Öz
Günümüzde neredeyse tüm otomobil üreticileri, elektronik ve bilişim sektöründen tanınmış birçok şirket sürücüsüz otomobiller için çalışmalar yürütmektedir. Otomobillerde otonom sürüş işlevlerinin tanıtımları yapılmakta, bu teknolojinin insanlar ve çevre için potansiyelleri, faydaları ve risklerini yoğun bir şekilde tartışılmaktadır. Sürüş yardımı işlevine sahip araçların, hatta yolcu ve eşya taşımacılığına yönelik otonom araçların (AV) günlük trafikte giderek artan bir paya sahip olması beklenmektedir. Gerçek sürücüsüz otomobiller, yapay zekânın otomobili tamamen kendi başına sürdüğü ve sürüş görevi sırasında herhangi bir insan yardımı olmadığı araçlardır. Otomotiv Mühendisleri Topluluğu (SAE, Society for Automotive Engineers) otonom araçlar için 0 ila 5. seviye arasında değişen standart (J3016) yayınlamıştır. Seviye “0” otomasyon olmayan basit model araçlara işaret ederken, seviye “5” gerçek bir sürücüsüz otomobili belirtmektedir. Sürücüsüz araç teknolojilerinde hedeflenen, mevcut durumda kullanılan ve insanlar tarafından yapılan faaliyetlerin devre dışı bırakılması, insanların araç idaresi sırasındaki algılama yeteneklerinin teknoloji vasıtasıyla yapılması, daha az risk taşıyacak şekilde araçların üretilmesi ve yaygınlaştırılmasıdır. Bu araçlar hareket kabiliyetini kullanırken insanların duyu organları yerine geçen, daha az hata yapan, daha kısa zamanda karar verebilen; radar, lidar, kamera, sensör, GPS, bilgisayar ve ileri derecede gelişmiş kontrol sistemleri kullanmaktadır. AV'lerin güvenliği ve konforu artıracağı, trafik sıkışıklığını, kirliliği, yakıt tüketimini azaltacağı ve aynı zamanda engelliler ve yaşlı insanlar için mobilite erişilebilirliğini daha da kolaylaştıracağı tahmin edilmektedir. Ayrıca, otonom sürüşün kaza ve çarpışmaların sayısını da azaltacağı öngörülmektedir. Bütün bu veriler otonom araçların önümüzdeki yıllara damga vuracak teknolojiler arasında yer alacağını göstermektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Otonom Araçlar Sürücüsüz Araçlar , Mobilite Araçlar Arası İletişim Yapay Zekâ
Kaynakça
- S.A. Cohen, D. Hopkins, Autonomous vehicles and the future of urban tourism, Ann. Tour. Res. 74 (2019) 33–42.
- Autonomous Car, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_car, (20.09.2020).
- K. Kaur, G. Rampersad, Trust in driverless cars: Investigating key factors influ- encing the adoption of driverless cars, J. Eng. Technol. Manag. 48 (2018) 87–96.
- Mordue et al., G. Mordue, A. Yeung, F. Wu “The looming challenges of regulating high level autonomous vehicles” Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 132 (2020), pp. 174-187.
- SAE International standard J3016: Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems for On-Road Motor Vehicles J3016 (2018) < https://www.sae.org/standards/content/j3016_201806/> accessed 19 Sept 2020.
- L.Eliot, (20.12.2019), “Explaining Level 4 And Level 5 Of Self-Driving Cars In Plain English”, https://www.forbes.com/sites/lanceeliot/2019/12/20/explaining-level-4-and-level-5-of-self-driving-cars-in-plain-english/
- L.Eliot, (2018). “Reframing AI Levels for Self Driving Cars: Bifurcation of Autonomy”, https://www.aitrends.com/selfdrivingcars/reframing-ai-levels-for-self-driving-cars-bifurcation-of-autonomy/
- Yetim S. (2016). Sürücüsüz Araçlar ve Getirdiği / Getireceği Hukuki Sorunlar, 2016/1 Ankara Barosu Dergisi.
- M. Hirz and B. Walzel, ”Sensor and object recognition technologies for self-driving cars,” Computer-Aided Design and Applications, pp. 1-8, January 2018.
- J. Webb, C. Wilson, T. Kularatne, Will people accept shared autonomous electric vehicles? A survey before and after receipt of the costs and benefits, Econ. Anal. Policy. 61 (2019) 118–135.
- Awad, E., Dsouza, S., Kim, R., Schulz, J., Henrich, J., Shariff, A., Rahwan, I. (2020). Reply to: life and death decisions of autonomous vehicles. Nature, 579 (7797), E3–E5.
- Morduea. G, Yeung A., Wu. F, (2019), The looming challenges of regulating high level autonomous, Transportation Research Part A 132 (2020) 174–187.
- E.C. Anania, S. Rice, N.W. Walters, M. Pierce, S.R. Winter, M.N. Mil- ner, The effects of positive and negative information on consumers’ will- ingness to ride in a driverless vehicle, Transp. Policy. 72 (2018) 218–224.
- Daniel J. Fagnant and Kara Kockelman. (2015) “Preparing a nation for autonomous vehicles: opportunities, barriers and policy recommendations.” Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 77: 167–181.
- By 2030, 25% of Miles Driven in US Could Be in Shared Self-Driving Electric Cars, https://www.bcg.com/press/10april2017-future-autonomous-electric-vehicles/, (10.05.2017).
- Adnan, N., Nordin, S. M., bin Bahruddin, M. A., & Ali, M. (2018). How trust can drive forward the user acceptance to the technology? In-vehicle technology for autonomous vehicle. Transportation research part A: policy and practice, 118, 819–836.
Öz
Today, almost all automobile manufacturers, many well-known companies from the electronics and information sector are working for driverless cars. Autonomous driving functions are promoted in automobiles, and the potential, benefits and risks of this technology for people and the environment are discussed extensively. It is expected that vehicles with driving assistance functions and even autonomous vehicles (AV) for passenger and goods transportation will have an increasing share in daily traffic. Real driverless cars are vehicles where the artificial intelligence drives the car completely on its own and there is no human assistance during the driving mission. The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) has published a standard for autonomous vehicles ranging from level 0 to level 5 (J3016). Level "0" refers to the base model vehicles without automation, while level "5" refers to a true driverless car. The aim of driverless vehicle technologies is to disable the activities that are currently used and carried out by people, to make people's perception skills during vehicle management through technology, to produce and spread vehicles with less risk. These tools replace the sensory organs of people while using their mobility, making less mistakes, making decisions in a shorter time; it uses radar, lidar, camera, sensor, GPS, computer and advanced control systems. It is predicted that AVs will increase safety and comfort, reduce traffic congestion, pollution, fuel consumption, and also facilitate mobility accessibility for disabled people and older people. In addition, it is predicted that autonomous driving will reduce the number of accidents and collisions. All these data show that autonomous vehicles will be among the technologies that will mark the coming years.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Autonomous Vehicles Self-Driving Cars Mobility V2V Communication Artificial Intelligence
Kaynakça
- S.A. Cohen, D. Hopkins, Autonomous vehicles and the future of urban tourism, Ann. Tour. Res. 74 (2019) 33–42.
- Autonomous Car, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_car, (20.09.2020).
- K. Kaur, G. Rampersad, Trust in driverless cars: Investigating key factors influ- encing the adoption of driverless cars, J. Eng. Technol. Manag. 48 (2018) 87–96.
- Mordue et al., G. Mordue, A. Yeung, F. Wu “The looming challenges of regulating high level autonomous vehicles” Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 132 (2020), pp. 174-187.
- SAE International standard J3016: Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems for On-Road Motor Vehicles J3016 (2018) < https://www.sae.org/standards/content/j3016_201806/> accessed 19 Sept 2020.
- L.Eliot, (20.12.2019), “Explaining Level 4 And Level 5 Of Self-Driving Cars In Plain English”, https://www.forbes.com/sites/lanceeliot/2019/12/20/explaining-level-4-and-level-5-of-self-driving-cars-in-plain-english/
- L.Eliot, (2018). “Reframing AI Levels for Self Driving Cars: Bifurcation of Autonomy”, https://www.aitrends.com/selfdrivingcars/reframing-ai-levels-for-self-driving-cars-bifurcation-of-autonomy/
- Yetim S. (2016). Sürücüsüz Araçlar ve Getirdiği / Getireceği Hukuki Sorunlar, 2016/1 Ankara Barosu Dergisi.
- M. Hirz and B. Walzel, ”Sensor and object recognition technologies for self-driving cars,” Computer-Aided Design and Applications, pp. 1-8, January 2018.
- J. Webb, C. Wilson, T. Kularatne, Will people accept shared autonomous electric vehicles? A survey before and after receipt of the costs and benefits, Econ. Anal. Policy. 61 (2019) 118–135.
- Awad, E., Dsouza, S., Kim, R., Schulz, J., Henrich, J., Shariff, A., Rahwan, I. (2020). Reply to: life and death decisions of autonomous vehicles. Nature, 579 (7797), E3–E5.
- Morduea. G, Yeung A., Wu. F, (2019), The looming challenges of regulating high level autonomous, Transportation Research Part A 132 (2020) 174–187.
- E.C. Anania, S. Rice, N.W. Walters, M. Pierce, S.R. Winter, M.N. Mil- ner, The effects of positive and negative information on consumers’ will- ingness to ride in a driverless vehicle, Transp. Policy. 72 (2018) 218–224.
- Daniel J. Fagnant and Kara Kockelman. (2015) “Preparing a nation for autonomous vehicles: opportunities, barriers and policy recommendations.” Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 77: 167–181.
- By 2030, 25% of Miles Driven in US Could Be in Shared Self-Driving Electric Cars, https://www.bcg.com/press/10april2017-future-autonomous-electric-vehicles/, (10.05.2017).
- Adnan, N., Nordin, S. M., bin Bahruddin, M. A., & Ali, M. (2018). How trust can drive forward the user acceptance to the technology? In-vehicle technology for autonomous vehicle. Transportation research part A: policy and practice, 118, 819–836.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Mühendislik |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Kasım 2020 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2020 Ejosat Özel Sayı 2020 (ISMSIT) |
