Kivi bahçelerindeki yabancı otlarda görülen kök-ur nematodu türlerinin, Meloidogyne spp. Goeldi, 1892 (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) moleküler yöntemlerle tespiti

Öz

Bu araştırmada, Ordu ilinde kivi bahçelerinde yabancı otları enfekte eden kök-ur nematod türleri araştırılmıştır. 2018 yılında bir sürvey çalışması ile kivi bahçelerinde kök-ur nematodu ile bulaşık yabancı ot kökleri gözlemlenmiş ve 27 kivi bahçesinden yabancı ot örnekleri toplanmıştır. Tür teşhisleri mitokondriyal DNA'ya dayalı moleküler yöntem kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Sitokrom oksidaz II ve ribozomal RNA büyük alt birimi arasındaki mtDNA bölgesi, iki çift primer TRNAH/MRH106 ve MORF/MTHIS kullanılarak çoğaltılmıştır. Teşhislerin doğrulanması için türe özgü spesifik primerler kullanılmıştır. Sekiz familyaya ait 15 yabancı ot türünden (ikisi tanımlanamayan) Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919), Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal, 1889) ve Meloidogyne hapla (Chitwood, 1949) (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) türleri tespit edilmiştir. Bulaşık bahçelerde M. incognita en sık görülen tür olup, örneklerin %74,1'i enfekteli bulunmuş, bunu %22.2 ile M. hapla ve %3.7 ile M. arenaria izlemiştir. Bu çalışmada Erigeron canadensis L. (Asterales: Asteraceae), Mercurialis annua L. (Malpighiales: Euphorbiaceae), Oxalis pes-caprae L. (Oxalidales: Oxalidaceae), Clinopodium nepeta (L.) Kuntze (Lamiales: Lamiaceae), Fumaria officinalis L. (Ranunculales: Papaveraceae) ve Lycopus spp. (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) türleri M. incognita için, Sigesbeckia orientalis L. (Asterales: Asteraceae) ve Lythrum spp. (Myrtales: Lythraceae) ise M. hapla için daha önce kaydedilmemiş konukçular olarak bulunmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kivi
• Meloidogyne
• mtDNA
• SCAR
• yabancı otlar
• yabancı ot konukçuları

Molecular determination of root-knot nematode species, Meloidogyne spp. Goeldi, 1892 (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) infesting weeds in kiwifruit orchards in Türkiye

Abstract

In this investigation, the species of root-knot nematodes (RKNs) infesting weeds in kiwifruit orchards were investigated in the Ordu Province, Türkiye. A survey was conducted in 2018 and roots of weeds with RKN infestations were found in kiwifruit orchards. The infested weed samples were collected from 27 kiwifruit fruit orchards located in the Ordu Province. Identification of RKNs was performed using the molecular method based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The mtDNA region between the cytochrome oxidase II and the large subunit ribosomal RNA was amplified using two pairs of primers TRNAH/MRH106 and MORF/MTHIS. Species-specific primers previously described were used to confirm Meloidogyne species as the last step. Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919), Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal, 1889) and Meloidogyne hapla (Chitwood, 1949) (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) were identified from fifteen weed species (2 unidentified) in eight families. Meloidogyne incognita was the most frequent species with 74.1% of the samples infested, followed by M. hapla at 22.2% and M. arenaria at 3.7%. In this study found Erigeron canadensis L. (Asterales: Asteraceae), Mercurialis annua L. (Malpighiales: Euphorbiaceae), Oxalis pes-caprae L. (Oxalidales: Oxalidaceae), Clinopodium nepeta (L.) Kuntze (Lamiales: Lamiaceae), Fumaria officinalis L. (Ranunculales: Papaveraceae) and Lycopus spp. (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) to be previously unrecorded hosts of M. incognita and Sigesbeckia orientalis L. (Asterales: Asteraceae) and Lythrum spp. (Myrtales: Lythraceae) a host of M. hapla.

Keywords

• Kiwifruit
• Meloidogyne spp.
• mtDNA
• SCAR
• weeds
• weed hosts

Kaynakça

1. Abdellatif, K. F., R. H. Abdelfattah & M. S. M. El-Ansary, 2016. Green nanoparticles engineering on root-knot nematode infecting eggplants and their effect on plant DNA modification. Iranian Journal of Biotechnology, 14 (4): 250-259.
2. Amin, A. W., 1994. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in Hungary 1. EPPO Bulletin, 24 (2): 417-422.
3. Aydınlı, G. & S. Mennan, 2016. Identification of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) from greenhouses in the Middle Black Sea Region of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 40 (5): 675-685.
4. Bajwa, A. A., S. Sadia, H. H. Ali, K. Jabran, A. M. Peerzada & B. S. Chauhan, 2016. Biology and management of two important Conyza weeds: a global review. Environmental Science Pollution Research, 23 (24): 24694-24710.
5. Belair, G. & D. L. Benoit, 1996. Host suitability of 32 common weeds to Meloidogyne hapla in organic soils of southwestern Quebec. Journal of Nematology, 28 (4S): 643-647.
6. Belle, C., R. F. Ramos, R. R. Balardin, D. D. Nora & T. E. Kaspary, 2020. Multiplication potential of Meloidogyne arenaria in weeds found in Brazil. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 157 (2): 441-447.
7. Bendixen, L. E., 1986. “Weed Hosts of Meloidogyne, The Root-Knot Nematodes, 101-167”. In: Weeds and The Environment (Eds. K. Noda & B. L. Mercado). Asian-Pacific Weed Science Society and Japan International Cooperation Agency, 172 pp.
8. Bendixen, L. E., 1988. A Comparative Summary of the Weed Hosts of Heterodera, Meloidogyne, and Pratylenchus Nematodes. Special Circular: 118. Wooster OH, Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 33 pp.

9. Carneiro, R. M. D. G., O. Randig, M. R. A. Almeida & A. C. M. M. Gomes, 2004. Additional information on Meloidogyne ethiopica whitehead, 1968 (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae), a root-knot nematode parasitising kiwifruit and grape-vine from Brazil and Chilei. Nematology, 6 (1): 109-123.
10. Castillo, P., H. F. Rapoport, J. E. P. Rius & R. M. J. Diaz, 2008. Suitability of weed species prevailing in Spanish vineyards as hosts for root-knot nematodes. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 120 (1): 43-51.
11. Ciancio, A., V. L. Giudice, R. Bonsignore & G. Roccuzzo, 1992. Root-knot nematodes attacking weeds in Southern Italy. Informatore Fitopatologico, 42 (6): 55-57.
12. Curi, S. M., 1973. Novas observações sobre alguns nematóides do cafeeiro. Biologico, 39 (8): 206-207.
13. Das, N., S. Ray, S. N. Jena & P. K. Mohanty, 1998. Effect of certain herbicides on weeds and populations of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) in mustard. Crop Research (Hisar), 16 (2):156-158.
14. Davidson, T. R. & J. L. Townshend, 1967. Some weed hosts of the Southern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Nematologica, 13 (3): 452-458.
15. Davis, P. H., 1965-1989. Flora of Turkey and East Aegean Islands. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, UK, 1-11, 468 pp.
16. Doucet, M. E., E. D. P. De Leon, P. Milanesio, C. Azpilicueta & E. Maero, 2000. Asociacion entre Taraxacum officinaley Meloidogyne hapla detectada en Argentina. Nematologia Mediterranea, 28 (1): 63-66 (in Spanish with abstract in English).
17. Ehwaeti, M. E., M. Fargette, M. S. Phillips & D. L. Trudgill, 1999. Host status differences and their relevance to damage by Meloidogyne incognita. Nematology, 1 (4): 421-432.
18. Ercan, H. & İ. H. Elekcioğlu, 2009. Determination of root-knot nematodes species (Meloidogyne spp.) on weeds in Adana and Mersin province. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 33 (3): 179-192 (in Turkish with abstract in English).
19. Gaskin, A. G. & H. W. Crittenden, 1956. Studies of the host range of Meloidogyne hapla. Plant Disease Reporter, 40 (4): 265-270.
20. Gharabadiyan, F., S. Jamali, A. A. Yazdi, M. H. Hadizadeh & A. Eskandari, 2012. Weed hosts of root knot nematodes in tomato fields. Journal of Plant protection Research, 52 (2): 230-240.
21. Gonçalves, A. R., I. L. Conceicao, M. Kormpi & E. A. Tzortzakakis, 2020. Lavandula angustifolia and Oxalis pes-caprae, hosts of Meloidogyne hapla and Meloidogyne javanica- A note for Meloidogyne luci in Greece. Hellenic Plant Protection Journal, 13 (2): 78-82.
22. Hanf, M., 1990. Ackerunkräuter Europas mit ihren Keimlingen und Samen München BLV-Verl.-Ges. Frankfurt (Main) DLG-Verl. Münster-Hiltrup Landwirtschaftsverl. Wien Österr. Agrarverl., 496 pp (in German).
23. Haygood, R. A., J. A. Saunders & R. W. Miller, 1990. Widespread occurrence of Meloidogyne incognita on kiwifruit in the coastal areas of South Carolina. Plant Disease, 74 (1): 81.
24. Hussey, R. S. & G. J. W. Janssen, 2002. Root-Knot Nematodes: Meloidogyne species, 43-70”. In: Plant Resistance to Parasitic Nematodes (Eds. J. L. Starr, R. Cook & J. Bridge) Wallingford: CAB International, 258 pp.
25. Ijani, A. S. M., R. B. Mabagala & S. Nchimbi-Msolla, 2000. Root-knot nematode species associated with beans and weeds in the Morogoro region, Tanzania. African Plant Protection, 6 (2): 37-41.
26. Karanastasi, E., I. L. P. M. da Conceição, M. C. V. dos Santos, E. A. Tzortzakakis & I. M. de O. Abrantes, 2008. Occurrence of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne arenaria on balm and in a mixed population with M. javanica on grapevine in Greece, Helminthologia, 45 (1): 52-53.
27. Karl, A. C., R. M. Souza & J. K. A. Mattos, 1997. Patogenicidade de Meloidogyne javanica em quatro espécies de plantas medicinais. Horticultura Brasileira, 15 (2): 118-121 (in Portuguese with abstract in English).
28. Kaur, R., J. A. Brito & J. R Rich, 2007. Host suitability of selected weed species to five Meloidogyne species. Nematropica, 37 (1): 107-120.
29. Kiewnick, S., S. Wolf, M. Willareth & J. E. Frey, 2013. Identification of the tropical root-knot nematode species Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica and M. arenaria using a multiplex PCR assay. Nematology, 15 (7): 891-894.
30. Kim, H. H., H. Y. Choo, C. G. Gyoo, J. J. Lee & D. Y. Jeong, 1998. Antagonistic plant survey for the biological control of root-knot nematodes in greenhouses. Korean Journal of Applied Entomology, 37 (1): 91-95.
31. Kokalis-Burelle, N. & E. N. Rosskopf, 2012. Susceptibility of several common subtropical weeds to Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incognita, and M. javanica. Journal of Nematology, 44 (2): 142-147.
32. Kornobis, S. & S. Wolny, 1997. Occurrence of plant parasitic nematodes on weeds in agrobiocenosis in the Wielkopolska region in Poland. Short note, Fundamental and Applied Nematology, 20 (6): 627-632.
33. Kutywayo, V. & T. H. Been, 2006. Host status of six major weeds to Meloidogyne chitwoodi and Pratylenchus penetrans, including a preliminary field survey concerning other weeds. Nematology, 8 (5): 647-657.
34. Li, S. J. & Z. Yu, 1991. A new species of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne actinidiae) on Actinidia chinensis in Henan Province. Acta Agriculture Universitatis Henanensis, 25 (3): 251-253.
35. Lindhardt, V. K., 1963. Rodål (Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood, 1949) på friland. Tidssakr Plantevale, 67 (4): 679-687 (in Swedish with abstract in English).
36. Ma, K. C., Y. S. Jo, B. H. Kim & D. G. Lim, 2007. Seasonal occurrence and aspects of root-knot nematodes in major kiwifruit cultivation areas of Korea. 753: VI International Symposium on Kiwifruit, Rotorua (New Zealand). Acta Horticulturae (ISHS), 753 (2): 719-724.
37. Mangat, B. P. S., D. C. Gupta & D. S. Bhatti, 1985. Some rabi weeds- new hosts for Meloidogyne javanica. Current Science India, 54 (19): 1006 (Abstract).
38. Martin, G. C., 1958. Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) in the federation of rhodesia and nyasaland. Nematologica, 3 (4): 332-349.
39. Mitkowski, N. & G. Abawi, 2002. Monoxenic maintenance and reproduction of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla) on multiple-species in vitro root culture systems. Plant Cell Reports, 21 (1): 14-23.
40. Moens, M. & R. Perry, 2009. Migratory plant endoparasitic nematodes: A group rich in contrasts and divergence. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 47 (1): 313-332.
41. Nicotra, A., A. M. Simeone & M. De Vito, 2003. Research on kiwifruit source of genetic resistance to root-knot and lesion nematodes. V International Symposium on Kiwifruit, Wuhan (China). Acta Horticulturae (ISHS), 610 (1): 449-453.
42. Oliveira, C. M. G. & R. K. Kubo, 2006. Nematóides parasitos de plantas ornamentais. In: Anais da XIV Reunião Itinerante de Fitossanidade do Instituto Biológico - plantas ornamentais, Pariquera-açu, SP, 6 e 7 de (in Portuguese with abstract in English).
43. Pagan, C., D. Coyne, R. Carneiro, G. Kariuki, N. Luambano, A. Affokpon & V. M. Williamson, 2015. Mitochondrial haplotype-based identification of ethanol-preserved root-knot nematodes from Africa. Phytopathology, 105 (3): 350-357.
44. Pajovic, I., S. Sirca, B. Geric Stare & G. Urek, 2007. The incidence of root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incognita, and M. javanica on vegetables and weeds in Montenegro. Aps Publications, 91 (11): 1514B.
45. Philis, J., 1995. An up-dated list of plant parasitic nematodes from Cyprus and their economic importance. Nematologia Mediterranea, 23 (2): 307-314.
46. Philis, J. & M. R. Siddiqi, 1976. A list of plant parasitic nematode in Cyprus. Nematologia Mediterranea, 4 (2): 171-174.
47. Ploetz, R. C., 2009. “Tropical Fruit Crops and the Diseases that Affect their Production, 71-106”. In: Tropical Biology and Conservation Management (Eds. K. D. Claro, P. S. Oliveira & V. Rico-Gray). Volume 3, Oxford, UK, 266 pp.
48. Ponce, R. G., C. Zancada, M. Verdugo & L. Salas, 1995. The influence of the nematode Meloidogyne incognita on competition between Solanum nigrum and tomato. Weed Research, 35 (6): 437-443.
49. Quénéhervé, P., P. Topart, C. Chabrier, A. Auwerkerken, B. Martiny & S. Marie-Luce, 2006. Status of weeds as reservoirs of plant parasitic nematodes in banana fields in Martinique. Crop Protection, 25 (8): 860-867.
50. Rich, J. R., J. A. Brito, R. Kaur & J. A. Ferrell, 2008. Weed species as hosts of Meloidogyne: A review. Nematropica, 39 (2): 157-185.
51. Santos, D. A. F., 2018. Meloidogyne luci: Characterisation of a Tropical Root-knot Nematode Species in Portugal. Dissertação de Mestrado em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia Vegetal, Universidade de Coimbra, (Unpublished) PhD Thesis, Coimbra, Portugal, 80 pp.
52. Sezer, A. & O. Kolören, 2019. Determination of weed species, their frequency and general coverage areas in kiwifruit orchards in Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey. Akademik Ziraat Dergisi, 8 (2): 227-236 (in Turkish with abstract in English).
53. Shokoohi, E. & P. W. Mashela, 2020. First report of Meloidogyne hapla on kiwifruit in South Africa. Journal of Nematology, 52 (1): e2020-82.
54. Silva, M. D. C. L. D., C. D. G. Santos & G. S. D. Silva, 2016. Espécies de Meloidogyne associadas a vegetais em microrregiões do estado do Ceará (Species of Meloidogyne associated with vegetables in microregions of the state of Ceará). Revista Ciência Agronômica, 47 (4): 710-719 (in Portuguese with abstract in English).
55. Smiley, R. W., G. P. Yan & J. A. Gourlie, 2014. Selected pacific northwest rangeland and weed plants as hosts of Pratylenchus neglectus and P. thornei. Plant Disease, 98 (10): 1333-1340.
56. Smit, J. J., 1978. “Root-knot nematode research at the institute for agricultural research, 47-57”. In: Proceedings of the Second Research Planning Conference on Root-knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne spp. Abidjan, Ivory Coast 93 pp.
57. Stanton, J., A. Hugall & C. Moritz, 1997. Nucleotide polymorphisms and an improved PCR-based mtDNA diagnostic for parthenogenetic root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). Fundamental Applied Nematology, 20 (3): 261-268.
58. Taylor, A. L., J. N. Sasser & L. A. Nelson, 1982. Relationship of Climate and Soil Characteristics to Geographical Distribution of Meloidogyne species in Agricultural Soils. North Carolina, USA, 65 pp.
59. Tedford, E. C & B. A. Fortnum, 1988. Weed Hosts of Meloidogyne arenaria and M. incognita common in tobacco fields in South Carolina. Journal of Nematology, 20 (2): 102-105.
60. Townshend, J. L. & T. R. Davidson, 1962. Some weed hosts of the northern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood, 1949, in Ontario. Canadian Journal of Botany, 40 (4): 543-548.
61. Tzortzakakis, E. A., I. L. P. M. Conceição da, M. C. V. dos Santos & I. Abrantes, 2011. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in Greece. Hellenic Plant Protection Journal, 4 (1): 25-30.
62. Vovlas, N. & F. Roca, 1976. Meloidogyne hapla su Actinidia chinensis in Italia. Nematologia Mediterranea, 4 (1): 15-116.
63. Walker, J. T., 1995. Garden herbs as hosts for southern root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita race 3. Hortscience, 30 (2): 292-293.
64. Whitehead, A. G., 1969. The Distribution of root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in tropical Africa. Nematologica, 15 (3): 315-333.
65. Wishart, J., M. S. Phillips & V. C. Blok, 2002. Ribosomal intergenic spacer: a polymerase chain reaction diagnostic for Meloidogyne chitwoodi, M. fallax, and M. hapla. Phytopathology, 92 (8): 84-92.
66. Yonat, H., 2016. Determination of Weed Species and Coverage in Kiwifruit Orchards in Ordu. Ordu University (Unpublished) Master Thesis, Ordu, Turkey, 65 pp (in Turkish with abstract in English).
67. Yonat, H. & O. Kolören, 2017. Determination of weed species in kiwifruit orchards of Ordu province-Turkey. Harran Tarım ve Gıda Bilimleri Dergisi, 21 (2): 155-163 (in Turkish with abstract in English).
68. Zancada, M. C., R. G. Ponce & M. Verdugo, 1998. Competition between Solanum nigrum and pepper in the presence of Meloidogyne incognita. Weed Research, 38 (1): 47-53.
69. Zijlstra, C., D. T. Donkers-Venne & M. Fargette, 2000. Identification of Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica and M. arenaria using sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) based PCR assays. Nematology, 2 (8): 847-853.