Çanakkale ili (Türkiye) elma bahçelerinde bitki paraziti nematod faunasının belirlenmesi ve toprak kalitesinin değerlendirilmesi

Öz

Çanakkale (Türkiye) ili ve ilçelerindeki elma bahçelerinde bitki paraziti nematod toplulukların tespiti ve bu türlerin dağılım haritalarının oluşturulması için 2023 yılı Eylül ayında beş farklı ilçeden toplam 130 toprak örneği toplanmış ve nematod toplulukların yoğunluğu ve yayılımı incelenmiştir. Çalışmada toplam 14.090 nematod bireyi incelenmiş ve 30 cins tanımlanmıştır. Nematodlar altı farklı takımda yer almakta olup, Rhabditida takımı (53.87%) ile en baskın takım olarak öne çıkmıştır. Tylenchida takımı (23.22%) ile ikinci sırada yer almıştır. Araştırmada en fazla bulunan bitki paraziti nematodlar arasında Paratylenchus spp. Micoletzky, 1922 (Tylenchida: Tylenchulidae) (3.46%), Merlinius spp. Siddiqi, 1970 (Tylenchida: Dolichodoridae) (3.36%), ve Pratylenchus spp. Filipjev, 1936 (Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae) (3.02%) yer almaktadır. Çalışmada elde edilen sonuçlar c-p 2 grubunun bozulmuş toprak koşullarında yaygın olduğunu ve p-p 2 ile p-p 3 gruplarının baskınlığı ile elma bahçelerinde önemli bir tehdit oluşturduğunu göstermektedir. Bu bulgular nematodların c-p serilerinin toprak kalitesinin değerlendirilmesinde önemli bir biyoindikatör olduğunu ve bölgesel çalışmalarla bu tür analizlerin yaygınlaştırılması gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Elma bahçeleri
• biyoçeşitlilik
• biyoindikatörler
• bitki paraziti nematodlar
• toprak kalitesi

Determination of plant-parasitic nematode fauna and evaluation of soil quality in apple orchards of Çanakkale province (Türkiye)

Öz

In September 2023, a total of 130 soil samples were collected from five different districts in the province of Çanakkale (Türkiye) and its surroundings to identify plant-parasitic nematode communities in apple orchards and to create distribution maps of these species. The density and distribution of nematode communities were examined. In total, 14.090 nematode individuals were analyzed, and 30 genera were identified. The nematodes were classified into six different orders, with the order Rhabditida standing out as the most dominant (53.87%). The order Tylenchida ranked second (23.22%). Among the most common plant-parasitic nematodes identified in the study were Paratylenchus spp. Micoletzky, 1922 (Tylenchida: Tylenchulidae) (3.46%), Merlinius spp. Siddiqi, 1970 (Tylenchida: Dolichodoridae) (3.36%), and Pratylenchus spp. Filipjev, 1936 (Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae) (3.02%). The results of the study indicate that the c-p 2 group is prevalent under disturbed soil conditions, and the dominance of the p-p 2 and p-p 3 groups poses a significant threat to apple orchards. These findings highlight that nematode c-p series are important bioindicators in the assessment of soil quality, and such analyses should be expanded through regional studies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Apple orchards
• biodiversity
• bioindicators
• plant-parasitic nematodes
• soil quality

Kaynakça

1. Abd-Elgawad, M. M. & T. H. Askary, 2015. “Impact of Phytonematodes on Agriculture Economy, 3-49”. In: Biocontrol Agents of Phytonematodes (Eds. T. H. Askary & P. R. P. Martinelli). Wallingford, UK, CABI, 454 pp.
2. Askary, T., S. Banday, U. Iqbal, A. Khan, M. Mir & M. Waliullah, 2012. “Plant-Parasitic Nematode Diversity in Pome, Stone and Nut Fruits, 237-268”. In: Agroecology and Strategies for Climate Change (Eds. E. Lichtfouse). Netherlands, Springer, 338 pp.
3. Bhat, K., R. Mir, A. Farooq, M. Manzoor, A. Hami, K. Allie, S. Wani, M. Khan, R. Sayyed, P. Poczai, W. Almalki, S. Zargar & A. Shah, 2022. Advances in nematode identification: a journey from fundamentals to evolutionary aspects. Diversity, 14 (7): 536 (1-23).
4. Bongers, T. & G. Korthals, 1993. “The maturity index, an instrument to monitor changes in the nematode community structure, 40”. In: Abstract 45e Symposium (May 4, 1993, Fytopharmacie en fytiatrie, Gent), 80 pp.
5. Bongers, T. & H. Ferris, 1999. Nematode community structure as a bioindicator in environmental monitoring. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 14 (6): 224-228.
6. Bongers, T., 1990. The maturity index: an ecological measure of environmental disturbance based on nematode species composition. Oecologia, 83 (1): 14-19.
7. Bongers, T., H. van der Meulen & G. Korthals, 1997. Inverse relationship between the nematode maturity index and plant parasite index under enriched nutrient conditions. Applied Soil Ecology, 6 (2): 195-199.
8. Decraemer, W. & D. J. Hunt, 2006. “Structure and Classification, 3-32”. In: Plant Nematology (Eds R. N. Perry & M. Moens). Wallingford, UK, 410 pp.

9. Du Preez, G., M. Daneel, R. De Goede, M. J. Du Toit, H. Ferris, H. Fourie & J. H. Schmidt, 2022. Nematode-based indices in soil ecology: application, utility, and future directions. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 169: 108640.
10. FAO, 2018. World apple production report. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (Web page: https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL) (Date accessed: 07.09.2024)
11. Ferris, H. & T. Bongers, 2009. “Indices Developed Specifically for Analysis of Nematode Assemblages, 124-145”. In: Nematodes as Environmental Indicators (Eds. M. J. Wilson & T. Kakouli-Duarte). UK, CABI, 326 pp.
12. Ferris, H., T. Bongers & R. G. M. de Goede, 2001. A framework for soil food web diagnostics: extension of the nematode faunal analysis concept. Applied Soil Ecology, 18 (1): 13-29.
13. Gözel, U. & V. Yıldız, 2015. Ödemiş (İzmir) ilçesi sert ve yumuşak çekirdekli meyve fidanlıklarında bulunan bitki paraziti nematod faunası. Türkiye Entomoloji Bülteni, 5 (4): 185-194 (in Turkish with abstract in English).
14. Hodda, M., 2022. Phylum Nematoda: a classification, catalogue and index of valid genera, with a census of valid species. Zootaxa, 5114 (1): 1-289.
15. Hooper, D. J., 1986. “Extraction of Free-Living Stages from Soil, 5-30”. In: Laboratory Methods for Work with Plant and Soil Nematodes (Eds. J. F. Southey). Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London, UK, 148 pp.
16. Kepenekci, İ. & G. Öztürk, 2002. Elma (Pyrus malus L.) ve erik (Prunus domestica L.) bahçelerinde saptanan bazı bitki paraziti nematod türlerinin taksonomik özellikleri. Bahçe, 31 (1): 39-49 (in Turkish).
17. Mai, W. F., P. G. Mullin, H. H. Lyon & K. Loeffler, 1996. Plant-Parasitic Nematodes: A Pictorial Key to Genera (5th Ed.). Cornell University Press, New York, 277 pp.
18. Neher, D. A., 1999. Nematode communities in organically and conventionally managed agricultural soils. Journal of Nematology, 31 (2): 142-154.
19. Neher, D. A., 2001. Role of nematodes in soil health and their use as indicators. Journal of Nematology, 33 (4): 161-168.
20. Niyaz, Ö. & N. Demirbaş, 2011. Türkiye yaş meyve üretim ve ihracatının son on yıllık döneminin değerlendirilmesi. Tarım Ekonomisi Derneği Dergisi, 17 (1): 37-45 (in Turkish with abstract in English).
21. Pokharel, R., S. P. Marahatta, Z. A. Handoo & D. J. Chitwood, 2015. Nematode community structures in different deciduous tree fruits and grape in Colorado, USA and impact of organic peach and apple production practices. European Journal of Soil Biology, 67 (1): 59-68.
22. Sato, K., Y. Kadota & K. Shirasu, 2019. Plant immune responses to parasitic nematodes. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10 (1): 1165 (1-14).
23. Sieriebriennikov, B., H. Ferris & R. G. de Goede, 2014. NINJA: An automated calculation system for nematode-based biological monitoring. European Journal of Soil Biology, 61 (2): 90-93.
24. Southey, J. F., 1986. “Principles of Sampling for Nematodes, 1-4”. In: Laboratory Methods for Work with Plant and Soil Nematodes (Eds. J. F. Southey). Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London, UK, 148 pp.
25. Trett, M. W., B. C. Urbano, S. J. Forster & S. P. Trett, 2009. “Commercial Aspects of the Use of Nematodes as Bioindicators, 275-314”. In: Nematodes as Environmental Indicators (Eds. M. J. Wilson & T. Kakouli-Duarte). UK, CABI, 326 pp.
26. TUİK, 2022. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu: Yıllık elma üretim verileri. (Web page: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=tarim-111) (Date accessed: 07.09.2024) (in Turkish).
27. Yeates, G. W., T. Bongers, R. G. De Goede, D. W. Freckman & S. S. Georgieva, 1993. Feeding habits in soil nematode families and genera-an outline for soil ecologists. Journal of Nematology, 25 (3): 315-331.
28. Yin, C. M., Q. Chen, X. S. Chen, X. Shen, H. Zhou, Q. Q. Wang & Z. Q. Mao, 2014. Characterization of nematode community in apple orchard soil in the Northwestern Loess Plateau, China. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 8 (11): 1140-1147.
29. Yüksel, E., M. İmren, G. Özer, R. Bozbuğa, A. Dababat & R. Canhilal, 2023. Occurrence, identification, and diversity of parasitic nematodes in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) orchards in the Central Anatolia Region of Türkiye. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 130 (6): 1331-1346.