic systems. Mathematical biosciences, 17(3-4), 191-242.
  • Vukobratović, M., & Stepanenko, J. (1972). On the stability of anthropomorphic systems. Mathematical biosciences, 15(1-2), 1-37.
  • Koenig, N., & Howard, A. (2004). Design and use paradigms for gazebo, an open-source multi-robot simulator. Paper presented at the Intelligent Robots and Systems, 2004.(IROS 2004). Proceedings. 2004 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on.
  • Eaton, M. (2007). Evolutionary humanoid robotics: past, present and future 50 years of artificial intelligence (pp. 42-52): Springer.
  • Estimation Of Contact Forces On Real-Time Six Legged Mobile Robot With ODE (Open Dynamİcs Engıne), YILDIRIM Ş., ARSLAN E., International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering ICAME 2016, İstanbul, Türkiye, 10 - 13 May 2016, ss.185-190
  • ODE (Open Dynamics Engine) based stability control algorithm for six legged robot, YILDIRIM Ş., ARSLAN E. MEASUREMENT, cilt.124, ss.367-377, 2018
  • ODE (Open Dynamics Engine) Based Gait control Algorithm for Six Legged Robot, YILDIRIM Ş., ARSLAN E., JOURNAL OF NEW RESULTS IN SCIENCE (JNRS), cilt.7, ss.35-46, 2018
  • A New Walking Performance Criteria for ODE (Open Dynamics Engine) Based Six Legged Robot Control YILDIRIM Ş., ARSLAN E. The International Conference on Material Science, Mechanical and Automotive Engineerings and Technology, İzmir, Türkiye, 10 - 12 April 2018, ss.1-5
  • Campos, R., Matos, V., & Santos, C. (2010, November). Hexapod locomotion: A nonlinear dynamical systems approach. In IECON 2010-36th Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (pp. 1546-1551). IEEE.
  • Arslan, E. (2018). Parallel programming supported balance and walk control for six legged mobile robot (Phd. Thesis)
  • Belter, D., & Skrzypczyński, P. (2012). Posture optimization strategy for a statically stable robot traversing rough terrain. Paper presented at the Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), 2012 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on.
Toplam 21 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Şahin Yıldırım Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-6870-7932

Erdem Arslan 0000-0002-4961-4922

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ekim 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Özel Sayı 2019

Kaynak Göster

APA Yıldırım, Ş., & Arslan, E. (2019). A Comparison of Six Legged ODE (Open Dynamics Engine) Based Gait control Algorithm and Standard Walking Gaits. Avrupa Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi242-255. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.637865