The Effects of Some Vitamins in the Immune System and Covid-19 Treatment

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 25, 185 - 191, 31.08.2021

Ezgi Arslan

https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.874083

Cited By: 2

Öz

World Health Organization (WHO) declared that coronavirus disease causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (ARDS) and as a global epidemic. Balanced nutrition, which is essential for the prevention and treatment of viral infections, helps to protect the immune system. Some vitamins with anti-inflammatory properties have been shown to play a key role in reducing the risk of infection and supporting the immune system. In this review, the effects of vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E and vitamin B12 were investigated to strengthen the immune system and reduce oxidative stress in the treatment of Covid-19. Vitamins A, C, E and B12 have high anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacity and act as immunomodulators. Many of these can interact with transcription factors such as NF-kB and Nrf2 due to antioxidant effects. In addition, severe infection of the respiratory epithelium can cause ARDS by creating a cytokine storm, which is also seen in patients with Covid-19. Currently, the vaccine that treats Covid-19 disease has not yet been found. Until an effective treatment was found, vitamins with anti-microbial properties were thought to have a potential role in the treatment of Covid-19. However, more data are needed because nutritional data are insufficient in coronavirus infection.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Coronavirus, Covid-19, Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Vitamin B12

Bazı Vitaminlerin Bağışıklık Sistemi ve Covid-19 Tedavisindeki Etkisi

Öz

Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ), şiddetli akut solunum sendromuna (ARDS) neden olan koronavirüs hastalığını (Covid-19) küresel bir salgın olarak ilan etmiştir. Bağışıklık sisteminin korunmasına yardımcı olan dengeli beslenme, viral enfeksiyonların önlenmesi ve tedavisi için gereklidir. Enfeksiyon riskini azaltmak ve bağışıklık sistemini desteklemek için anti-inflamatuvar özelliklere sahip bazı vitaminlerin (A, C, E ve B12) anahtar rolleri olduğu gösterilmiştir. Bu derlemede, Covid-19 tedavisinde bağışıklık sistemini güçlendirmek ve oksidatif stresi azaltmak için A vitamini, C vitamini, E vitamini ve B12 vitamininin etkilerine bakılmıştır. Yüksek anti-inflamatuvar ve antioksidan kapasiteye sahip ve immünomodülatör olarak görev alan bileşenler arasında A, C, E ve B12 vitamini bulunmaktadır. Bu vitaminlerin, antioksidan etkilere bağlı olarak NF-kB ve Nrf2 gibi transkripsiyon faktörlerle etkileşime girebilmektedir. Ayrıca, solunum epitelyumunun ciddi enfeksiyonu, sitokin fırtınası yaratarak ARDS’ye yol açabilir ve bu durum, Covid-19 hastalarında da görülmektedir. Şu anda, Covid-19 hastalığını tedavi eden aşı henüz bulunmamıştır. Bu salgın süresince, anti-mikrobiyal özelliklere sahip vitaminlerin Covid-19 tedavisinde potansiyel rolü olabileceği düşünülmüştür. Ancak, koronavirüs enfeksiyonunda beslenme ile ilgili veriler yetersiz olduğundan daha çok çalışmaya ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Koronavirüs, Covid-19, A vitamini, C vitamini, E vitamin, B12 vitamin

Kaynakça

• Adams, K. K., Baker, W. L., & Sobieraj, D. M. (2020). Myth Busters: Dietary Supplements and COVID-19. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 1060028020928052. https://doi.org/10.1177/1060028020928052
• Beck, M. A. (1996). The role of nutrition in viral disease. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 7(12), 683-690. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2863(96)00132-5
• Boretti, A., & Banik, B. K. (2020). Intravenous vitamin C for reduction of cytokines storm in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Pharmanutrition, 12, 100190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phanu.2020.100190
• Bulut, C., & Kato, Y. (2020). Epidemiology of COVID-19. Turkish journal of medical sciences, 50(SI-1), 563-570.
• Butler, M. J., & Barrientos, R. M. (2020). The impact of nutrition on COVID-19 susceptibility and long-term consequences. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.040
• Calder, P. C., Carr, A. C., Gombart, A. F., & Eggersdorfer, M. (2020). Optimal Nutritional Status for a Well-Functioning Immune System Is an Important Factor to Protect against Viral Infections. Nutrients, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041181
• Carr, A. C., & Maggini, S. (2017). Vitamin C and Immune Function. Nutrients, 9(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9111211
• Catanzaro, M., Fagiani, F., Racchi, M., Corsini, E., Govoni, S., & Lanni, C. (2020). Immune response in COVID-19: Addressing a pharmacological challenge by targeting pathways triggered by SARS-CoV-2. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 5(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-020-0191-1
• Cheng, R. Z. (2020). Can early and high intravenous dose of vitamin C prevent and treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)? Medicine in Drug Discovery, 5, 100028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100028
• De la Fuente, M., Hernanz, A., Guayerbas, N., Victor, V. M., & Arnalich, F. (2008). Vitamin E ingestion improves several immune functions in elderly men and women. Free Radical Research, 42(3), 272-280. https://doi.org/10.1080/10715760801898838
• Graat, J. M., Schouten, E. G., & Kok, F. J. (2002). Effect of daily vitamin E and multivitamin-mineral supplementation on acute respiratory tract infections in elderly persons: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 288(6), 715-721. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.6.715
• Han, S. N., Wu, D., Ha, W. K., Beharka, A., Smith, D. E., Bender, B. S., & Meydani, S. N. (2000). Vitamin E supplementation increases T helper 1 cytokine production in old mice infected with influenza virus. Immunology, 100(4), 487-493. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2567.2000.00070.x
• Hemilä, H., & Chalker, E. (2019). Vitamin C Can Shorten the Length of Stay in the ICU: A Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11040708
• Hemilä, H., & Chalker, E. (2020). Vitamin C as a Possible Therapy for COVID-19. Infection & Chemotherapy, 52. /Synapse/10.3947/ic.2020.52.e22
• Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, G., Xu, J., Gu, X., Cheng, Z., Yu, T., Xia, J., Wei, Y., Wu, W., Xie, X., Yin, W., Li, H., Liu, M., … Cao, B. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet (London, England), 395(10223), 497-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
• Huang, Z., Liu, Y., Qi, G., Brand, D., & Zheng, S. G. (2018). Role of Vitamin A in the Immune System. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 7(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7090258
• Iddir, M., Brito, A., Dingeo, G., Fernandez Del Campo, S. S., Samouda, H., La Frano, M. R., & Bohn, T. (2020). Strengthening the Immune System and Reducing Inflammation and Oxidative Stress through Diet and Nutrition: Considerations during the COVID-19 Crisis. Nutrients, 12(6), 1562. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061562
• Jayawardena, R., Sooriyaarachchi, P., Chourdakis, M., Jeewandara, C., & Ranasinghe, P. (2020). Enhancing immunity in viral infections, with special emphasis on COVID-19: A review. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 14(4), 367-382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.015
• Jee, J., Hoet, A. E., Azevedo, M. P., Vlasova, A. N., Loerch, S. C., Pickworth, C. L., Hanson, J., & Saif, L. J. (2013). Effects of dietary vitamin A content on antibody responses of feedlot calves inoculated intramuscularly with an inactivated bovine coronavirus vaccine. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 74(10), 1353-1362. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.74.10.1353
• Kandeel, M., & Al-Nazawi, M. (2020). Virtual screening and repurposing of FDA approved drugs against COVID-19 main protease. Life Sciences, 251, 117627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117627
• Lauridsen, C. (2019). From oxidative stress to inflammation: Redox balance and immune system. Poultry Science, 98(10), 4240-4246. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey407
• Lee, G. Y., & Han, S. N. (2018). The Role of Vitamin E in Immunity. Nutrients, 10(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111614
• Meydani, S. N., Barklund, M. P., Liu, S., Meydani, M., Miller, R. A., Cannon, J. G., Morrow, F. D., Rocklin, R., & Blumberg, J. B. (1990). Vitamin E supplementation enhances cell-mediated immunity in healthy elderly subjects. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 52(3), 557-563. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/52.3.557
• Meydani, S. N., Leka, L. S., Fine, B. C., Dallal, G. E., Keusch, G. T., Singh, M. F., & Hamer, D. H. (2004). Vitamin E and respiratory tract infections in elderly nursing home residents: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 292(7), 828-836. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.292.7.828
• Mikkelsen, K., & Apostolopoulos, V. (2019). Vitamin B12, Folic Acid, and the Immune System. Içinde M. Mahmoudi & N. Rezaei (Ed.), Nutrition and Immunity (ss. 103-114). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16073-9_6
• Muscogiuri, G., Barrea, L., Savastano, S., & Colao, A. (2020). Nutritional recommendations for CoVID-19 quarantine. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 74(6), 850-851. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-020-0635-2
• Narayanan, N., & Nair, D. T. (2020). Vitamin B12 May Inhibit RNA-Dependent-RNA Polymerase Activity of nsp12 from the SARS-CoV-2 Virus. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202003.0347.v1
• Partearroyo, T., Úbeda, N., Montero, A., Achón, M., & Varela-Moreiras, G. (2013). Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid Imbalance Modifies NK Cytotoxicity, Lymphocytes B and Lymphoprolipheration in Aged Rats. Nutrients, 5(12), 4836-4848. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5124836
• Poudel-Tandukar, K., & Chandyo, R. K. (2016). Dietary B Vitamins and Serum C-Reactive Protein in Persons With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: The Positive Living With HIV (POLH) Study. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 37(4), 517-528. https://doi.org/10.1177/0379572116657268
• Semba, R. D., & Tang, A. M. (1999). Micronutrients and the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection. The British Journal of Nutrition, 81(3), 181-189. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114599000379
• Tamura, J., Kubota, K., Murakami, H., Sawamura, M., Matsushima, T., Tamura, T., Saitoh, T., Kurabayshi, H., & Naruse, T. (1999). Immunomodulation by vitamin B12: Augmentation of CD8+ T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cell activity in vitamin B12-deficient patients by methyl-B12 treatment. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 116(1), 28-32. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2249.1999.00870.x
• Trasino, S. E. (2020). A Role for Retinoids in The Treatment of Covid-19? Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1681.13354
• Trottier, C., Colombo, M., Mann, K. K., Miller, W. H., & Ward, B. J. (2009). Retinoids inhibit measles virus through a type I IFN-dependent bystander effect. FASEB Journal: Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 23(9), 3203-3212. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.09-129288
• West, C. E., Sijtsma, S. R., Kouwenhoven, B., Rombout, J. H. W. M., & van der Zijpp, A. J. (1992). Epithelia-Damaging Virus Infections Affect Vitamin A Status in Chickens. The Journal of Nutrition, 122(2), 333-339. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/122.2.333
• Wu, D., Wu, T., Liu, Q., & Yang, Z. (2020). The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: What we know. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 94, 44-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.004
• Xu, Z., Shi, L., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Huang, L., Zhang, C., Liu, S., Zhao, P., Liu, H., Zhu, L., Tai, Y., Bai, C., Gao, T., Song, J., Xia, P., Dong, J., Zhao, J., & Wang, F.-S. (2020). Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine, 8(4), 420-422. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30076-X
• Yoshii, K., Hosomi, K., Sawane, K., & Kunisawa, J. (2019). Metabolism of Dietary and Microbial Vitamin B Family in the Regulation of Host Immunity. Frontiers in Nutrition, 6, 48. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2019.00048
• Yuan, S., Chu, H., Chan, J. F.-W., Ye, Z.-W., Wen, L., Yan, B., Lai, P.-M., Tee, K.-M., Huang, J., Chen, D., Li, C., Zhao, X., Yang, D., Chiu, M. C., Yip, C., Poon, V. K.-M., Chan, C. C.-S., Sze, K.-H., Zhou, J., … Yuen, K.-Y. (2019). SREBP-dependent lipidomic reprogramming as a broad-spectrum antiviral target. Nature Communications, 10(1), 120. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-08015-x
• Zabetakis, I., Lordan, R., Norton, C., & Tsoupras, A. (2020). COVID-19: The Inflammation Link and the Role of Nutrition in Potential Mitigation. Nutrients, 12(5), 1466. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051466
• Zhang, L., & Liu, Y. (2020). Potential interventions for novel coronavirus in China: A systematic review. Journal of Medical Virology, 92(5), 479-490. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25707
• Zhou, P., Yang, X.-L., Wang, X.-G., Hu, B., Zhang, L., Zhang, W., Si, H.-R., Zhu, Y., Li, B., Huang, C.-L., Chen, H.-D., Chen, J., Luo, Y., Guo, H., Jiang, R.-D., Liu, M.-Q., Chen, Y., Shen, X.-R., Wang, X., … Shi, Z.-L. (2020). A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature, 579(7798), 270-273. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7