Öz
Family parenting patterns and child developmental
outcomes have been examined in several studies in Western countries. Research
shows mixed results on whether mothers and fathers under the same roof display
congruent or incongruent parenting styles. Moreover, previous research shows
that being raised by two authoritative parents is linked with the most positive
outcomes. However, there is no study examining either family parenting patterns
in non-Western cultures or whether such family parenting patterns would differ
based on the child’s gender. Thus, the current study aimed to identify family
parenting patterns for daughters and sons in Turkey, as well as how these
family parenting patterns were linked to academic achievement and self-esteem.
The sample included 195 Turkish undergraduate students (95 male and 100
female). The participants reported perceived maternal and paternal parenting
styles using Buri’s Parental Authority Scale, their self-esteem using Rosenberg’s
Self-esteem Scale, and academic achievement. Two-step cluster analysis revealed
four different clusters; two clusters for females and two clusters for males.
The clusters for females are congruent authoritative pattern and congruent
authoritarian pattern while the clusters for males are congruent authoritative
pattern and congruent permissive pattern. Two separate ANCOVAs showed that
among same-gender groups, there was no significant difference either in college
GPA or in self-esteem scores of participants. These findings suggest that
authoritarian parenting might not be negatively associated with developmental
outcome in Turkey. The current study’s strengths and limitations and the
implications for future research are discussed.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Parenting styles Differential parenting Academic achievement Self-esteem
Kaynakça
- ReferencesAng, R.P. (2006). Effects of parenting styles on personal and social variables for Asian adolescents. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76, 503-511. doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.503.Buri, J. R. (1991). Parental Authority Questionnaire. Journal of Personality Assessment, 57, 110–119. doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5701_13.Chao, R. K. (1994). Beyond parental control and authoritarian parenting style: Understanding Chinese parenting through the cultural notion of training. Child Development, 55,1111-1119. doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00806.x.Conrade, G., & Ho, R. (2001). Differential parenting styles for fathers and mothers: Differential treatment for sons and daughters. Australian Journal of Psychology, 53, 29-35. doi.org/10.1080/00049530108255119.Dağlar, M., Melhuish, E. & Barnes, J. (2011). Parenting and preschool child behaviour among Turkish immigrant, migrant and non-migrant families, European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 8(3), 261-279, doi:10.1080/17405621003710827. Dwairy, M. & Achoui, M. (2010) Parental control: A second cross-cultural research on parenting and psychological adjustment of children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19, 16-22. doi:10.1007/s10826-009-9334-2.Fung, J. & Lau, A.S. (2012). Tough love or hostile domination? Psychological control and relational induction in cultural context. Journal of Family Psychology, 26(6), 966-975. doi:10.1037/a0030457.Fletcher, A.C., Steinberg, L., & Sellers, E.B. (1999). Adolescents’ well-being as a function of perceived interparental consistency. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61(3), 599-610. doi: 10.2307./353563.Guo, G., Wang, L., Lui, H., & Rall, T. (2014). Genomic assortative mating in marriages in the United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, (111-22). 7996-8000. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0112322.Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (1996). Family and human development across cultures: A view from the other side. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Jones, D. J., Forehand, R., & Beach, S. R. H. (2000). Maternal and paternal parenting during adolescence: Forecasting early adult psychosocial adjustment. Adolescence, 35, 513–530.Lamb, M.E. & Tamis-Lemonda, C.S. (2004). The role of father; an introduction. In M. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (pp. 1-31), Vol. 3. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Leung, K., Lau, S., & Lam, W. L. (1998). Parenting styles and academic achievement: A cross-cultural study. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 44, 157-172.McKinney, C. & Renk, K. (2008). Differential parenting between fathers and mothers: Implications for late adolescents. Journal of Family Issues, 29, 806-827. doi: 10.1177/0192513X07311222.Milevsky, A., Schlecther, M., Klem, L., & Kehl, R. (2008). Constellations of maternal and paternal parenting styles in adolescence: Congruity and well-being. Marriage & Family Review, 44(1), 81-98. doi 10.1007/s10826-006-9066-5.Norusis, M. J. (2010). Chapter 16: Cluster analysis. PASW Statistics 18 statistical procedures companion (pp. 361-391). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Rudy, D, & Grusec, J. E. (2006). Authoritarian parenting in individualistic and collectivist groups: Associations with maternal emotion and cognition and children’s self-esteem. Journal of Family Psychology, 20, 68-78. doi: 10.1037/0893-3200.20.1.68.Russell, A., Aloa, V., Feder, T., Glover, A., Miller, H., & Palmer, G. (1998). Sex-based differences in parenting styles in a sample with preschool children. Australian Journal of Psychology, 50, 89-99. doi/abs/10.1080/00049539808257539.Ryan, R. M., Martin, A., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2006). Is one parent good enough? Patterns of mother and father parenting and child cognitive outcomes at 24 and 36 months. Parenting: Science and Practice, 6, 211-228. doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2006.9681306.Shek, D. T. L. (2000). Parental marital quality and well-being, parent-child relational quality, and Chinese adolescent adjustment. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 28(2\0, 147-162. doi: 10.1080/019261800261725.Simons, G. L. & Conger, R. D. (2007). Linking father-mother differences in parenting to a typology of parenting style and adolescent outcomes. Journal of Family Issues, 28, 212-241. doi: 10.1177/0192513X06294593.Sunar, D. (2002). Change and continuity in the Turkish middle class family. In R. Liljestrom & E. Özdalga (Eds.), Autonomy and dependence in the family. (pp.219-240), V. 11. Istanbul: Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul Transactions.Sunar, D. (2009). Mothers’ and fathers’ child rearing practices and self-esteem in three generations of urban Turkish families. In M. Brewster Smith, S. Bekman, & A. Aksu-Koç (Eds.), Perspectives on human development, family, and culture (pp.126-140). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511720437.011.Tunç, A., & Tezer, E. (2006). The relationship between parenting style and self-esteem. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 25, 37-44. Varela, R. E., Vernberg, E. M., Sanchez-Sosa, J. J., Riveros, A., Mitchell, M., Mashunkashey, J. (2004). Parenting style of Mexican, Mexican American, and Caucasian-Non-Hispanic families: Social context and cultural influences. Journal of Family Psychology, 18, 651-657. doi: 10.1037/0893-3200.18.4.651
Öz
Aile
ebeveynlik desenleri ve çocukların gelişimsel sonuçları Batı ülkelerinde
yapılan çeşitli çalışmalarca incelenmiştir. Araştırmalar, aynı çatı altındaki
annelerin ve babaların uyumlu veya uyumsuz ebeveynlik stilleri gösterip
göstermediğine dair karışık sonuçlar göstermektedir. Dahası, önceki
araştırmalar iki tutarlı ebeveynin çcouklar üzerinde en olumlu sonuçlarla
bağlantılı olduğunu göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte, Batı dışındaki
kültürlerde, aile ebeveynlik desenlerini ya da bu desenlerin çocuk-cinsiyetine
göre farklılık gösterip göstermeyeceğini inceleyen bir çalışma yoktur. Bu
nedenle, bu çalışma, Türkiye’deki kız ve erkek çocukları için aile ebeveynlik
desenlerini tanımlamayı ve bu aile ebeveynlik desenlerinin akademik başarı ve
benlik saygısı ile bağlantılı olup olmadığını belirlemeyi amaçlamıştır.
Örneklem 195 Türk lisans öğrencisini (95 erkek ve 100 kadın) içermektedir. Katılımcılardan,
onların anne ve baba ebeveyn tutumları ölçmek için Buri’nin Ebeveyn Otoritesi
Ölçeği’ni ve benlik saygılarını ölçmek için ise Rosenberg Benlik Saygısı
Ölçeği’ni cevaplamaları istenmiştir. Bunun yanısıra akademik başarılarını da
belirtmeleri istenmiştir. İki aşamalı küme analizi, dört farklı kümenin
varlığını ortaya çıkarmıştır; kadınlar için iki küme ve erkekler için iki küme.
Kadınlar için kümeler, uyumlu otoriter ebeveyn deseni ve uyumlu demokratik
ebeveyn desenidir. Erkekler için kümeler ise uyumlu otoriter ebeveyn deseni ve
uyumlu izin verici ebeveyn desenidir. Yapılan Kovaryans Analizi, aynı cinsiyet
grupları arasında, üniversite genel not ortalamasında veya katılımcıların
benlik saygısı puanlarında anlamlı bir fark olmadığını göstermiştir. Bu
bulgular, otoriter ebeveynliğin Türkiye’de çocukların gelişimsel sonuçlarıyla
negatif ilişkisi olmadığını düşündürmektedir. Mevcut çalışmanın güçlü yönleri
ve sınırlamaları ve gelecekteki araştırmalara etkileri tartışılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Ebeveynlik tutumları Farklılaşmış ebeveynlik tutumları Akademik başarı Benlik saygısı
Kaynakça
- ReferencesAng, R.P. (2006). Effects of parenting styles on personal and social variables for Asian adolescents. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76, 503-511. doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.503.Buri, J. R. (1991). Parental Authority Questionnaire. Journal of Personality Assessment, 57, 110–119. doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5701_13.Chao, R. K. (1994). Beyond parental control and authoritarian parenting style: Understanding Chinese parenting through the cultural notion of training. Child Development, 55,1111-1119. doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00806.x.Conrade, G., & Ho, R. (2001). Differential parenting styles for fathers and mothers: Differential treatment for sons and daughters. Australian Journal of Psychology, 53, 29-35. doi.org/10.1080/00049530108255119.Dağlar, M., Melhuish, E. & Barnes, J. (2011). Parenting and preschool child behaviour among Turkish immigrant, migrant and non-migrant families, European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 8(3), 261-279, doi:10.1080/17405621003710827. Dwairy, M. & Achoui, M. (2010) Parental control: A second cross-cultural research on parenting and psychological adjustment of children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19, 16-22. doi:10.1007/s10826-009-9334-2.Fung, J. & Lau, A.S. (2012). Tough love or hostile domination? Psychological control and relational induction in cultural context. Journal of Family Psychology, 26(6), 966-975. doi:10.1037/a0030457.Fletcher, A.C., Steinberg, L., & Sellers, E.B. (1999). Adolescents’ well-being as a function of perceived interparental consistency. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61(3), 599-610. doi: 10.2307./353563.Guo, G., Wang, L., Lui, H., & Rall, T. (2014). Genomic assortative mating in marriages in the United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, (111-22). 7996-8000. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0112322.Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (1996). Family and human development across cultures: A view from the other side. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Jones, D. J., Forehand, R., & Beach, S. R. H. (2000). Maternal and paternal parenting during adolescence: Forecasting early adult psychosocial adjustment. Adolescence, 35, 513–530.Lamb, M.E. & Tamis-Lemonda, C.S. (2004). The role of father; an introduction. In M. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (pp. 1-31), Vol. 3. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Leung, K., Lau, S., & Lam, W. L. (1998). Parenting styles and academic achievement: A cross-cultural study. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 44, 157-172.McKinney, C. & Renk, K. (2008). Differential parenting between fathers and mothers: Implications for late adolescents. Journal of Family Issues, 29, 806-827. doi: 10.1177/0192513X07311222.Milevsky, A., Schlecther, M., Klem, L., & Kehl, R. (2008). Constellations of maternal and paternal parenting styles in adolescence: Congruity and well-being. Marriage & Family Review, 44(1), 81-98. doi 10.1007/s10826-006-9066-5.Norusis, M. J. (2010). Chapter 16: Cluster analysis. PASW Statistics 18 statistical procedures companion (pp. 361-391). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Rudy, D, & Grusec, J. E. (2006). Authoritarian parenting in individualistic and collectivist groups: Associations with maternal emotion and cognition and children’s self-esteem. Journal of Family Psychology, 20, 68-78. doi: 10.1037/0893-3200.20.1.68.Russell, A., Aloa, V., Feder, T., Glover, A., Miller, H., & Palmer, G. (1998). Sex-based differences in parenting styles in a sample with preschool children. Australian Journal of Psychology, 50, 89-99. doi/abs/10.1080/00049539808257539.Ryan, R. M., Martin, A., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2006). Is one parent good enough? Patterns of mother and father parenting and child cognitive outcomes at 24 and 36 months. Parenting: Science and Practice, 6, 211-228. doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2006.9681306.Shek, D. T. L. (2000). Parental marital quality and well-being, parent-child relational quality, and Chinese adolescent adjustment. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 28(2\0, 147-162. doi: 10.1080/019261800261725.Simons, G. L. & Conger, R. D. (2007). Linking father-mother differences in parenting to a typology of parenting style and adolescent outcomes. Journal of Family Issues, 28, 212-241. doi: 10.1177/0192513X06294593.Sunar, D. (2002). Change and continuity in the Turkish middle class family. In R. Liljestrom & E. Özdalga (Eds.), Autonomy and dependence in the family. (pp.219-240), V. 11. Istanbul: Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul Transactions.Sunar, D. (2009). Mothers’ and fathers’ child rearing practices and self-esteem in three generations of urban Turkish families. In M. Brewster Smith, S. Bekman, & A. Aksu-Koç (Eds.), Perspectives on human development, family, and culture (pp.126-140). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511720437.011.Tunç, A., & Tezer, E. (2006). The relationship between parenting style and self-esteem. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 25, 37-44. Varela, R. E., Vernberg, E. M., Sanchez-Sosa, J. J., Riveros, A., Mitchell, M., Mashunkashey, J. (2004). Parenting style of Mexican, Mexican American, and Caucasian-Non-Hispanic families: Social context and cultural influences. Journal of Family Psychology, 18, 651-657. doi: 10.1037/0893-3200.18.4.651
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Eğitim Üzerine Çalışmalar |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 29 Haziran 2019 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 3 Aralık 2018 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2019 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2 |