Identification and distribution of root-knot nematode species (Meloidogyne spp.) in vegetable growing areas of Lakes Region in Turkey

Öz

In this study, the distribution and characterization of root-knot nematode species collected from intensively vegetable growing areas of Lakes region were determined by morphological, molecular and North Carolina Differential Host Test between September 2014 and December 2015. A total of 160 samples were collected and 83 (51.8%) were found to be infested with root-knot nematodes. Each population was cultured from a single egg mass taken from galled roots and multiplied on the susceptible tomato cv. Tueza F1. Sixty-eight populations were morphologically identified based on perineal patterns and morphometrics of second stage juveniles, and molecularly determined using species specific primers. Of the 68 populations analyzed, 66 were identified as Meloidogyne incognita (25), M. hapla (22), M. javanica (18) and M. arenaria (1), and two populations were not identified. The incidence of M. incognita, M. hapla, M. javanica and M. arenaria was 36.7, 32.3, 36.5 and 1.5%, respectively. According to the differential host test, M. incognita races 2, 4 and 6 and M. javanica races 1 and 3 were determined. This was the first detection of Meloidogyne javanica race 3 in Turkey. Eighty four percent of the M. incognita populations were found in microclimatic areas with altitudes of up to 800 m, while 16% were found at altitudes between 800 and 1035 m. Some M. javanica populations (17%) were found in high plateau fields in this region, whereas most (83%) were found in lowlands. In contrast, the large majority of M. hapla populations (91%) of were found in cool, high altitude areas with sandy soils, whereas only 9% of M. hapla populations were in lowlands.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Lakes Region,Meloidogyne spp.,molecular identification,morphological identification,PCR,race

Türkiye Göller Bölgesi sebze üretim alanlarında kök-ur nematodu türleri (Meloidogyne spp.)’nin tanılanması ve yaygınlıkları

Öz

Çalışmada, Göller Bölgesi’nde yoğun sebze üretimi yapılan alanlarda, Eylül 2014 – Aralık 2015 yılları arasında toplanan kök-ur nematodu türleri morfolojik, moleküler ve Kuzey Karolina Konukçu Testi yöntemleri kullanılarak karakterize edilmiş ve yayılışları belirlenmiştir. Toplam 160 adet örnek alınmış ve 83 tanesinin (%51.8) kök-ur nematodu ile bulaşık olduğu bulunmuştur. Urlu kök örneklerinden tek yumurta paketi alınarak duyarlı ‘Tueza F1’ domates çeşidinde her popülasyonun saf kültürleri oluşturulmuş ve kitle üretimleri yapılmıştır. Altmış sekiz popülasyonun tür tanımlamaları morfolojik olarak dişi bireylerin perineal bölge modelleri ve ikinci dönem larva ölçümlerinden ve moleküler olarak türe özgü spesifik primerler kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Tanımlanan 68 kök-ur nematodu popülasyonundan 25 adedi M. incognita, 22 adedi M. hapla, 18 adedi M. javanica ve 1 adedi de M. arenaria olarak tespit edilmiş, iki popülasyonun ise tanılamaları yapılamamıştır. Türlerin yaygınlık oranları sırasıyla, %36.7, %32.3, %26.5 ve %1.5 olarak belirlenmiştir. Konukçu testine göre, M. incognita’nın ırk 2, ırk 4 ve ırk 6, M. javanica’nın ise ırk 1 ve ırk 3’ü belirlenmiş ve M. javanica ırk 3 Türkiye’de ilk kez rapor edilmiştir. Meloidogyne incognita popülasyonlarının %84’ü 800 m yükseltiye sahip mikroklima bölgelerde bulunurken, %16’sı 800-1035 m yükseltiye sahip örtü altı alanlarda tespit edilmiştir. Bazı M. javanica populasyonları (%17) yüksek yayla bölgelerinde tespit edilirken, çoğu (%84) alçak yükseltiye sahip sebze alanlarında bulunmuştur. Buna karşılık M. hapla popülasyonlarının büyük çoğunluğu (%91) daha yüksek serin bölgelerde ve kumsal toprak yapısına sahip alanlarda bulunurken, sadece %9 ‘u alçak yükseltiye sahip bölgelerde bulunmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Göller Bölgesi,Meloidogyne spp.,moleküler tanılama,morfolojik tanılama,PCR,ırk

Kaynakça

1. Ağdacı, M., 1978. Güney Anadolu Bölgesi’nde Seralarda Yetiştirilen Kabakgillerde (Cucurbitaceae) Zarar Yapan Kök Ur Nematodu Türlerinin (Meloidogyne spp.) Tespiti ile Zarar Dereceleri ve Yayılış Alanları Üzerine Araştırmalar. T. C. Gıda Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı Zirai Mücadele ve Zirai Karantina Genel Müdürlüğü, Adana Bölge Zirai Mücadele Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü Teknik Bülteni, No: 47, Ankara, 56 s.
2. Akyazı, F. & O. Ecevit, 2010. Determination of Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) (Nemata: Meloidogynidae) races in vegetable fields in Erbaa and Niksar plains in Tokat. Journal of Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Gaziosmanpaşa University, 28 (2): 25-30.
3. Akyazı, F., H. Han, R. Çetintaş & A. F. Felek, 2012. First report of root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne arenaria and M. hapla (Nemata: Meloidogynidae) from pepino in Turkey. Nematologia Mediterranea, 40: 107-110.
4. Aydınlı, G., S. Mennan, Z. Devran, S. Sirca & G. Urek, 2013. First report of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne ethiopica on tomato and cucumber in Turkey. Plant Disease, 97 (9): 1262.
5. Aydınlı, G. & S. Mennan, 2016. Identification of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) from greenhouses in the Middle Black Sea Region of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 40(5):675-685.
6. Blok, V. C., J. T. Jones, M. S. Phillips & D. L. Trudgill, 2008. Parasitism genes and host range disparities in biotrophic nematodes: the conundrum of polyphagy versus specialisation. BioEssays, 30: 249-259.
7. Carneiro, R. M. D. G., M. S. Tigano, O. Randig, M. R. A. Almeida & J. L. Sarah, 2004. Identification and genetic diversity of Meloidogyne spp. (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) on coffee from Brazil, Central America and Hawaii. Nematology, 6: 287–298.
8. Chitwood, B. G., 1949. Root-knot nematodes I. A revision of the genus Meloidogyne Goeldi, 1887. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 16:90–104.

9. Çetintaş, R. & B. Çakmak, 2016. Meloidogyne species infesting tomatoes, cucumbers and eggplants grown in Kahramanmaraş Province, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 40 (4): 355-364.
10. Davis, R. F. & O. L. May, 2005. Relationship between yield potential and percentage yield suppression caused by the southern root-knot nematode in cotton. Crop Science, 45: 2312-2317.
11. Decker, H. & R. Fritzsche, 1991. Resistenz von Kultupflanzen Gegen Nematoden. Akademie-verlag-Berlin, 340 pp.
12. Devran, Z. & M. A. Söğüt, 2009. Distribution and identification of root-knot nematodes from Turkey. Journal of Nematology, 41 (2): 128-133.
13. Devran, Z. & M. A. Söğüt, 2011. Characterizing races of Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica and M. arenaria in the West Mediterranean region of Turkey. Crop Protection, 30: 451-455.
14. Eisenback, J. D., H. Hirschmann, J. N. Sasser & A. C. Triantaphyllou, 1981. A Guide to the Four Most Common Species of Root-knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne species) with A Pictorial Key. North Carolina, USA: A cooperative Publication of the Departments of Plant Pathology and Genetics, North Carolina State University and the United States Agency for International Development, Raleigh, 48 pp.
15. Elekçioğlu, İ. H. & N. Uygun, 1994. “Occurrence and distribution of plant parasitic nematodes in cash crops in eastern Mediterranean region of Türkiye, 409-410”. Procedings of 9th Congress of the Mediterranean Phytopathological Union (18-24 September 1994, Kuşadası-Aydın-Türkiye), 567pp.
16. Elekçioğlu, İ. H., B. Ohnesorge, G. Lung & N. Uygun, 1994. Plant parasitic nematodes in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. Nematologia Mediterranea, 22: 59-63.
17. Evlice, E. & Ş. Bayram, 2016. Identification of root-knot nematode species (Meloidogyne spp.) (Nemata: Meloidogynidae) in the potato fields of Central Anatolia (Turkey) using molecular and morphological methods. Turkish Bulletin of Entomology, 6 (4): 339-347.
18. Hartman, K. M. & J. N. Sasser, 1985. “Identification of Meloidogyne species on the Basis of Differential Host Test and Perineal-Pattern Morphology, 69-77”. In: An Advanced Treatise on Meloidogyne Volume II: Methodology (Eds. K. R. Barker, C. C. Carter & J. N. Sasser). North Carolina State University Graphics, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA, 223 pp.
19. Hooper, D. J., 1986. “Extraction of Free Living Stages from Soil, 5-30”. In: Laboratory Methods for Work with Plant Soil Nematodes. (Ed. J. F. Southey), Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, London, 402 pp.
20. Hunt, D. & Z. Handoo, 2009. “Taxonomy, Identification and Principal Species, 55-88”. In Root- Knot Nematodes, (Eds. R. N. Perry, M. Moens & J. L. Starr). CABI, London, 488 pp.
21. İmren, M., A. Özarslandan, E. B. Kasapoğlu, H. Toktay & İ. H. Elekcioğlu, 2014. Morphological and molecular identification of a new species Meloidogyne artiellia (Franklin) on wheat fauna in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 38 (2): 189-196.
22. Jepson, S. B., 1987. Identification of Root-knot Nematodes Meloidogyne species. CABI Wallingford, UK, 265 pp.
23. Johnson, A. W., C. C. Dowler & H. Hauser, 1974. Seasonal population dynamics of selected plant-parasitic nematodes in four monocultured crops. Nematology, 6 :187-190.
24. Johnson, A. V. & G. Fassuliotis, 1984. “Nematode Parasites of Vegetable Crops, 323-372”. Plant and Insect Nematodes (Ed. W.R. Nickle). Marcel Deccer Inc., New York and Basel, 713 pp.
25. Kaçar, G., 2011. Determination of races of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) (Nemata: Meloidogynidae) in Turkey. Çukurova University Instıtute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Master Thesis, Adana, 49 pp.
26. Karssen, G., 2002. The Plant Parasitic Nematode Genus Meloidogyne Goeldi, 1892 (Tylenchida) in Europe. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers.
27. Kaşkavalcı, G. & C. Öncüer, 1999. Investigations on distribution and economic importance of Meloidogyne Goeldi, 1887 (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) species found in the major areas of hot climate vegetables in Aydın province. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 23 (2): 149-160.
28. Kaur, H. & R. Attri, 2013. Morphological and morphometrical characterization of Meloidogyne incognita from different host plants in four districts of Punjab, India. Journal of Nematology, 45 (2): 122–127.
29. Kepenekçi, İ., E. Evlice & E. Öztürk, 2014. Taxonomic characteristics of Meloidogyne exigua Goeldi which is a new root-knot nematode for Turkey and other root-knot nematode species. Turkish Bulletin of Entomology, 54: 1-9.
30. Lamberti, F., 1978. “Root-Knot Nematodes in Italy, 85”. Roc. First IMP Res. Plann. Conf. on Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne spp. Region VII, (Cairo Egypt), 85 pp.
31. Mennan, S. & O. Ecevit, 1996. “Studies on biology, distribution and the ratio of infestation of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in summer vegetable growing area in Bafra and Carşamba Plains, 700-705”. In: Proceedings of the 3rd Turkish National Congress of Entomology (24–28 September 1996, Ankara, Turkey) 716 pp.
32. Mennan, S. & O. Ecevit, 2001. Race determination on some populations of Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White, 1919) (Nemata: Heteroderidae) obtained from Bafra and Carşamba Plains. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 25 (1): 33-39.
33. Moens, M., R. Perry & J. Starr, 2009. “Meloidogyne Species a Diverse Group of Novel and Important Plant Parasites, 1-13”. In: Root- Knot Nematodes (Eds. R. N. Perry, M. Moens & J. L. Starr). CABI, London, 488 pp.
34. Netscher, C. & R. A. Sikora, 1990. “Nematode Parasites on Vegetables, 231-283”. In: Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Suptropical and Tropical Agriculture (Eds. M. Luc, R. A. Sikora & J. BRIDGE). CAB International, 629 pp.
35. Özarslandan, A., 2009. Identification of Meloidogyne species collected from different parts of Turkey and determination of virulence of some root-knot (Meloidogyne spp.) populations. Department of Plant Protectıon Institute of Natural Applied Sciences University of Çukurova, Adana, 84 s.
36. Özarslandan, A., Z. Devran, N. Mutlu & İ. H. Elekçioğlu, 2009. First report of Columbia root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne chitwoodi) in potato in Turkey. Plant Disease, 93: 316.
37. Özarslandan, A. & İ. H. Elekçioğlu, 2010. Identification of the Root-knot nematode species (Meloidogyne spp.) (Nemata: Meloidogynidae) collected from different parts of Turkey by molecular and morphological methods. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 34 (3): 323-335.
38. Rammah, A. & H. Hirschmann, 1990. Morphological comparison of three host races of Meloidogyne javanica. Journal of Nematology, 22: 56–68.
39. Randig, O., M. Bongiovanni, R. M. D. G. Carneiro & P. Castagnone-Sereno, 2002. Genetic diversity of root-knot nematodes from Brazil and development of SCAR marker specific for the coffee damaging species. Genome, 45: 862-870.
40. Robertson, L., M. A. Die´z- Rojo, J. A. Lopez-Pe´rez, A. Piedrabuena, M. Escuer, J. Lopez-Cepero, C. Martinez & A. Bello, 2009. New host races of Meloidogyne arenaria, M incognita and M. javanica from horticultural region of Spain. Plant Disease, 93:180–184.
41. Sasser, J. N. & A. C. Triantaphyllou, 1977. Identification of Meloidogyne species and races. Journal of Nematology, 9: 283.
42. Seinhorst, J. W., 1959. A rapid method for the transfer of nematodes from fixative to anhydrous glycerin. Nematologica, 4: 67–69.
43. Söğüt, M. A. & İ. H. Elekçioğlu, 2000. Determination of Meloidogyne Goeldi, 1892 (Nemata: Heteroderidae) species races found in vegetable growing areas of the Mediterranean region of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 24: 33-40.
44. Söğüt, M. A. & İ. H. Elekçioğlu, 2007. Methyl Bromide alternatives for controlling Meloidogyne incognita in pepper cultivars in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 32 (1): 31-40.
45. Tesarova, B., M. Zouhar & P. Rysanek, 2003. Development of PCR for specific determination of Root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Plant Protection Science, 39: 23-28.
46. TUIK, 2014. Turkish Statistical Institute, Ankara Crop Production Statistics (Web page: http://tuikrapor.tuik.gov.tr), (Date of access: November 2014).
47. Whitehead, A. G., 1968. Taxonomy of Meloidogyne (Nematodea: Heteroderidae) with descriptions of four new species. Transactions of Zoological Society of London, 31: 263-401.
48. Wishart, J., M. S. Phillip & V. C. Bloak, 2002. Ribosomal intergenic spacer: A Polymerase Chain Reaction diagnostic for Meloidogyne chitwoodi, M. fallax and M. hapla. Phytopatology, 92: 884-892.
49. Yıldız, Ş. & I. H. Elekcioğlu, 2011. Nematode biyodiversity in agricultural and natural habitats of Sanliurfa, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 35 (2): 381-394.
50. Yüksel, H., 1974. Considerations on the state of root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in Turkey and their population problems. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Atatürk University, 5 (1): 83-105.
51. Zijlstra, C., D. T. H. M. Donkers-Venne & M. Fargette, 2000. Identification of Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica and M. arenaria using Sequence Characterized Amplified Region (SCAR) based PCR assays. Nematology, 8: 847-853.