Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster
Yıl 2021, Sayı: 27, 103 - 124, 31.07.2021

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Barnhart, T., & van Es, E. (2015). Studying teacher noticing: Examining the relationship among pre-service science teachers' ability to attend, analyze and respond to student thinking. Teaching and Teacher Education, 45, 83-93.
  • Blanton, M. L., & Kaput, J. J. (2005). Characterizing a classroom practice that promotes algebraic reasoning. Journal for research in mathematics education, 36(5), 412-446.
  • Brizuela, B., & Schliemann, A. (2004). Ten-year-old students solving linear equations. For the Learning of Mathematics, 24(2), 33-40.
  • Callejo, M. L., & Zapatera, A. (2017). Prospective primary teachers’ noticing of students’ understanding of pattern generalization. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, 20(4), 309-333.
  • Chazan, D. (2000). Beyond formulas in mathematics and teaching: Dynamics of the high school algebra classroom. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
  • Crespo, S. (2002). Praising and correcting: Prospective teachers investigate their teacherly talk. Teaching and Teacher Education, 18(6), 739-758.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (2nd Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Erickson, F. (2011). On noticing teacher noticing. In M. Sherin, V. Jacobs, & R. Philipp (Eds.), Mathematics teacher noticing: Seeing through teachers' eyes (pp. 17-34). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Fernández, C., Llinares, S., & Valls, J. (2013). Primary school teacher’s noticing of students’ mathematical thinking in problem solving. The Mathematics Enthusiast, 10(1), 441-468.
  • Ginsburg, H. (1997). Entering the child's mind: The clinical interview in psychological research and practice. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Goldsmith, L. T., Seago, N. (2011). Using classroom artifacts to focus teachers’ noticing affordances and opportunities. In M. G. Sherin, V. R. Jacobs, & R. A. Philipp (Eds.), Mathematics teacher noticing: Seeing through teachers eyes (pp. 169-187). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Ivars, P., Fernández, C., Llinares, S., & Choy, B. H. (2018). Enhancing noticing: Using a hypothetical learning trajectory to improve pre- service primary teachers’ professional discourse. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 14(11), em1599.
  • Jacobs, V. R., & Ambrose, R. C. (2008). Making the most of story problems. Teaching children mathematics, 15(5), 260-266.
  • Jacobs, V. R., Lamb, L. L., & Philipp, R. A. (2010). Professional noticing of children's mathematical thinking. Journal for research in mathematics education, 41(2), 169-202.
  • Jacobs, V. R., Lamb, L. L., Philipp, R. A., & Schappelle, B. P. (2011). Deciding how to respond on the basis of children’s understandings. In M. Sherin, V. Jacobs, & R. Philipp (Eds.), Mathematics teacher noticing: Seeing through teachers’ eyes (pp. 97-116). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Kaput, J. (1999). Teaching and learning a new algebra. In E. Fennama & T. Romberg (Eds.), Mathematics classrooms that promote understanding (pp.133-155). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Kieran, C. (1992). The learning and teaching of school algebra. In D. A. Grouws (Ed.), Handbook of research on mathematics teaching and learning (pp. 390-419). New York, NY: Macmillan.
  • Kieran, C. (2004). Algebraic thinking in the early grades: What is it? The Mathematics Educator, 8(1), 139-151.
  • Kilpatrick, J., Swafford, J., & Findell, B. (Eds.). (2001). Adding it up: Helping children learn mathematics. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
  • LaRochelle, R., Nickerson, S. D., Lamb, L. C., Hawthorne, C., Philipp, R. A., & Ross, D. L. (2019). Secondary practising teachers' professional noticing of students' thinking about pattern generalisation. Mathematics Teacher Education and Development, 21(1), 4-27.
  • Little, J. W., & Curry, M. W. (2008). Structuring talk about teaching and learning: The use of evidence in protocol-based conversation. In L. M. Earl & H. Timperley (Eds.), Professional learning conversations: Challenges in using evidence for improvement (pp. 29-42). New York, NY: Springer.
  • Magiera, M. T., Van den Kieboom, L. A., & Moyer, J. C. (2013). An exploratory study of pre-service middle school teachers’ knowledge of algebraic thinking. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 84(1), 93-113.
  • Mason, J. (2008). Making use of children’s powers to produce algebraic thinking. In J. Kaput, D. Carraher, & M. Blanton (Eds.), Algebra in the early grades (pp. 57–94). New York, NY: Erlbaum.
  • Mason, J. (2011). Noticing: Roots and branches. In M. Sherin, V. Jacobs, & R. Philipp (Eds.), Mathematics teacher noticing: Seeing through teachers’ eyes (pp. 35-50). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  • Milewski, A., & Strickland, S. (2016). (Toward) developing a common language for describing instructional practices of responding: A teacher-generated framework. Mathematics Teacher Educator, 4(2), 126-144.
  • Miller, K. F. (2011). Situation awareness in teaching: What educators can learn from video-based research in other fields. In Sherin, M. G., Jacobs, V. R., & Philipp, R. A. (Eds.), Mathematics teacher noticing: Seeing through teachers’ eyes (p. 51- 65). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Ministry of National Education (MoNE). (2018). Mathematics program [Elementary and Middle School 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 grades]. Ankara, Turkey: MoNE.
  • Mouhayar, R. (2019). Exploring teachers’ attention to students’ responses in pattern generalization tasks. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, 22(6), 575-605.
  • Mouhayar, R. R., & Jurdak, M. E. (2013). Teachers’ ability to identify and explain students’ actions in near and far figural pattern generalization tasks. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 82(3), 379-396.
  • National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM). (2000). Learning mathematics for a new century (2000 Yearbook). Reston, VA: NCTM.
  • National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM). (2014). Principles to actions: Ensuring mathematical success for all. Reston, VA: NCTM.
  • Radford, L., & Sabena, C. (2015). The question of method in a Vygotskian semiotic approach. In A. Bikner-Ahsbahs, C. Knipping, & N. Presmeg (Eds.), Approaches to qualitative research in mathematics education (pp. 157–182). New York, NY: Springer.
  • Rivera, F., & Becker, J. R. (2003). The effects of figural and numerical cues on the induction processes of preservice elementary teachers. In N. Pateman, B. Dougherty, & J. Zilliox (Eds.), Proceedings of the Joint Meeting PME and PMENA (Vol. 4, pp. 63–70). Honolulu, HA: University of Hawaii.
  • Sánchez-Matamoros, G., Fernández, C., & Llinares, S. (2019). Relationships among prospective secondary mathematics teachers’ skills of attending, interpreting and responding to students’ understanding. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 100(1), 83-99.
  • Santagata, R., Zannoni, C., & Stigler, J. W. (2007). The role of lesson analysis in pre-service teacher education: An empirical investigation of teacher learning from a virtual video-based field experience. Journal of mathematics teacher education, 10(2), 123-140.
  • Schoenfeld, A. H. (2011). Noticing matters. A lot. Now what? In M. Sherin, V. Jacobs, & R. Philipp (Eds.), Mathematics teacher noticing: Seeing through teachers' eyes (pp. 253-268). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Sherin, M. G. (2007). The development of teachers' professional vision in video clubs. In R. Goldman, R. Pea, B. Barron, & S. J. Deny (Eds.), Video research in the learning sciences (pp. 383-395). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Sherin, M. G., Jacobs, V. R., & Philipp, R. A. (Eds.). (2011). Mathematics teacher noticing: Seeing through teachers’ eyes. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Sherin, B., & Star, J. R. (2011). Reflections on the study of teacher noticing. In M. Sherin, V. Jacobs, & R. Philipp (Eds.), Mathematics teacher noticing: Seeing through teachers' eyes (pp. 66-78). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Simpson, A., & Haltiwanger, L. (2017). “This is the First Time I’ve Done This”: Exploring secondary prospective mathematics teachers’ noticing of students’ mathematical thinking. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, 20(4), 335–355.
  • Son, J. W., & Crespo, S. (2009). Prospective teachers’ reasoning and response to a student’s non-traditional strategy when dividing fractions. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, 12(4), 235-261.
  • Star, J. R., & Strickland, S. K. (2008). Learning to observe: Using video to improve preservice mathematics teachers’ ability to notice. Journal of mathematics teacher education, 11(2), 107-125.
  • Stevens, R., & Hall, R. (1998). Disciplined perception: Learning to see in technoscience. In M. Lampert & M. L. Blunk (Eds.), Talking mathematics in school: Studies of teaching and learning (pp. 107-149). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Stockero, S. L. (2014). Transitions in prospective mathematics teachers’ noticing. In J. Lo, K. R. Leatham, & L. R. Van Zoest (Eds.), Research trends in mathematics teacher education (pp. 239–259). New York, NY: Springer.
  • Usiskin, Z. (1988). Conceptions of school algebra and uses of variable. In A. F. Coxford & A. P. Shulte (Eds.), The ideas of algebra, K-12: 1988 Yearbook (pp. 8-19). Reston, VA: NCTM.
  • van Es, E. A., & Sherin, M. G. (2002). Learning to notice: Scaffolding new teachers’ interpretations of classroom interactions. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 10(4), 571-596.
  • Wager, A. A. (2014). Noticing children's participation: Insights into teacher positionality toward equitable mathematics pedagogy. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 45(3), 312-350.
  • Wilson, P. H., Mojica, G. F., & Confrey, J. (2013). Learning trajectories in teacher education: Supporting teachers’ understandings of students’ mathematical thinking. The Journal of Mathematical Behavior, 32(2), 103-121.
  • Yin, R. K. (2009). Case study research: Design and methods (4th Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

How Do Pre-service Elementary Teachers Notice Students’ Algebraic Way of Thinking in Written Works?

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 27, 103 - 124, 31.07.2021

Öz

The purpose of this embedded-single case study was to examine pre-service elementary teachers’ noticing expertise of students’ algebraic thinking in written works considering three skills: attention to students’ solutions, interpretation of students’ solutions, and deciding how to respond to students’ solutions. The participants in this study involved 32 pre-service teachers who were enrolled at an Elementary Teacher Education Program in a public university in Turkey. The data were utilized by pre-service elementary teachers’ responses to four students’ solutions to a figural pattern task and were analyzed using the framework developed by Jacobs et al. (2010). The analysis indicated although the pre-service teachers could not provide robust evidence of attention and interpretation, they could be able to provide robust evidence of deciding how to respond. Specifically, the percentage of pre-service teachers demonstrating robust evidence was greatest in the skill of deciding how to respond, then interpreting, with attending having the lowest percentage of pre-service teachers demonstrating robust evidence.

Kaynakça

  • Barnhart, T., & van Es, E. (2015). Studying teacher noticing: Examining the relationship among pre-service science teachers' ability to attend, analyze and respond to student thinking. Teaching and Teacher Education, 45, 83-93.
  • Blanton, M. L., & Kaput, J. J. (2005). Characterizing a classroom practice that promotes algebraic reasoning. Journal for research in mathematics education, 36(5), 412-446.
  • Brizuela, B., & Schliemann, A. (2004). Ten-year-old students solving linear equations. For the Learning of Mathematics, 24(2), 33-40.
  • Callejo, M. L., & Zapatera, A. (2017). Prospective primary teachers’ noticing of students’ understanding of pattern generalization. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, 20(4), 309-333.
  • Chazan, D. (2000). Beyond formulas in mathematics and teaching: Dynamics of the high school algebra classroom. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
  • Crespo, S. (2002). Praising and correcting: Prospective teachers investigate their teacherly talk. Teaching and Teacher Education, 18(6), 739-758.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (2nd Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Erickson, F. (2011). On noticing teacher noticing. In M. Sherin, V. Jacobs, & R. Philipp (Eds.), Mathematics teacher noticing: Seeing through teachers' eyes (pp. 17-34). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Fernández, C., Llinares, S., & Valls, J. (2013). Primary school teacher’s noticing of students’ mathematical thinking in problem solving. The Mathematics Enthusiast, 10(1), 441-468.
  • Ginsburg, H. (1997). Entering the child's mind: The clinical interview in psychological research and practice. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Goldsmith, L. T., Seago, N. (2011). Using classroom artifacts to focus teachers’ noticing affordances and opportunities. In M. G. Sherin, V. R. Jacobs, & R. A. Philipp (Eds.), Mathematics teacher noticing: Seeing through teachers eyes (pp. 169-187). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Ivars, P., Fernández, C., Llinares, S., & Choy, B. H. (2018). Enhancing noticing: Using a hypothetical learning trajectory to improve pre- service primary teachers’ professional discourse. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 14(11), em1599.
  • Jacobs, V. R., & Ambrose, R. C. (2008). Making the most of story problems. Teaching children mathematics, 15(5), 260-266.
  • Jacobs, V. R., Lamb, L. L., & Philipp, R. A. (2010). Professional noticing of children's mathematical thinking. Journal for research in mathematics education, 41(2), 169-202.
  • Jacobs, V. R., Lamb, L. L., Philipp, R. A., & Schappelle, B. P. (2011). Deciding how to respond on the basis of children’s understandings. In M. Sherin, V. Jacobs, & R. Philipp (Eds.), Mathematics teacher noticing: Seeing through teachers’ eyes (pp. 97-116). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Kaput, J. (1999). Teaching and learning a new algebra. In E. Fennama & T. Romberg (Eds.), Mathematics classrooms that promote understanding (pp.133-155). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Kieran, C. (1992). The learning and teaching of school algebra. In D. A. Grouws (Ed.), Handbook of research on mathematics teaching and learning (pp. 390-419). New York, NY: Macmillan.
  • Kieran, C. (2004). Algebraic thinking in the early grades: What is it? The Mathematics Educator, 8(1), 139-151.
  • Kilpatrick, J., Swafford, J., & Findell, B. (Eds.). (2001). Adding it up: Helping children learn mathematics. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
  • LaRochelle, R., Nickerson, S. D., Lamb, L. C., Hawthorne, C., Philipp, R. A., & Ross, D. L. (2019). Secondary practising teachers' professional noticing of students' thinking about pattern generalisation. Mathematics Teacher Education and Development, 21(1), 4-27.
  • Little, J. W., & Curry, M. W. (2008). Structuring talk about teaching and learning: The use of evidence in protocol-based conversation. In L. M. Earl & H. Timperley (Eds.), Professional learning conversations: Challenges in using evidence for improvement (pp. 29-42). New York, NY: Springer.
  • Magiera, M. T., Van den Kieboom, L. A., & Moyer, J. C. (2013). An exploratory study of pre-service middle school teachers’ knowledge of algebraic thinking. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 84(1), 93-113.
  • Mason, J. (2008). Making use of children’s powers to produce algebraic thinking. In J. Kaput, D. Carraher, & M. Blanton (Eds.), Algebra in the early grades (pp. 57–94). New York, NY: Erlbaum.
  • Mason, J. (2011). Noticing: Roots and branches. In M. Sherin, V. Jacobs, & R. Philipp (Eds.), Mathematics teacher noticing: Seeing through teachers’ eyes (pp. 35-50). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  • Milewski, A., & Strickland, S. (2016). (Toward) developing a common language for describing instructional practices of responding: A teacher-generated framework. Mathematics Teacher Educator, 4(2), 126-144.
  • Miller, K. F. (2011). Situation awareness in teaching: What educators can learn from video-based research in other fields. In Sherin, M. G., Jacobs, V. R., & Philipp, R. A. (Eds.), Mathematics teacher noticing: Seeing through teachers’ eyes (p. 51- 65). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Ministry of National Education (MoNE). (2018). Mathematics program [Elementary and Middle School 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 grades]. Ankara, Turkey: MoNE.
  • Mouhayar, R. (2019). Exploring teachers’ attention to students’ responses in pattern generalization tasks. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, 22(6), 575-605.
  • Mouhayar, R. R., & Jurdak, M. E. (2013). Teachers’ ability to identify and explain students’ actions in near and far figural pattern generalization tasks. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 82(3), 379-396.
  • National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM). (2000). Learning mathematics for a new century (2000 Yearbook). Reston, VA: NCTM.
  • National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM). (2014). Principles to actions: Ensuring mathematical success for all. Reston, VA: NCTM.
  • Radford, L., & Sabena, C. (2015). The question of method in a Vygotskian semiotic approach. In A. Bikner-Ahsbahs, C. Knipping, & N. Presmeg (Eds.), Approaches to qualitative research in mathematics education (pp. 157–182). New York, NY: Springer.
  • Rivera, F., & Becker, J. R. (2003). The effects of figural and numerical cues on the induction processes of preservice elementary teachers. In N. Pateman, B. Dougherty, & J. Zilliox (Eds.), Proceedings of the Joint Meeting PME and PMENA (Vol. 4, pp. 63–70). Honolulu, HA: University of Hawaii.
  • Sánchez-Matamoros, G., Fernández, C., & Llinares, S. (2019). Relationships among prospective secondary mathematics teachers’ skills of attending, interpreting and responding to students’ understanding. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 100(1), 83-99.
  • Santagata, R., Zannoni, C., & Stigler, J. W. (2007). The role of lesson analysis in pre-service teacher education: An empirical investigation of teacher learning from a virtual video-based field experience. Journal of mathematics teacher education, 10(2), 123-140.
  • Schoenfeld, A. H. (2011). Noticing matters. A lot. Now what? In M. Sherin, V. Jacobs, & R. Philipp (Eds.), Mathematics teacher noticing: Seeing through teachers' eyes (pp. 253-268). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Sherin, M. G. (2007). The development of teachers' professional vision in video clubs. In R. Goldman, R. Pea, B. Barron, & S. J. Deny (Eds.), Video research in the learning sciences (pp. 383-395). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Sherin, M. G., Jacobs, V. R., & Philipp, R. A. (Eds.). (2011). Mathematics teacher noticing: Seeing through teachers’ eyes. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Sherin, B., & Star, J. R. (2011). Reflections on the study of teacher noticing. In M. Sherin, V. Jacobs, & R. Philipp (Eds.), Mathematics teacher noticing: Seeing through teachers' eyes (pp. 66-78). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Simpson, A., & Haltiwanger, L. (2017). “This is the First Time I’ve Done This”: Exploring secondary prospective mathematics teachers’ noticing of students’ mathematical thinking. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, 20(4), 335–355.
  • Son, J. W., & Crespo, S. (2009). Prospective teachers’ reasoning and response to a student’s non-traditional strategy when dividing fractions. Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education, 12(4), 235-261.
  • Star, J. R., & Strickland, S. K. (2008). Learning to observe: Using video to improve preservice mathematics teachers’ ability to notice. Journal of mathematics teacher education, 11(2), 107-125.
  • Stevens, R., & Hall, R. (1998). Disciplined perception: Learning to see in technoscience. In M. Lampert & M. L. Blunk (Eds.), Talking mathematics in school: Studies of teaching and learning (pp. 107-149). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Stockero, S. L. (2014). Transitions in prospective mathematics teachers’ noticing. In J. Lo, K. R. Leatham, & L. R. Van Zoest (Eds.), Research trends in mathematics teacher education (pp. 239–259). New York, NY: Springer.
  • Usiskin, Z. (1988). Conceptions of school algebra and uses of variable. In A. F. Coxford & A. P. Shulte (Eds.), The ideas of algebra, K-12: 1988 Yearbook (pp. 8-19). Reston, VA: NCTM.
  • van Es, E. A., & Sherin, M. G. (2002). Learning to notice: Scaffolding new teachers’ interpretations of classroom interactions. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 10(4), 571-596.
  • Wager, A. A. (2014). Noticing children's participation: Insights into teacher positionality toward equitable mathematics pedagogy. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 45(3), 312-350.
  • Wilson, P. H., Mojica, G. F., & Confrey, J. (2013). Learning trajectories in teacher education: Supporting teachers’ understandings of students’ mathematical thinking. The Journal of Mathematical Behavior, 32(2), 103-121.
  • Yin, R. K. (2009). Case study research: Design and methods (4th Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Sümeyra Doğan Coşkun

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Temmuz 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Sayı: 27

Kaynak Göster

APA Doğan Coşkun, S. (2021). How Do Pre-service Elementary Teachers Notice Students’ Algebraic Way of Thinking in Written Works?. Eğitimde Nitel Araştırmalar Dergisi(27), 103-124.
AMA Doğan Coşkun S. How Do Pre-service Elementary Teachers Notice Students’ Algebraic Way of Thinking in Written Works?. Derginin Amacı ve Kapsamı. Temmuz 2021;(27):103-124.
Chicago Doğan Coşkun, Sümeyra. “How Do Pre-Service Elementary Teachers Notice Students’ Algebraic Way of Thinking in Written Works?”. Eğitimde Nitel Araştırmalar Dergisi, sy. 27 (Temmuz 2021): 103-24.
EndNote Doğan Coşkun S (01 Temmuz 2021) How Do Pre-service Elementary Teachers Notice Students’ Algebraic Way of Thinking in Written Works?. Eğitimde Nitel Araştırmalar Dergisi 27 103–124.
IEEE S. Doğan Coşkun, “How Do Pre-service Elementary Teachers Notice Students’ Algebraic Way of Thinking in Written Works?”, Derginin Amacı ve Kapsamı, sy. 27, ss. 103–124, Temmuz 2021.
ISNAD Doğan Coşkun, Sümeyra. “How Do Pre-Service Elementary Teachers Notice Students’ Algebraic Way of Thinking in Written Works?”. Eğitimde Nitel Araştırmalar Dergisi 27 (Temmuz 2021), 103-124.
JAMA Doğan Coşkun S. How Do Pre-service Elementary Teachers Notice Students’ Algebraic Way of Thinking in Written Works?. Derginin Amacı ve Kapsamı. 2021;:103–124.
MLA Doğan Coşkun, Sümeyra. “How Do Pre-Service Elementary Teachers Notice Students’ Algebraic Way of Thinking in Written Works?”. Eğitimde Nitel Araştırmalar Dergisi, sy. 27, 2021, ss. 103-24.
Vancouver Doğan Coşkun S. How Do Pre-service Elementary Teachers Notice Students’ Algebraic Way of Thinking in Written Works?. Derginin Amacı ve Kapsamı. 2021(27):103-24.