Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

The Charming Threat Against the Groundwater Resources: Tamarix Trees Utilized for Landscaping

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 27, 210 - 220, 30.11.2021
https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.954953

Öz

Datça peninsula has a limited water budget due to its geographical structure. Although many studies have been carried out to protect water resources, no study has been conducted on some specific plant species' excessive water consumption for the Datça region. The study identifies and evaluates the negative impacts of Tamarix spp (Tamaracaceae) across the coastal landscapes of Datça. As an invasive alien species, initially used as a short-term solution to flooding and increasing soil nutrients, Tamarix spp has more adversities than the anticipations held during its introduction. Tamarix plant has compromised several ecosystems hence rendering it an extremely repulsive plant that requires termination. The study utilized literature to garner relevant information regarding the topic and its associates with the ecological systems and the overall environment. The study points out that Tamarix is responsible for water scarcity, species displacement, fire hazards, inhospitality of riparian areas, and altered soil systems. Further, the study argues that control measures have been adopted to terminate and reduce the risks of Tamarix. Overall, this study underlines the requirement of lowering the depletion rate of the underground freshwater source by preventing the excessive water consumption of future threat, Tamarix parviflora trees, which start from the coastal regions and spread to the inner areas of Datça.

Kaynakça

  • Al Kharusi, L., Assaha, D. V., Al-Yahyai, R., & Yaish, M. W. (2017). Screening of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars for salinity tolerance. Forests, 8(4), 136.
  • Al-Khayri, J. M., Naik, P. M., Jain, S. M., & Johnson, D. V. (2018). Advances in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) breeding. In Advances in plant breeding strategies: fruits (pp. 727-771). Springer, Cham.
  • Al-Qurainy, F., Khan, S., Tarroum, M., Nadeem, M., Alansi, S., Alshameri, A., & Gaafar, A. R. (2020). Comparison of salt tolerance between two potential cultivars of Phoenix dactylifera L. growing in Saudi Arabia. Pak. J. Bot, 52(3), 753-761.
  • Boydak, M. (1985). The distribution of Phoenix theophrasti in the Datça Peninsula, Turkey. Biological Conservation, 32(2), 129-135.
  • Chen, H., Yang, C., Ren, A., Guo, K., Feng, X., Li, J., ... & Wang, J. (2019). The Evapotranspiration of Tamarix and Its Response to Environmental Factors in Coastal Saline Land of China. Water, 11(11), 2273. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112273
  • Chew, M. K. (2009). The monstering of Tamarix: How scientists made a plant into a problem. J. Hist Biol, 42, 231-266.
  • DSİ (2000). Datça - Bozburun Environmental Plan Research Report, Ankara.
  • DSİ, (2017), DSI General Directorate 2016 Annual Activity Report, Ankara.
  • El Waer, H. N., Henry, A., Merewether, K., & Sher, A. A. (2018). Invasion and restoration of western rivers dominated by Tamarix spp [Chapter 4]. In: Johnson, R. Roy; Carothers, Steven W.; Finch, Deborah M.; Kingsley, Kenneth J.; Stanley, John T., tech. Eds. 2018. Riparian research and management: Past, present, future: Volume 1. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-377. Fort Collins, CO: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. p. 47-61. DOI: http://doi. Org/10.2737/RMRS-GTR-377-CHAP4., 377, 47-61.
  • El-Juhany, L. I. (2010). Degradation of date palm trees and date production in Arab countries: causes and potential rehabilitation. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 4(8), 3998-4010.
  • Erfanifard, Y., & Khosravi, E. (2019). Saltcedar (Tamarix mascatensis) inhibits the growth and spatial distribution of eshnan (Seidlitzia rosmarinus) by enrichment of soil salinity in a semiarid desert. Plant and Soil, 440(1), 219-231. DOI: 10.1007/s11104-019-04064-3.
  • Feagin, R. A., Furman, M., Salgado, K., Martinez, M. L., Innocenti, R. A., Eubanks, K., Figlus J., Huff, T. P., Sigren, J. & Silva, R. (2019). The role of beach and sand dune vegetation in mediating wave run up erosion. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 219, 97-106.
  • Gallego-Fernández, J. B., Martínez, M. L., García-Franco, J. G., & Zunzunegui, M. (2021). Multiple seed dispersal modes of an invasive plant species on coastal dunes. Biological Invasions, 23(1), 111-127.
  • García-Granero, J. J., Skoula, M., Sarpaki, A., Cárdenas, M., Madella, M., & Bogaard, A. (2020). A long-term assessment of the use of Phoenix theophrasti Greuter (Cretan date palm): The ethnobotany and archaeobotany of a neglected palm. Journal of Ethnobiology, 40(1), 101-114.
  • Gatewood. J.S., Robinson, T.W., Colby, B.R., Helm. JD.. and Halpenny. LC, 1950. Use of water by bottom-land vegetation in lower Safford Valley, Arizona: US Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1103,210 p.
  • Gazal, R.M., Scott, R.L., Goodrich, D.C.. and Williams, D.G., 2006, Controls on transpiration in desert riparian cottonwood forest: Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, v. 137, p. 56-67.
  • Glenn. E., Tanner, R., Mendez, S.. Kehret, T, Moore, D., Garcia, J.. and Valdes. C, 1998, Growth rates, salt tolerance and water use characteristics of native and invasive riparian plants from the Colorado River delta. Mexico: Journal of Arid Environments, v. 40. p. 261-294.
  • Gökgöz, A., & Akdağoğlu, H. (2016). Hydrogeology and hydrogeochemistry of a coastal low-temperature geothermal field: a case study from the Datça Peninsula (SW Turkey). Environmental Earth Sciences, 75(15), 1-18.
  • González, E., Sher, A. A., Anderson, R. M., Bay, R. F., Bean, D. W., Bissonnete, G. J., ... & Shafroth, P. B. (2017). Vegetation response to invasive Tamarix control in southwestern US rivers: a collaborative study including 416 sites. Ecological Applications, 27(6), 1789-1804. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usgsstaffpub
  • Goodrich, D.C., Scott, R., Qi, J., Goff, B., Unkrich, C.L., Moran, M.S., Williams, D., Schaeffer, S., Snyder, K., MacNish, R., Maddock, T, Pool, D., Chehbouni, A., Cooper, D.I., Eichinger, WE., Shuttleworth, W.J., Kerr, Y., Marsett, R.. and Ni, W., 2000, Seasonal estimates of riparian evapotranspiration using remote and in-situ measurements: Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, v. 105, p. 281-309.
  • Gül, M., Danladi, I. B., & Kore, B. M. (2017). Coastal types of graben: the Gulf of Gökova, Mugla-SW Turkey. Journal of Coastal Conservation, 21(1), 127-138.
  • Hazzouri, K. M., Flowers, J. M., Nelson, D., Lemansour, A., Masmoudi, K., & Amiri, K. (2020). Prospects for the study and improvement of abiotic stress tolerance in date palms in the post-genomics era. Frontiers in plant science, 11, 293.
  • Horoshevsky, N. (2020). Is Tamarix Evergreen? Find answer. https://findanyanswer.com/is-tamarix-evergreen
  • Katz, O., & Stavi, I. (2020). Hierarchical effects of Tamarix aphylla afforestation in a sand dune environment on vegetation structure and plant diversity. Forest Science, 66(5), 568-577. https://doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxaa011
  • Liu, J., Rong, Q., & Zhao, Y. (2017). Variations in soil nutrients and salinity caused by tamarisk in the coastal wetland of the Laizhou Bay, China. Ecosphere, 8(2), e01672. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1672
  • Los Huertos, M. (2020). Archeology of Inland Waters. Ecology and Management of Inland Waters, 27. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-814266-0.00014-3
  • Marlin, D., Newete, S. W., Mayonde, S. G., Smit, E. R., & Byrne, M. J. (2017). Invasive Tamarix (Tamaricaceae) in South Africa: current research and the potential for biological control. Biological invasions, 19(10), 2971-2992. DOI: 10.1007/s10530-017-1501-6
  • Mc Kay, F., Logarzo, G., Natale, E., Sosa, A., Walsh, G. C., Pratt, P. D., & Sodergren, C. (2018). Feasibility assessment for the classical biological control of Tamarix in Argentina. BioControl, 63(2), 169-184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-017-9855-3
  • McAlpine, K. G., Lamoureaux, S. L., & Timmins, S. M. (2021). Understory vegetation provides clues to succession in woody weed stands. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 45(1),3418. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kate-Mcalpine/publication/344324539_Understory_vegetation_provides_clues_to_succession_in_woody_weed_stands/links/5f67de0e458515b7cf447203/Understory-vegetation-provides-clues-to-succession-in-woody-weed-stands.pdf.
  • MUSKİ, (2017). Mugla Water and General Directorate of Sewerage Administration, the municipal progress report for 2016, Muğla.
  • Nagler, P.L.. Scott, R.L., Westenburg. C, Cleverly, J.R.. Glenn, E.P., and Huete, A.R., 2005, Evapotranspiralion on Western US rivers estimated using the Enhanced Vegetation Index from MODIS and data from eddy covariance and Bowen ratio flux towers: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 97, p. 337-351.
  • Noronha, N. (2020). Why is salt cedar bad? AskingLot. https://askinglot.com/why-is-salt-cedar-bad.
  • Owens, M. K., & Moore, G. W. (2007). Saltcedar water use: realistic and unrealistic expectations. Rangeland Ecology & Management, 60(5), 553-557.
  • Özcelik, M. S. (2018). Annual water consumption of an Anatolian black pine in a sub-humid region. Forestist, 68(2), 101-105.
  • Powell, A. (2005). Salt cedar management in New Mexico. Rangelands, 27(4), 18-20.
  • Raynor, E. J., Cable, T. T., & Sandercock, B. K. (2017). Effects of Tamarix removal on the community dynamics of riparian birds in a semiarid grassland. Restoration Ecology, 25(5), 778-787. DOI: 10.1111/rec.12497
  • Republic of Turkey Governorship of Muğla (2017): Muğla Provincial Environmental Status Report 2016. Muğla, Turkey.
  • Richards, R., Whitesides, R., Poulson, C., Palmer, M., Belliston, N., & Hess, S. (2021). What is Tamarisk? Rivers Edge West. https://riversedgewest.org/what-tamarisk
  • Setshedi, K. T. A., & Newete, S. W. (2020). The Impact of Exotic Tamarix Species on Riparian Plant Biodiversity. Agriculture, 10(9), 395.
  • Sher, A. A., El Waer, H., González, E., Anderson, R., Henry, A. L., Biedron, R., & Yue, P. (2018). Native species recovery after reduction of an invasive tree by biological control with and without active removal. Ecological Engineering, 111, 167-175.
  • Šilc, U., Stešević, D., Rozman, A., Caković, D., & Küzmič, F. (2019). Alien species and the impact on sand dunes along the NE Adriatic coast. In Impacts of invasive species on coastal environments (pp. 113-143). Springer, Cham. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-91382-7_4
  • Stešević, D., Luković, M., Caković, D., Ružić, N., Bubanja, N., & Šilc, U. (2017). Distribution of alien species along sand dune plant communities' zonation. Periodicum biologorum, 119(4).
  • The King James Bible (2020). Genesis 21-33. King James Bible Online. https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Genesis-21-33/
  • Uhey, D. A., Rowe, A. K., & Kendall, D. (2020). Tamarisk Alters Arthropod Composition, but has Little Negative Effect on Richness and Abundance in Southwestern Colorado. Southwestern Entomologist, 45(3), 585-600. https://doi.org/10.3958/059.045.0301
  • Ustaoğlu, B., Ikiel, C., Dutucu, A. A., & Koç, D. E. (2021). Erosion Susceptibility Analysis in Datça and Bozburun Peninsulas, Turkey. Iran J Sci Technol Trans Sci, 45, 557–570.
  • van Hylckama, T.E.. 1974. Water use by saltcedar as measured by the water budget method: US Geological Survey Professional Paper 491-E. 30 p.
  • Vardareli, N., Doğaroğlu, T., Doğaç, E., Taşkın, V., & Taşkın, B. G. (2019). Genetic characterization of tertiary relict endemic Phoenix theophrasti populations in Turkey and phylogenetic relations of the species with other palm species revealed by SSR markers. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 305(6), 415-429.
  • Wilcox, B.P., Owens, M.K., Dugas, W.A.. Ueckert, D.N., and Hart, C.R., 2006, Shrubs, streamflow, and the paradox of scale: Hydrological Processes, v. 20, p. 3245-3259.
  • Woutersen, A., Jardine, P. E., Bogotá-Angel, R. G., Zhang, H. X., Silvestro, D., Antonelli, A., ... & Hoorn, C. (2018). A novel approach to study the morphology and chemistry of pollen in a phylogenetic context, applied to the halophytic taxon Nitraria L.(Nitrariaceae). Peer J, 6, e5055. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5055.
  • Xia, J., Lang, Y., Zhao, Q., Liu, P., & Su, L. (2021). Photosynthetic characteristics of Tamarix chinensis under different groundwater depths in freshwater habitats. Science of The Total Environment, 761, 143221.
  • Yalçın, G. (2017). Using Of Remote Sensing/GIS Technology on Special Environmental Protection Areas in Turkey and Sustainable Land Management. ECOLOGY, PLANNING, 338.
  • Yu, T., Qi, F., Si, J., Zhang, X., & Zhao, C. (2017). Tamarix ramosissima stand evapotranspiration and its association with hydroclimatic factors in an arid region in northwest China. Journal of Arid Environments, 138, 18-26. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2016.11.006

Yeraltı Suyu Kaynaklarına Yönelik Tehdit: Peyzaj Amaçlı Kullanılan Ilgın Ağaçları

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 27, 210 - 220, 30.11.2021
https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.954953

Öz

Datça yarımadası coğrafi yapısı nedeniyle sınırlı bir su bütçesine sahiptir. Su kaynaklarının korunmasına yönelik pek çok çalışma yapılmasına rağmen, Datça bölgesi için bazı spesifik bitki türlerinin aşırı su tüketimi ile ilgili herhangi bir çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışma, Ilgın Ağacı türlerinin (Tamaracaceae) Datça kıyı peyzajı üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerini belirlemekte ve değerlendirmektedir. Başlangıçta taşkınlara karşı ve topraktaki besin maddelerinin arttırılması amacıyla kısa vadeli bir çözüm olarak Tamarix spp kullanılmıştır. İstilacı bir yabancı tür olan Ilgın Ağacı, peyzaj için yaygın olarak bilinen faydalarının yanı sıra masum görüntüsünün altında yeraltı suları için tehdittir. Ilgın Ağacı zamanla ekosistemi tehlikeye atmış, bu durum da onu süreç içerisinde bertaraf edilmesi gereken bir tür haline getirmiştir. Bu makalede, ekolojik sistemler ve genel çevre ile ilgili literatür araştırması sonucunda elde edilen bulgular, Ilgın Ağacının Akdeniz Bölgesi’nin cennet köşelerinden biri olan Datça bölgesine verdiği zararlara işaret etmektedir. Araştırmada ulaşılan sonuçlar göstermektedir ki Ilgın Ağacı, Datça bölgesinde su kıtlığından, türlerin yer değiştirmesine, yangın tehlikesinden, nehir kıyısındaki alanlarda diğer bitki türlerinin yerlerinin alınarak istila edilmesine ve değişen toprak sistemlerine kadar pek çok olumsuzluğun sorumlusudur. Ayrıca bu makale Ilgın Ağacının risklerini sona erdirmek ve azaltmak için gerekli önerileri sunarken, acil kontrol önlemlerinin alınması gerektiğini de savunmaktadır. Genel olarak, bu çalışma, gelecekteki aşırı su tüketiminin önlenerek yeraltı tatlı su kaynağının tükenme oranının düşürülmesi için kıyı bölgelerinden başlayıp Datça'nın iç bölgelerine yayılan Tamarix parviflora türü Ilgın Ağaçlarının popülasyonunun azaltılması gerektiğinin de altını çizmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Al Kharusi, L., Assaha, D. V., Al-Yahyai, R., & Yaish, M. W. (2017). Screening of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars for salinity tolerance. Forests, 8(4), 136.
  • Al-Khayri, J. M., Naik, P. M., Jain, S. M., & Johnson, D. V. (2018). Advances in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) breeding. In Advances in plant breeding strategies: fruits (pp. 727-771). Springer, Cham.
  • Al-Qurainy, F., Khan, S., Tarroum, M., Nadeem, M., Alansi, S., Alshameri, A., & Gaafar, A. R. (2020). Comparison of salt tolerance between two potential cultivars of Phoenix dactylifera L. growing in Saudi Arabia. Pak. J. Bot, 52(3), 753-761.
  • Boydak, M. (1985). The distribution of Phoenix theophrasti in the Datça Peninsula, Turkey. Biological Conservation, 32(2), 129-135.
  • Chen, H., Yang, C., Ren, A., Guo, K., Feng, X., Li, J., ... & Wang, J. (2019). The Evapotranspiration of Tamarix and Its Response to Environmental Factors in Coastal Saline Land of China. Water, 11(11), 2273. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112273
  • Chew, M. K. (2009). The monstering of Tamarix: How scientists made a plant into a problem. J. Hist Biol, 42, 231-266.
  • DSİ (2000). Datça - Bozburun Environmental Plan Research Report, Ankara.
  • DSİ, (2017), DSI General Directorate 2016 Annual Activity Report, Ankara.
  • El Waer, H. N., Henry, A., Merewether, K., & Sher, A. A. (2018). Invasion and restoration of western rivers dominated by Tamarix spp [Chapter 4]. In: Johnson, R. Roy; Carothers, Steven W.; Finch, Deborah M.; Kingsley, Kenneth J.; Stanley, John T., tech. Eds. 2018. Riparian research and management: Past, present, future: Volume 1. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-377. Fort Collins, CO: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. p. 47-61. DOI: http://doi. Org/10.2737/RMRS-GTR-377-CHAP4., 377, 47-61.
  • El-Juhany, L. I. (2010). Degradation of date palm trees and date production in Arab countries: causes and potential rehabilitation. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 4(8), 3998-4010.
  • Erfanifard, Y., & Khosravi, E. (2019). Saltcedar (Tamarix mascatensis) inhibits the growth and spatial distribution of eshnan (Seidlitzia rosmarinus) by enrichment of soil salinity in a semiarid desert. Plant and Soil, 440(1), 219-231. DOI: 10.1007/s11104-019-04064-3.
  • Feagin, R. A., Furman, M., Salgado, K., Martinez, M. L., Innocenti, R. A., Eubanks, K., Figlus J., Huff, T. P., Sigren, J. & Silva, R. (2019). The role of beach and sand dune vegetation in mediating wave run up erosion. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 219, 97-106.
  • Gallego-Fernández, J. B., Martínez, M. L., García-Franco, J. G., & Zunzunegui, M. (2021). Multiple seed dispersal modes of an invasive plant species on coastal dunes. Biological Invasions, 23(1), 111-127.
  • García-Granero, J. J., Skoula, M., Sarpaki, A., Cárdenas, M., Madella, M., & Bogaard, A. (2020). A long-term assessment of the use of Phoenix theophrasti Greuter (Cretan date palm): The ethnobotany and archaeobotany of a neglected palm. Journal of Ethnobiology, 40(1), 101-114.
  • Gatewood. J.S., Robinson, T.W., Colby, B.R., Helm. JD.. and Halpenny. LC, 1950. Use of water by bottom-land vegetation in lower Safford Valley, Arizona: US Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1103,210 p.
  • Gazal, R.M., Scott, R.L., Goodrich, D.C.. and Williams, D.G., 2006, Controls on transpiration in desert riparian cottonwood forest: Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, v. 137, p. 56-67.
  • Glenn. E., Tanner, R., Mendez, S.. Kehret, T, Moore, D., Garcia, J.. and Valdes. C, 1998, Growth rates, salt tolerance and water use characteristics of native and invasive riparian plants from the Colorado River delta. Mexico: Journal of Arid Environments, v. 40. p. 261-294.
  • Gökgöz, A., & Akdağoğlu, H. (2016). Hydrogeology and hydrogeochemistry of a coastal low-temperature geothermal field: a case study from the Datça Peninsula (SW Turkey). Environmental Earth Sciences, 75(15), 1-18.
  • González, E., Sher, A. A., Anderson, R. M., Bay, R. F., Bean, D. W., Bissonnete, G. J., ... & Shafroth, P. B. (2017). Vegetation response to invasive Tamarix control in southwestern US rivers: a collaborative study including 416 sites. Ecological Applications, 27(6), 1789-1804. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usgsstaffpub
  • Goodrich, D.C., Scott, R., Qi, J., Goff, B., Unkrich, C.L., Moran, M.S., Williams, D., Schaeffer, S., Snyder, K., MacNish, R., Maddock, T, Pool, D., Chehbouni, A., Cooper, D.I., Eichinger, WE., Shuttleworth, W.J., Kerr, Y., Marsett, R.. and Ni, W., 2000, Seasonal estimates of riparian evapotranspiration using remote and in-situ measurements: Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, v. 105, p. 281-309.
  • Gül, M., Danladi, I. B., & Kore, B. M. (2017). Coastal types of graben: the Gulf of Gökova, Mugla-SW Turkey. Journal of Coastal Conservation, 21(1), 127-138.
  • Hazzouri, K. M., Flowers, J. M., Nelson, D., Lemansour, A., Masmoudi, K., & Amiri, K. (2020). Prospects for the study and improvement of abiotic stress tolerance in date palms in the post-genomics era. Frontiers in plant science, 11, 293.
  • Horoshevsky, N. (2020). Is Tamarix Evergreen? Find answer. https://findanyanswer.com/is-tamarix-evergreen
  • Katz, O., & Stavi, I. (2020). Hierarchical effects of Tamarix aphylla afforestation in a sand dune environment on vegetation structure and plant diversity. Forest Science, 66(5), 568-577. https://doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxaa011
  • Liu, J., Rong, Q., & Zhao, Y. (2017). Variations in soil nutrients and salinity caused by tamarisk in the coastal wetland of the Laizhou Bay, China. Ecosphere, 8(2), e01672. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1672
  • Los Huertos, M. (2020). Archeology of Inland Waters. Ecology and Management of Inland Waters, 27. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-814266-0.00014-3
  • Marlin, D., Newete, S. W., Mayonde, S. G., Smit, E. R., & Byrne, M. J. (2017). Invasive Tamarix (Tamaricaceae) in South Africa: current research and the potential for biological control. Biological invasions, 19(10), 2971-2992. DOI: 10.1007/s10530-017-1501-6
  • Mc Kay, F., Logarzo, G., Natale, E., Sosa, A., Walsh, G. C., Pratt, P. D., & Sodergren, C. (2018). Feasibility assessment for the classical biological control of Tamarix in Argentina. BioControl, 63(2), 169-184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-017-9855-3
  • McAlpine, K. G., Lamoureaux, S. L., & Timmins, S. M. (2021). Understory vegetation provides clues to succession in woody weed stands. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 45(1),3418. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kate-Mcalpine/publication/344324539_Understory_vegetation_provides_clues_to_succession_in_woody_weed_stands/links/5f67de0e458515b7cf447203/Understory-vegetation-provides-clues-to-succession-in-woody-weed-stands.pdf.
  • MUSKİ, (2017). Mugla Water and General Directorate of Sewerage Administration, the municipal progress report for 2016, Muğla.
  • Nagler, P.L.. Scott, R.L., Westenburg. C, Cleverly, J.R.. Glenn, E.P., and Huete, A.R., 2005, Evapotranspiralion on Western US rivers estimated using the Enhanced Vegetation Index from MODIS and data from eddy covariance and Bowen ratio flux towers: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 97, p. 337-351.
  • Noronha, N. (2020). Why is salt cedar bad? AskingLot. https://askinglot.com/why-is-salt-cedar-bad.
  • Owens, M. K., & Moore, G. W. (2007). Saltcedar water use: realistic and unrealistic expectations. Rangeland Ecology & Management, 60(5), 553-557.
  • Özcelik, M. S. (2018). Annual water consumption of an Anatolian black pine in a sub-humid region. Forestist, 68(2), 101-105.
  • Powell, A. (2005). Salt cedar management in New Mexico. Rangelands, 27(4), 18-20.
  • Raynor, E. J., Cable, T. T., & Sandercock, B. K. (2017). Effects of Tamarix removal on the community dynamics of riparian birds in a semiarid grassland. Restoration Ecology, 25(5), 778-787. DOI: 10.1111/rec.12497
  • Republic of Turkey Governorship of Muğla (2017): Muğla Provincial Environmental Status Report 2016. Muğla, Turkey.
  • Richards, R., Whitesides, R., Poulson, C., Palmer, M., Belliston, N., & Hess, S. (2021). What is Tamarisk? Rivers Edge West. https://riversedgewest.org/what-tamarisk
  • Setshedi, K. T. A., & Newete, S. W. (2020). The Impact of Exotic Tamarix Species on Riparian Plant Biodiversity. Agriculture, 10(9), 395.
  • Sher, A. A., El Waer, H., González, E., Anderson, R., Henry, A. L., Biedron, R., & Yue, P. (2018). Native species recovery after reduction of an invasive tree by biological control with and without active removal. Ecological Engineering, 111, 167-175.
  • Šilc, U., Stešević, D., Rozman, A., Caković, D., & Küzmič, F. (2019). Alien species and the impact on sand dunes along the NE Adriatic coast. In Impacts of invasive species on coastal environments (pp. 113-143). Springer, Cham. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-91382-7_4
  • Stešević, D., Luković, M., Caković, D., Ružić, N., Bubanja, N., & Šilc, U. (2017). Distribution of alien species along sand dune plant communities' zonation. Periodicum biologorum, 119(4).
  • The King James Bible (2020). Genesis 21-33. King James Bible Online. https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Genesis-21-33/
  • Uhey, D. A., Rowe, A. K., & Kendall, D. (2020). Tamarisk Alters Arthropod Composition, but has Little Negative Effect on Richness and Abundance in Southwestern Colorado. Southwestern Entomologist, 45(3), 585-600. https://doi.org/10.3958/059.045.0301
  • Ustaoğlu, B., Ikiel, C., Dutucu, A. A., & Koç, D. E. (2021). Erosion Susceptibility Analysis in Datça and Bozburun Peninsulas, Turkey. Iran J Sci Technol Trans Sci, 45, 557–570.
  • van Hylckama, T.E.. 1974. Water use by saltcedar as measured by the water budget method: US Geological Survey Professional Paper 491-E. 30 p.
  • Vardareli, N., Doğaroğlu, T., Doğaç, E., Taşkın, V., & Taşkın, B. G. (2019). Genetic characterization of tertiary relict endemic Phoenix theophrasti populations in Turkey and phylogenetic relations of the species with other palm species revealed by SSR markers. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 305(6), 415-429.
  • Wilcox, B.P., Owens, M.K., Dugas, W.A.. Ueckert, D.N., and Hart, C.R., 2006, Shrubs, streamflow, and the paradox of scale: Hydrological Processes, v. 20, p. 3245-3259.
  • Woutersen, A., Jardine, P. E., Bogotá-Angel, R. G., Zhang, H. X., Silvestro, D., Antonelli, A., ... & Hoorn, C. (2018). A novel approach to study the morphology and chemistry of pollen in a phylogenetic context, applied to the halophytic taxon Nitraria L.(Nitrariaceae). Peer J, 6, e5055. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5055.
  • Xia, J., Lang, Y., Zhao, Q., Liu, P., & Su, L. (2021). Photosynthetic characteristics of Tamarix chinensis under different groundwater depths in freshwater habitats. Science of The Total Environment, 761, 143221.
  • Yalçın, G. (2017). Using Of Remote Sensing/GIS Technology on Special Environmental Protection Areas in Turkey and Sustainable Land Management. ECOLOGY, PLANNING, 338.
  • Yu, T., Qi, F., Si, J., Zhang, X., & Zhao, C. (2017). Tamarix ramosissima stand evapotranspiration and its association with hydroclimatic factors in an arid region in northwest China. Journal of Arid Environments, 138, 18-26. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2016.11.006
Toplam 52 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Muhammed Ernur Akıner 0000-0002-5192-2473

Caslav Lacnjevac 0000-0003-0650-8625

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 29 Temmuz 2021
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Kasım 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Sayı: 27

Kaynak Göster

APA Akıner, M. E., & Lacnjevac, C. (2021). The Charming Threat Against the Groundwater Resources: Tamarix Trees Utilized for Landscaping. Avrupa Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi(27), 210-220. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.954953