Limonun evde işlenmesi sırasında bazı insektisitlerin kalıntılarının değerlendirilmesi

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, limon meyvelerinin yetiştirilmesi sırasında üzerlerine uygulanan bazı insektisit (abamectin, buprofezin ve etoxazole) kalıntılarının değerlendirilmesi ve soyma, reçel üretimi, dondurma ve depolama gibi evde yapılan işlemlerinin kalıntılar üzerindeki etkisinin araştırılmasıdır. QuEChERS (Hızlı, Kolay, Ucuz, Verimli, Sağlam ve Güvenli) prosedürüne ve üçlü kuadropol sıvı kromatografi kütle spektrometresine dayalı bir çoklu kalıntı analiz yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Ortalama geri kazanım (gerçekliğin bir ölçüsü olarak; %70-120), kesinlik (tekrarlanabilirlik ve ara kesinlik bağıl standart sapma <%20 olarak) ve yöntemin ölçüm limiti (0.01 mg/kg < MRLs) uluslararası kılavuzda belirlenen kriterlere uygun olarak elde edilmiştir. Nisan 2018’de Bursa marketlerinden limon örnekleri satın alınmıştır. Deneysel çalışmalar ve istatiksel değerlendirmeler 5 Mayıs 2018-30 Temmuz 2022 tarihleri arasında Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi'nde (Bursa-Türkiye) gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, pestisit kalıntısının çoğunlukla meyvenin kabukları üzerinde dağıldığı, dolayısıyla soyma aşamasının meyvenin posasındaki kalıntı miktarını %90-100 oranında azalttığı gözlenmiştir. Meyve suyu ve reçel üretimini içeren işleme adımları nihai üründe kalıntı seviyesini %87-100 oranında azaltmıştır. Sonuç olarak işleme faktörleri (Pf), meyve suyu ve reçel işleme için 1'den küçük olarak, meyve kabuklarının ayrılması, rendelenmesi, dondurulması ve saklanması için ise 1'den büyük olarak elde edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Evsel gıda işlemleri
• insektisit kalıntısı
• limon
• işleme faktörü

Assessing residues of some insecticides during household processing of lemon

Abstract

The goal of this study was to assess the residues of some insecticides (abamectin, buprofezin, etoxazole) applied on the lemon fruits during its cultivation and to investigate the consequence of household processing such as peeling, jam production, freezing and storage on the residues. A multi-residual analysis method based on QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) procedure and liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry was used. Mean recovery (measure of trueness; 70-120%), precision (as repeatability and interim precision relative standard deviation <20%) and limit of quantification (0.01 mg/kg < MRLs) were in accordance with the criteria set in the international guideline. Lemon samples were purchased from Bursa markets in April 2018. The experimental studies and statistical evaluations were conducted at Bursa University Agriculture Faculty (Bursa -Türkiye) between 5 May 2018-30 July 2022. The results revealed that pesticide residues mostly dispersed on the peel, therefore, peeling step decreased the residue level by 90-100% in the pulp of the fruit. Fruit juice and jam production operations decreased the residue level by 87- 100%. Processing factors were less than 1 for fruit juice and jam processing, on the other hand, it was greater than 1 for the separation, grating, freezing and storage of the peels.

Keywords

• Household food processing
• insecticide residue
• lemon
• processing factor

Kaynakça

1. Abou-Arab, A. A. K., 1999. Behavior of pesticides in tomatoes during commercial and home preparation. Food Chemistry, 65 (4): 509-514.
2. Acoglu B, P. Omeroglu-Yolcı & Ö. U. Çopur, 2018. Gıda işleme süreçlerinin pestisit kalıntıları üzerine etkisi ve işleme faktörleri. Gıda ve Yem Bilimi Teknolojisi, 19: 42-48 (in Turkish with abstract in English).
3. Acoglu, B. & P. Omeroglu-Yolcı, 2021. The effect of drying processes on pesticide residues in orange (Citrus sinensis), Drying Technology, 39 (13): 2039-2054.
4. Anagnostopoulou, M. A., P. Kefalas, V. P. Papageorgiou, A. N. Assimopoulou & D. Boskou, 2006. Radical scavenging activity of various extracts and fractions of sweet orange peel (Citrus sinensis). Food Chemistry, 94 (1): 19-25.
5. Andrascikova, M. & S. Hrouzkova, 2013. A comparative study of three modifications of the QuEChERS method for determination of endocrine disrupting pesticide residues in lemon matrices by fast GC-MS. Analytical Methods, 5 (6): 1374-1384.
6. Anonymous, 2016. Türk gıda kodeksi. Pestisitlerin maksimum kalıntı limitleri yönetmeliği. Resmi Gazete (27 Eylül 2021 ve 31611 sayılı), Ankara, 1040 pp (Web page: https://kms.kaysis.gov.tr/Home/Kurum/24308110) (Date accessed: October 2023) (in Turkish).
7. Anonymous, 2023a. Bitki Koruma Ürünleri. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı Gıda ve Kontrol Genel Müdürlüğü Bitki Koruma Ürünleri Daire Başkanlığı. (Web page: https://bku.tarimorman.gov.tr/) (Date accessed: February 2023) (in Turkish).
8. Anonymous, 2023b. Pestisit kalıntı limit değerlendirmesi işleme faktörü. (Web page: https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/ Konu/1757/Pestisit_Kalinti_Limit_Degerlendirmesi_Isleme_Faktor) (Date accessed: February 2023) (in Turkish).

9. AOAC, 2007. Official method 2007.01: Pesticide residues in foods by acetonitrile extraction and partitioning with magnesium sulfate. Journal of AOAC International, 90 (2): 485-520.
10. Aslantas, S., O. Golge, M.Á. González-Curbelo & B. Kabak, 2023. Determination of 355 pesticides in lemon and lemon juice by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS. Foods, 12 (9): 1812.
11. Athanasopoulos, P. E. & C. Pappas, 2000. Effects of fruit acidity and storage conditions on the rate of degradation of azinphos methyl on apples and lemons. Food Chemistry, 69 (1): 69-72.
12. Ayyıldız, S., 2018. “Meyvelerden yapılan yemeklerin sürdürülebilir gastronomi kapsamında değerlendirilmesi; Osmanlı mutfak kültürü örneği, 575-587”. In International Gastronomy Tourism Studies Congress, Kocaeli University (20-22 September 2018, Kocaeli, Türkiye) (in Turkish).
13. Bajwa, U. & K. S. Sandhu, 2014. Effect of handling and processing on pesticide residues in food-a review. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 51 (2): 201-220.
14. Bakırcı, G. T., D. B. Y. Acay, F. Bakırcı & S. Ötleş, 2014. Pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables from the Aegean region, Turkey. Food Chemistry, 160: 379-392.
15. Balinova, A., R. Mladenova, & D. Obretenchev, 2006. Effect of grain storage and processing on chlorpyrifos-methyl and pirimiphos-methyl residues in post-harvest-treated wheat with regard to baby food safety requirements. Food Additives & Contaminants, 23 (4): 391-397.
16. Balkan, T. & Ö. Yılmaz, 2022. Efficacy of some washing solutions for removal of pesticide residues in lettuce. Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 11: 143 (1-10).
17. Besil, N., S. Rezende, N. Alonzo, M. V. Cesio, F. Rivas & H. Heinzen, 2019. Analytical methods for the routinely evaluation of pesticide residues in lemon fruits and by products. SN Applied Sciences, 1 (6): 1-12.
18. Bonnechère, A., V. Hanot, C. Bragard, T. Bedoret & J. Van Loco, 2012. Effect of household and industrial processing on the levels of pesticide residues and degradation products in melons. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 29 (7): 1058-1066.
19. Boulaid, M., A. Aguilera, A. Valverde, F. Camacho & L. García-Fuentes, 2012. Effect of household processing and unit to unit variability of azoxystrobin, acrinathrin and kresoxim methyl residues in zucchini. Food Control, 25 (2): 594-600.
20. Bouzari, A., D. Holstege & D. M. Barrett, 2015. Vitamin retention in eight fruits and vegetables: a comparison of refrigerated and frozen storage. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 63 (3): 957-962.
21. Calvaruso, E., G. Cammilleri, A. Pulvirenti, G. M. Lo Dico, G. Lo Cascio, V. Giaccone, V. V. Badaco, V. Cipri, M. M. Alessandra, A. Vella, A. Macaluso, C. Di Bella & V. Ferrantelli, 2020. Residues of 165 pesticides in citrus fruits using LC-MS/MS: a study of the pesticides distribution from the peel to the pulp. Natural Product Research, 34 (1): 34-38.
22. Carvalho, F. P., 2017. Pesticides, environment, and food safety. Food and Energy Security, 6 (2): 48-60.
23. Catak, H., B. Polat & O. Tiryaki, 2020. Farklı yıkama uygulamaları ile kapya biberlerde pirimiphos-methyl kalıntısının giderilmesi. Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 35 (1): 97-105 (in Turkish with abstract in English).
24. Cengiz, M. F., M. Certel, B. Karakaş & H. Göçmen, 2007. Residue contents of captan and procymidone applied on tomatoes grown in greenhouses and their reduction by duration of a pre-harvest interval and post-harvest culinary applications. Food Chemistry, 100 (4): 1611-1619.
25. Chauhan, R., S. Monga & B. Kumari, 2012. Dissipation and decontamination of bifenthrin residues in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 89 (1): 181-186.
26. Chen, K. H., Y. C. Li, F. Sheu & C. H. Lin, 2021. Rapid screening and determination of pesticides on lemon surfaces using the paper-spray mass spectrometry integrated via thermal desorption probe. Food Chemistry, 363: 130305.
27. Chung, S. W., 2018. How effective are common household preparations on removing pesticide residues from fruit and vegetables? A review. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 98 (8): 2857-2870.
28. Cicero, N., C. Corsaro, A. Salvo, S. Vasi, S. V. Giofré, V. Ferrantelli, D. Mallamace & G. Dugo, 2015. The metabolic profile of lemon juice by proton HR-MAS NMR: The case of the PGI Interdonato lemon of messina. Natural Product Research, 29 (20): 1894-1902.
29. Claeys, W. L., J. F. Schmit, C. Bragard, G. Maghuin-Rogister, L. Pussemier & B. Schiffers, 2011. Exposure of several Belgian consumer groups to pesticide residues through fresh fruit and vegetable consumption. Food control, 22 (3-4): 508-516.
30. Dincay, O. & H.S. Civelek, 2017. Determination of insecticide residues in citrus ecosystems of Ortaca-Muğla region. Türkiye Entomoloji Bülteni, 7 (1): 31-40.
31. Dorđević, T. & R. Durović-Pejčev, 2016. Food processing as a means for pesticide residue dissipation. Pesticidi i Fitomedicina, 31 (3-4): 89-105.
32. Duman, A., U. Çiftçi & O. Tiryaki, 2021. Farklı yıkama işlemlerinin üzümlerde tebuconazole kalıntısına etkisi. ÇOMÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 9 (2): 259-269 (in Turkish with abstract in English).
33. Elgueta, S., S. Moyano, P. Sepúlveda, C. Quiroz & A. Correa, 2017. Pesticide residues in leafy vegetables and human health risk assessment in North Central agricultural areas of Chile. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, 10 (2): 105-112.
34. EURACHEM, 2012. Eurachem/CITAC guide: Quantifying Uncertainty in Analytical Measurement. Third edition. (Web page: https://www.eurachem.org/images/stories/Guides/pdf/QUAM2012_P1.pdf) (Date accessed: February 2023).
35. EURACHEM, 2014. The fitness for purpose of analytical methods -a laboratory guide to method validation and related topics. Second Edition. (Web page: https://www.eurachem.org/images/stories/Guides/pdf/MV_guide_2nd_ed_EN.pdf) (Date accessed: February 2023).
36. EC (European Commission), 2002. Commission Directive 2002/63/EC of 11 July 2002 Establishing Community Methods of Sampling for the Official Control of Pesticide Residues in and on Products of Plant and Animal Origin and Repealing Directive 79/700/EEC. Official Journal of the European Communities, 187: 30-43.
37. EU (European Union), 2021. Annual Report Alert and Cooperation Network. (Web page: https://food.ec.europa.eu/ system/files/2022-07/acn_annual-report_2021-final.pdf) (Date accessed: February 2023).
38. Gonzalez-Molina, E., D. A. Moreno & C. García-Viguera, 2009. A new drink rich in healthy bioactives combining lemon and pomegranate juices. Food Chemistry, 115 (4): 1364-1372.
39. Gonzalez-Molina, E., R. Domínguez-Perles, D. A. Moreno & C. García-Viguera, 2010. Natural bioactive compounds of Citrus limon for food and health. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 51 (2): 327-345.
40. Guimaraes, R., L. Barros, J. C. Barreira, M. J. Sousa, A. M. Carvalho & I. C. Ferreira, 2010. Targeting excessive free radicals with peels and juices of citrus fruits: grapefruit, lemon, lime and orange. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48 (1): 99-106.
41. Hamilton, D., Á. Ambrus, R. Dieterle, A. Felsot, C. Harris, B. Petersen, K. Racke, S. S. Wong, R. Gonzalez, K. Tanaka, M. Earl, G. Roberts & R. Bhula, 2004. Pesticide residues in food-acute dietary exposure. Pest Management Science (formerly Pesticide Science), 60 (4): 311-339.
42. Han, Y., S. Liu, J. Yang, Z. Zhong, N. Zou, L. Song, X. Zhang, X. Li & C. Pan, 2016. Residue behavior and processing factors of eight pesticides during the production of sorghum distilled spirits. Food Control, 69: 250-255.
43. Han, Y., W. Li, F. Dong, J. Xu, X. Liu, Y. Li, Z. Kong, X. Liang & Y. Zheng, 2013. The behavior of chlorpyrifos and its metabolite 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol in tomatoes during home canning. Food Control, 31 (2): 560-565.
44. Hassan, A., E. D. S. Ibrahim & M. M. Ahmed, 2022. field efficacy of acaricides on citrus red mite and dissipation study for cyflumetofen and pyridaben in lemon fruit using QuEChERS method and LC-ESI-MS/MS. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 65 (5): 139-146.
45. Hendawi, M. Y., A. A. Romeh & T. M. Mekky, 2013. Effect of food processing on residue of imidacloprid in strawberry fruits. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 15 (5): 951-959.
46. Holland, P. T., D. Hamilton, B. Ohlin & M. W. Skidmore, 1994. Effects of storage and processing on pesticide residues in plant products. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 66 (2): 335-356.
47. Kafa, G., 2015. Türkiye’de yetiştirilen başlıca limon çeşitleri. T.C. Gıda, Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı, Tarımsal Araştırmalar ve Politikalar Genel Müdürlüğü, Alata Bahçe Kültürleri Araştırma Enstitüsü, Mersin. (Web page: http://arastirma.tarim.gov.tr/alata) (Date accessed: February 2023) (in Turkish).
48. Karaağaçlı, H., 2023. Antalya'da Üretimi Yapılan Bazı Turunçgillerde Pestisit Kalıntı Düzeylerinin Tespiti Üzerine Araştırmalar (Determination of Pesticide Residual Levels in Some Citrus Fruits Grown in Antalya Region). Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, (Unpublished) Master Science Thesis, Tokat, Türkiye, 61 pp (in Turkish with abstract in English).
49. Kariathi, V., N. Kassim & M. Kimanya, 2016. Pesticide exposure from fresh tomatoes and its relationship with pesticide application practices in Meru district. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 2 (1): 1196808.
50. Kaushik, G., S. Satya & S. N. Naik, 2009. Food processing a tool to pesticide residue dissipation-A review. Food Research International, 42 (1): 26-40.
51. Kimbara, J., M. Yoshida, H. Ito, K. Hosoi, M. Kusano, M. Kobayashi, T. Ariizumi, E. Asamizu & H. Ezura, 2012. A novel class of sticky peel and light green mutations causes cuticle deficiency in leaves and fruits of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Planta, 236 (5): 1559-1570.
52. Kowalska, G., U. Pankiewicz & R. Kowalski, 2022. Assessment of Pesticide Content in Apples and Selected Citrus Fruits Subjected to Simple Culinary Processing. Applied Sciences, 12 (3): 1417.
53. Kwon, H., T. K. Kim, S. M. Hong, E. K. Se, N. J. Cho & K. S. Kyung, 2015. Effect of household processing on pesticide residues in field-sprayed tomatoes. Food Science and Biotechnology, 24 (1): 1-6.
54. Li, M., Y. Liu, B. Fan, J. Lu, Y. He, Z. Kong, Y. Zhu, Q. Jian & F. Wang, 2015. A chemometric processing-factor-based approach to the determination of the fates of five pesticides during apple processing. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 63 (2): 1102-1109.
55. Li, Y., B. Jiao, Q. Zhao, C. Wang, Y. Gong, Y. Zhang & W. Chen, 2012. Effect of commercial processing on pesticide residues in orange products. European Food Research and Technology, 234 (3): 449-456.
56. Li, Z., Y. Zhang, Q. Zhao, C. Wang, Y. Cui, J. Li, A. Chen, G. Liang & B. Jiao, 2020. Occurrence, temporal variation, quality and safety assessment of pesticide residues on citrus fruits in China. Chemosphere, 258: 127381.
57. Li, Z., Y. Zhang, Q. Zhao, Y. Cui, Y. He, J. Li, Q. Yang, Z. Lin, C. Wang, G. Liang & B. Jiao, 2022. Determination, distribution and potential health risk assessment of insecticides and acaricides in citrus fruits of China. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 111: 104645.
58. Liu, N., F. Dong, X. Liu, J. Xu, Y. Li, Y. Han, Y. Zhu, Y. Cheng, Z. Cheng, Y. Tao & Y. Zheng, 2014. Effect of household canning on the distribution and reduction of thiophanate-methyl and its metabolite carbendazim residues in tomato. Food Control, 43: 115-120.
59. Liu, T., C. Zhang, J. Peng, Z. Zhang, X. Sun, H. Xiao, K. Sun, L. Pan, X. Liu & K. Tu, 2016. Residual behaviors of six pesticides in shiitake from cultivation to postharvest drying process and risk assessment. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 64 (47): 8977-8985.
60. Lorente, J., S. Vegara, N. Martí, A. Ibarz, L. Coll, J. Hernández, M. Valero & D. Saura, 2014. Chemical guide parameters for Spanish lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Burm.) juices. Food Chemistry, 162: 186-191.
61. Lozowicka, B., M. Jankowska & P. Kaczynski, 2016. Behavior of selected pesticide residues in blackcurrants (Ribes nigrum) during technological processing monitored by liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Chemical Papers, 70 (5): 545-555.
62. Luyinda, A. & A. Yildirim-Kumral, 2023. Effect of alkali treatment and natural fermentation on the residue behaviour of malathion and malaoxon during table olive production. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 40 (3): 381-391.
63. M’hiri, N., R. Ghali, I. B. Nasr & N. Boudhrioua, 2018. Effect of different drying processes on functional properties of industrial lemon byproduct. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 116: 450-460.
64. Ma, S., R. Ji, X. Wang, C. Yu, Y. Yu & X. Yang, 2019. Fluorescence detection of boscalid pesticide residues in grape juice. Optik, 180: 236-239.
65. Maden B. & A. Yıldırım Kumral, 2020. Degradation trends of some insecticides and microbial changes during sauerkraut fermentation under laboratory conditions. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 68 (50): 14988-14995.
66. Martin, L., M. Mezcua, C. Ferrer, M. D. Gil Garcia, O. Malato & A. R. Fernandez-Alba, 2013. Prediction of the processing factor for pesticides in apple juice by principal component analysis and multiple linear regression. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 30 (3): 466-476.
67. Naman, M., F. A. Masoodi, S. M. Wani & T. Ahad, 2022. Changes in concentration of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables during household processing. Toxicology Reports, 9: 1419-1425.
68. OECD, 2008. OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals/ Section 5: Other Test Guidelines. Test No. 508: Magnitude of the Pesticide Residues in Pprocessed Commodities, 15 pp.
69. Oliva, J., S. Cermeño, M. A. Cámara, G. Martínez & A. Barba, 2017. Disappearance of six pesticides in fresh and processed zucchini, bioavailability and health risk assessment. Food Chemistry, 229: 172-177.
70. Ortelli, D., P. Edder & C. Corvi, 2005. Pesticide residues survey in citrus fruits. Food Additives & Contaminants, 22 (5): 423-428.
71. Öğüt, S., H. Seçilmiş-Canbay & M. Yılmazer, 2014. Dondurularak saklanan kirazlardaki pestisit kalıntı miktarlarının zamanla değişimi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 18 (1): 72-77 (in Turkish with abstract in English).
72. Peng, W., L. Zhao, F. Liu, J. Xue, H. Li & K. Shi, 2014. Effect of paste processing on residue levels of imidacloprid, pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin and fipronil in winter jujube. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 31 (9): 1562-1567.
73. Philippe, V., A. Neveen, A. Marwa & A. Y. A. Basel, 2021. Occurrence of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables for the Eastern Mediterranean Region and potential impact on public health. Food Control, 119: 107457.
74. Polat, B. & O. Tiryaki, 2020. Assessing washing methods for reduction of pesticide residues in Capia pepper with LC-MS/MS. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 55 (1): 1-10.
75. Polat, B., 2021. Reduction of some insecticide residues from grapes with washing treatments. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 45 (1): 125-137.
76. Rasmusssen, R. R., M. E. Poulsen & H. C. B. Hansen, 2003. Distribution of multiple pesticide residues in apple segments after home processing. Food Additives & Contaminants, 20 (11): 1044-1063.
77. Reiler, E., E. Jørs, J. Bælum, O. Huici, M. M. A. Caero & N. Cedergreen, 2015. The influence of tomato processing on residues of organochlorine and organophosphate insecticides and their associated dietary risk. Science of the Total Environment, 527: 262-269.
78. Rodrigues, A. A. Z., M. E. L. R. de Queiroz, A. A. Neves, A. F. de Oliveira, L. H. F. Prates, J. F. de Freitas, F. F. Heleno & L. R. D. A. Faroni, 2019. Use of ozone and detergent for removal of pesticides and improving storage quality of tomato. Food Research International, 125: 108626.
79. Rodrigues, A. A., M. E. L. De Queiroz, A. F. De Oliveira, A. A. Neves, F. F. Heleno, L. Zambolim, J. F. Freitas & E. H. C. Morais, 2017. Pesticide residue removal in classic domestic processing of tomato and its effects on product quality. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 52 (12): 850-857.
80. SANTE, 2021. European Commision (EC) Director General for Food and Health Safety. Guidance document on analytical quality control and validation procedures for pesticide residues analysis in food and feed, Document No: SANTE 11813/2017. (Web page: https://ec.europa.eu/food/sites/food/files/plant/docs/pesticides_mrl_ guidelines_wrkdoc_2017-11813.pdf) (Date accessed: September 2022).
81. Scholz, R., M. Herrmann & B. Michalski, 2017. Compilation of processing factors and evaluation of quality controlled data of food processing studies. Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, 12 (1): 3-14.
82. Shabeer, T.P. A., K. Banerjee, M. Jadhav, R. Girame, S. Utture, S. Hingmire & D. Oulkar, 2015. Residue dissipation and processing factor for dimethomorph, famoxadone and cymoxanil during raisin preparation. Food Chemistry, 170: 180-185.
83. Tang, H., Q. Sun, J. Huang, G. Wen, L. Han, L. Wang, Y. Zhang, M. Dong & W. Wang, 2023. Residue behaviors, degradation, processing factors, and risk assessment of pesticides in citrus from field to product processing. Science of the Total Environment, 897: 165321.
84. Tiryaki, O. & E. Özel, 2019. Elma ve işlenmiş ürünlerinde imidacloprid ve indoxacarb kalıntılarının belirlenmesi. Bitki Koruma Bülteni, 59 (2): 23-32 (in Turkish with abstract in English).
85. Tiryaki, O. & B. Polat, 2023. Effects of washing treatments on pesticide residues in agricultural products. Gıda ve Yem Bilimi Teknolojisi Dergisi, 29: 1-11.
86. USDA, 2022. Citrus: World Markets and Trade. (Web page: https://www.usda.gov.tr) (Date accessed: September 2022).
87. Uysal, O. & S. Polatöz, 2017. Dünyada ve Türkiye’de turunçgil üretimi ve dış ticareti. Türkiye Tohumcular Birliği Dergisi, 6 (11): 4-9 (in Turkish).
88. Vass, A., E. Korpics & M. Dernovics, 2015. Follow-up of the fate of imazalil from post-harvest lemon surface treatment to a baking experiment. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 32 (11): 1875-1884.
89. Yildirim Kumral, A., N. A. Kumral, A. Kolcu, B. Maden & B. Artik, 2020. Simulation study for the degradation of some insecticides during different black table olive processes. ACS Omega, 5 (23): 14164-14172.
90. Yolci Omeroglu, P., Á. Ambrus & D. Boyacioglu, 2018. Uncertainty of pesticide residue concentration determined from ordinary and weighted linear regression curve. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 35 (7): 1324-1339.
91. Yolci Omeroglu, P., Á. Ambrus, D. Boyacioglu & E. S. Majzik, 2015. A case study to assess the sample preparation error in pesticide residue analysis. Food Analytical Methods, 8 (2): 474-482.
92. Yolci Omeroglu, P., B. Acoglu-Celik & E. Koc-Alibasoglu, 2022. The effect of household food processing on pesticide residues in oranges (Citrus sinensis). Foods, 11 (23): 3918.