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Control of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis lycopersici Jarvis & Shoemaker (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) and Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949 (Nemata: Meloidogynidae) with Aspergillus niger Tiegh. (Ascomycota: Eurotiales) culture filtrate on tomato

Yıl 2023, , 123 - 132, 20.07.2023

Fatma Gül Göze Özdemir , Şerife Evrim Arıcı

https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.1240155

Öz

The effects of Aspergillus niger Tiegh. (Ascomycota: Eurotiales) culture filtrate on Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949 (N) and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis lycopersici Jarvis & Shoemaker (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) (FORL) were investigated under controlled conditions on tomato between April and August 2022 in the Isparta province. The study consisted of 8 treatments; 1: N, 2: FORL, 3: N+A. niger, 4: FORL+A. niger, 5: N+FORL, 6: N+FORL+A. niger, 7: N+FORL+nematicide, 8: N+FORL+fungicide. In inoculation, 1000 M. incognita second juvenile larvae/1ml and 3X106 spore/ml FORL were used for each seedling according to treatment. Two days after inoculation, 10 ml of undiluted A. niger culture filtrate was applied to each potting soil. After 60 days, 0-9 gall and egg mass index, and 0-4 disease severity scale were evaluated. While the suppressive effect of A. niger culture filtrate on the gall and egg mass of M. incognita was found over 55%, disease severity was found to be over 25%. The highest suppressive effect on gall and egg mass was determined in N+FORL+nematicide, followed by N+FORL+A. niger. The disease severity of N+FORL+A. niger, N+FORL+nematicide, and N+FORL+fungicide has been determined to be lower than N+FORL and FORL.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Aspergillus niger fermentation fluid fungicidal effect Fusarium wilt nematicidal effect

Destekleyen Kurum

X

Proje Numarası

X

Teşekkür

Part of this study presented as a poster presentation at 8th International Entomopathogens and Microbial Control Congress, October 06th-08th, 2022- Antalya, Türkiye. In addition, Olympos Seedling Production Facility and Agricultural Engineer Tuğçe Okumuş Erol are thanked for providing tomato seedlings.

Kaynakça

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  • Alwathnani, H. A. & K. Perveen, 2012. Biological control of fusarium wilt of tomato by antagonist fungi and cyanobacteria. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11 (5): 1100-1105.
  • Arici, S. E., G. Bozat & I. Akbulut, 2013. Investigation of potential biological control of Fusarıum oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici and F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici by essential oils, plant extract and chemical elicitors in vitro. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 45 (6): 2119-2124.
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Domateste Fusarium oxysporum f. sp radicis lycopersici (Jarvis & Shoemaker) (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) ve Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949 (Nemata: Meloidogynidae)’nın Aspergillus niger Tiegh. (Ascomycota: Eurotiales) kültür filtratı ile kontrolü

Yıl 2023, , 123 - 132, 20.07.2023

Fatma Gül Göze Özdemir , Şerife Evrim Arıcı

https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.1240155

Öz

Aspergillus niger Tiegh. (Ascomycota: Eurotiales) kültür filtratının Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949 (N) ve Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis lycopersici Jarvis & Shoemaker (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) (FORL) üzerindeki etkileri Isparta ilinde Nisan-Ağustos 2022 tarihleri arasında domateste kontrollü koşullarda araştırılmıştır. Çalışma 8 uygulamadan oluşmaktadır; 1: N, 2: FORL, 3: N+A. niger, 4: FORL+A. niger, 5: N+FORL, 6: N+FORL+A. niger, 7: N+FORL+nematisit, 8: N+FORL+fungusit. İnokulasyonda her fide için uygulamaya göre 1000 M. incognita ikinci dönem larva/1ml ve 3X106 spor/ml FORL kullanılmıştır. İnokulasyondan iki gün sonra, her saksı toprağına 10 ml seyreltilmemiş A. niger kültür filtratı uygulanmıştır. Altmış gün sonra 0-9 gal ve yumurta paketi indeksi ve 0-4 hastalık şiddeti skalası değerlendirilmiştir. Aspergillus niger kültür filtratı uygulamasının M. incognita'nın gal ve yumurta paketi üzerindeki baskılayıcı etkisi %55'in üzerinde bulunurken, hastalık şiddeti üzerindeki baskılayıcı etkisi %25'in üzerinde bulunmuştur. Gal ve yumurta paketi üzerindeki baskılayıcı etki en yüksek N+FORL+nematisit’de belirlenmiştir, ardından N+FORL+A. niger uygulamasının geldiği belirlenmiştir. N+FORL+A. niger, N+FORL+nemasit ve N+FORL+fungisit uygulamalarının hastalık şiddeti N+FORL ve FORL uygulamalarına göre daha düşük saptanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Aspergillus niger fermente sıvı fungisidal etki Fusarium solgunluğu nematisidal etki

Proje Numarası

X

Kaynakça

  • Abd Alhakim, A., A. Hashem, A. M. Abdelaziz & M. S. Attia, 2022. Impact of plant growth promoting fungi on biochemical defense performance of tomato under fusarial infection. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 65 (13): 291-301.
  • Abdel-Motaal, F., N. Kamel, S. El-Zayat & M. Abou-Ellail, 2020. Early blight suppression and plant growth promotion potential of the endophyte Aspergillus flavus in tomato plant. Annals of Agricultural Sciences, 65 (2): 117-123.
  • Alwathnani, H. A. & K. Perveen, 2012. Biological control of fusarium wilt of tomato by antagonist fungi and cyanobacteria. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11 (5): 1100-1105.
  • Arici, S. E., G. Bozat & I. Akbulut, 2013. Investigation of potential biological control of Fusarıum oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici and F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici by essential oils, plant extract and chemical elicitors in vitro. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 45 (6): 2119-2124.
  • Arıcı, S. E. & Z. N. Tuncel, 2020. Antifungal activity of useful microorganisms against a phytopathogenic fungus on maize. Emerging Materials Research, 9 (3): 743-749.
  • Arıcı, Ş. E., 2015. ‘’A preliminary study in vitro on the antagonism capability of entomopathogen fungi and Penicillium spp. against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and F. oxyporium lycopersici f. sp radicis in tomato, 469’’. XVIII. International Plant Protection Congress (24-27 August, Berlin, Germany), 800 pp.
  • Asaturova, A. M., L. N. Bugaeva, A. I. Homyak, G. A. Slobodyanyuk, E. V. Kashutina, L. V. Yasyuk & A. V. Garkovenko, 2022. Bacillus velezensis strains for protecting cucumber plants from Root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in a greenhouse. Plants, 11 (3): 275-291.
  • Aslan, A. & I. H. Elekcioğlu, 2022. Biochemical and molecular identification of root-knot nematodes in greenhouse vegetable areas of Eastern Mediterranean Region (Turkey). Turkish Journal of Entomology, 46 (1): 115-127.
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  • Goverse, A. & G. Smant, 2014. The activation and suppression of plant innate immunity by parasitic nematodes. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 52: 243-265.
  • Göze Özdemir F. G., Ş. E. Arıcı & İ. H. Elekcioğlu, 2022a. Interaction of Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) (Nemata: Meloidogynidae) and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici Jarvis & Shoemaker in tomato F1 hybrids with differing levels of resistance to these pathogens. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 46 (1): 63-73.
  • Göze Özdemir, F. G. & Ş. E. Arıcı, 2022c. Determination of the nematicidal effect of culture filtrate of Aspergillus niger against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita under controlled conditions. Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 27 (3): 477-484 (in Turkish with abstract in English).
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  • Gürkan, B., R. Çetintaş & T. Gürkan, 2019. Determination of Root-Nematode species (Meloidogyne spp.) and some nematode population races in vegetable areas of Gaziantep and Osmaniye. KSU Journal of Agriculture and Nature 22 (Suppl 1): 113-124 (in Turkish with abstract in English).
  • Hajihassani, A., J. Marquez, M. Woldemeskel & N. Hamidi, 2022. Identification of four populations of Meloidogyne incognita in Georgia, United States, capable of parasitizing tomato-bearing Mi-1. 2 Gene. Plant Disease, 106 (1): 137-143.
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  • Hibar, K., V. Edel-Herman, Ch. Steinberg, N. Gautheron, M. Daamiremadi, C. Alabouvette & M. Elmahjoub, 2007. Genetic diversity of Fusarium oxysporum populations isolated from tomato plants in Tunisia. Journal of Phytopathology, 155 (3): 136-142.
  • Jamil, A., N. Musheer & M. Kumar, 2021. Evaluation of biocontrol agents for management of wilt disease of tomato incited by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 54 (19-20): 1722-1737.
  • Jang, J. Y., Y. H. Choi, T. S. Shin, T. H. Kim, K. S. Shin, H. W. Park & J. C. Kim, 2016. Biological control of Meloidogyne incognita by Aspergillus niger F22 producing oxalic acid. PloS One, 11 (6): 1-15.
  • Ji, X., J. Li, B. Dong, H. Zhang, S. Zhang & K. Qiao, 2019. Evaluation of fluopyram for southern root-knot nematode management in tomato production in China. Crop Protection, 122 (8): 84-89.
  • Jiménez-Díaz, R. M., P. Castillo, M. Del Mar Jiménez-Gasco, B. B. Landa & J. A. Navas-Cortés, 2015. Fusarium wilt of chickpeas: biology, ecology and management. Crop Protection, 73 (7): 16-27.
  • Jin, N., S. M. Liu, H. Peng, W. K. Huang, L. A. Kong, Y. H. Wu & D. L. Peng, 2019. Isolation and characterization of Aspergillus niger NBC001 underlying suppression against Heterodera glycines. Scientific Reports, 9 (1): 1-13.
  • Kaşkavalcı, G., 2007. Effects of soil solarization and organic amendment treatments for controlling Meloidogyne incognita in tomato cultivars in Western Anatolia. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 31 (3): 159-167.
  • Katan, T. & J. Katan, 1999. Vegetative compatibility grouping in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici from the UK, the Netherlands, Belgium and France. Plant Pathology, 48 (4): 541-549.
  • Kerkeni, A., M. Daami-Remadi, N. Tarchoun & M. B. Khedher, 2007. In vitro and in vivo suppression of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici the causal agent of Fusarium crown and root rot of tomato by some compost fungi. International Journal of Agricultural Research, 2 (12): 1022-1029.
  • Khan, M. R. & M. A. Anwer, 2008. DNA and some laboratory tests of nematode suppressing efficient soil isolates of Aspergillus niger. Indian Phytopathology, 61 (2): 212-225.
  • Kim, J. J., G. Jeong, J. H. Han & S. Lee, 2013. Biological control of aphid using fungal culture and culture filtrates of Beauveria bassiana. Mycobiology, 41 (4): 221-224.
  • Lobna, H., C. Mayssa, R. Hajer, R. Ali & H. R. Najet, 2016. Biocontrol effectiveness of indigenous Trichoderma species against Meloidogyne javanica and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis lycopersici on tomato. International Journal of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, 10 (10): 613-617.
  • Lobna, H., E. M. Aymen, R. Hajer, M. Naima & H. R. Najet, 2017. Biochemical and plant nutrient alterations induced by Meloidogyne javanica and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis lycopersici co-infection on tomato cultivars with differing level of resistance to M. javanica. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 148 (2): 463-472.
  • Maishera, U. S., M. O. Adebola, J. M. Egubagi & A. Abubakar, 2019. ‘’Nematicidal efficacy of soil fungal isolates on the Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) of tomato, 84-87’’. 53th Annual Conference of Agricultural Society of Nigeria, 21st -25th October, Badeggi, Nigeria, 223 pp.
  • Manzo, D., F. Ferriello, G. Puopolo, A. Zoina, D. D’Esposito, L. Tardella & M. R. Ercolano, 2016. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici induces distinct transcriptome reprogramming in resistant and susceptible isogenic tomato lines. BMC Plant Biology, 16 (1): 1-14.
  • Maria, S. B. & J. Urszula, 2012. Production of antifungal chitinase by Aspergillus niger LOCK 62 and its potential role in the biological control. Current Microbiology, 65 (1): 666-672.
  • McGawely, E. C., 2001. ‘’Disease Complex, 326-330’’. In: Encyclopedia of Plant Pathology (Eds. O. C. Maloy & T. D. Murray). John Wiley & Sons, USA, 1368 pp.
  • Mohanty, S. S., K. Raghavendra, P. K. Mittal & A. P. Dash, 2008. Efficacy of culture filtrates of Metarhizium anisopliae against larvae of Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus. Journal of Industrial Microbiology Biotechnology, 35 (10): 1199-1202.
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  • Mullin, B. A., G. S. Abawi, M. A. Pastor-Corrales & J. L. Kornegay, 1991. Reactions of selected bean pure lines and accessions to Meloidogyne species. Plant Disease, 75 (12): 1212-1216.
  • Myresiotis, C. K., G. S. Karaoglanidis, Z. Vryzas & E. Papadopoulou‐Mourkidou, 2012. Evaluation of plant‐growth‐promoting rhizobacteria, acibenzolar‐S‐methyl and hymexazol for integrated control of Fusarium crown and root rot on tomato. Pest Management Science, 68 (3): 404-411.
  • Naz, I., R. A. A. Khan, T. Masood, A. Baig, I. Siddique & S. Haq, 2021. Biological control of root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, in vitro, greenhouse and field in cucumber. Biological Control, 152 (1): 1-12.
  • Nikhat, S., V. H. Siddique, P. Abhiram, Y. Kumar, A. Khedikar, A. Kunghatkar & S. S. Reddy, 2019. Biological control of fusarium wilt of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) by antagonistic fungi. Journal of Pharmacognosy Phytochemistry, 8 (4): 2252-2259.
  • Omar, I., T. M. O'neill & S. Rossall, 2006. Biological control of Fusarium crown and root rot of tomato with antagonistic bacteria and integrated control when combined with the fungicide carbendazim. Plant Pathology, 55 (1): 92-99.
  • Ozbay, N., S. E. Newman & W. M. Brown, 2004. Evaluation of Trichoderma harzianum strains to control crown and root rot of greenhouse fresh market tomatoes. Acta Horticulture, 635 (10): 79-85.
  • Patil, V. M., K. R. Patole, M. S. Paprikar & J. C. Rajput, 2017. Biological control of brinjal wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melongenae using soluble powder formulation of Aspergillus niger. International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Science, 4 (11): 66-71.
  • Sandoval, N. E., J. M. Ocaña & B. P. Castillo, 2020. ‘’Caracterización Molecular de la Diversidad Fúngica de los Bosques Llucud y Palictahua: Potencialidades en Control Biológico, 313-328’’. VI Congreso Internacional De La Ciencia, Tecnología, Emprendimiento E Innovación, Riobamba, Ecuador, 740 pp (in Spanish with abstract in English).
  • Seid, A., C. Fininsa, T. Mekete, W. Decraemer & W. M. Wesemael, 2015. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and root knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) a century old battle. Nematology, 17 (9): 995-1009.
  • Sharma, R., 2012. Pathogenecity of Aspergillus niger in plants. Cibtech Journal of Microbiology, 1 (1): 47-51.
  • Shemshura, O. N., N. E. Bekmakhanova, M. N. Mazunina, S. L. Meyer, C. P. Rice & E. P. Masler, 2016. Isolation and identification of nematode-antagonistic compounds from the fungus Aspergillus candidus. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 363 (5): 1-9.
  • Sikora, R. A. & E. Fernandez, 2005. ‘’Nematode Parasites of Vegetables, 319-292’’ In: Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture (Eds. M. R. Luc, A. Sikora & J. Bridge). CABI publishing, Wallingford, Oxon, UK, 666 pp.
  • Singh, G., A. Tiwari, G. Choudhir, A. Kumar, S. Kumar, P. Hariprasad & S. Sharma, 2022. Deciphering the role of Trichoderma sp. bioactives in combating the wilt causing cell wall degrading enzyme polygalacturonase produced by Fusarium oxysporum: an in-silico approach. Microbial Pathogenesis, 168 (7): 1-9.
  • Tapia-Vázquez, I., A. C. Montoya-Martínez, D. los Santos-Villalobos, M. J. Ek-Ramos, R. Montesinos-Matías & C. Martínez-Anaya, 2022. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) a threat to agriculture in Mexico: biology, current control strategies, and perspectives. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 38 (2): 1-18.
  • Uysal, G., M. A. Söğüt & I. H. Elekçioğlu, 2017. Identification and distribution of root-knot nematode species (Meloidogyne spp.) in vegetable growing areas of Lakes Region in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 41 (1): 105-122.
  • Wang, C., A. Skrobek & T. M. Butt, 2004. Investigations on the destruxin production of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 85 (3): 168-174.
  • Xiang, C., Y. Liu, S. M. Liu, Y. F. Huang, L. A. Kong, H. Peng & W. K. Huang, 2020. αβ-Dehydrocurvularin isolated from the fungus Aspergillus welwitschiae effectively inhibited the behaviour and development of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola in rice roots. BMC Microbiology, 20 (1): 1-10.
  • Yeon, J., A. R. Park, Y. Lee, H. M. Kim, H. W. Park, Y. Koo & J. C. Kim 2022. Control of a tomato plant root-knot nematode by induced resistance of oxalic acid derived from Aspergillus niger. Journal of Pest Science, 95 (4): 1-13.
  • Yin, Z., A. M. Abdelaziz, M. H. Kalaba, A. A Radwan & A. H. Hashem, 2015. Phosphate solubilization and promotion of maize growth by Penicillium oxalicum P4 and Aspergillus niger P85 in a calcareous soil. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 61 (12): 913-923.
Toplam 74 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Nematoloji, Bitki Koruma (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Fatma Gül Göze Özdemir 0000-0003-1969-4041

Şerife Evrim Arıcı 0000-0001-5453-5869

Proje Numarası X
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 11 Haziran 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Temmuz 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Ocak 2023
Kabul Tarihi 4 Haziran 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Göze Özdemir, F. G., & Arıcı, Ş. E. (2023). Control of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis lycopersici Jarvis & Shoemaker (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) and Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949 (Nemata: Meloidogynidae) with Aspergillus niger Tiegh. (Ascomycota: Eurotiales) culture filtrate on tomato. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 47(2), 123-132. https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.1240155
AMA Göze Özdemir FG, Arıcı ŞE. Control of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis lycopersici Jarvis & Shoemaker (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) and Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949 (Nemata: Meloidogynidae) with Aspergillus niger Tiegh. (Ascomycota: Eurotiales) culture filtrate on tomato. TED. Temmuz 2023;47(2):123-132. doi:10.16970/entoted.1240155
Chicago Göze Özdemir, Fatma Gül, ve Şerife Evrim Arıcı. “Control of Fusarium Oxysporum F. Sp. Radicis Lycopersici Jarvis & Shoemaker (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) and Meloidogyne Incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949 (Nemata: Meloidogynidae) With Aspergillus Niger Tiegh. (Ascomycota: Eurotiales) Culture Filtrate on Tomato”. Turkish Journal of Entomology 47, sy. 2 (Temmuz 2023): 123-32. https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.1240155.
EndNote Göze Özdemir FG, Arıcı ŞE (01 Temmuz 2023) Control of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis lycopersici Jarvis & Shoemaker (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) and Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949 (Nemata: Meloidogynidae) with Aspergillus niger Tiegh. (Ascomycota: Eurotiales) culture filtrate on tomato. Turkish Journal of Entomology 47 2 123–132.
IEEE F. G. Göze Özdemir ve Ş. E. Arıcı, “Control of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis lycopersici Jarvis & Shoemaker (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) and Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949 (Nemata: Meloidogynidae) with Aspergillus niger Tiegh. (Ascomycota: Eurotiales) culture filtrate on tomato”, TED, c. 47, sy. 2, ss. 123–132, 2023, doi: 10.16970/entoted.1240155.
ISNAD Göze Özdemir, Fatma Gül - Arıcı, Şerife Evrim. “Control of Fusarium Oxysporum F. Sp. Radicis Lycopersici Jarvis & Shoemaker (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) and Meloidogyne Incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949 (Nemata: Meloidogynidae) With Aspergillus Niger Tiegh. (Ascomycota: Eurotiales) Culture Filtrate on Tomato”. Turkish Journal of Entomology 47/2 (Temmuz 2023), 123-132. https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.1240155.
JAMA Göze Özdemir FG, Arıcı ŞE. Control of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis lycopersici Jarvis & Shoemaker (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) and Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949 (Nemata: Meloidogynidae) with Aspergillus niger Tiegh. (Ascomycota: Eurotiales) culture filtrate on tomato. TED. 2023;47:123–132.
MLA Göze Özdemir, Fatma Gül ve Şerife Evrim Arıcı. “Control of Fusarium Oxysporum F. Sp. Radicis Lycopersici Jarvis & Shoemaker (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) and Meloidogyne Incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949 (Nemata: Meloidogynidae) With Aspergillus Niger Tiegh. (Ascomycota: Eurotiales) Culture Filtrate on Tomato”. Turkish Journal of Entomology, c. 47, sy. 2, 2023, ss. 123-32, doi:10.16970/entoted.1240155.
Vancouver Göze Özdemir FG, Arıcı ŞE. Control of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis lycopersici Jarvis & Shoemaker (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) and Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949 (Nemata: Meloidogynidae) with Aspergillus niger Tiegh. (Ascomycota: Eurotiales) culture filtrate on tomato. TED. 2023;47(2):123-32.