Türkiye muz alanlarında nematod zararı ve mücadelesi

Öz

Muz, dünyanın tropikal ve subtropikal bölgelerinde yetişir ve ayrıca Türkiye’nin Akdeniz Bölgesi'nin sahil şeridinde yetiştirilir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'nin Mersin İli, Anamur ve Erdemli ilçelerinde bulunan bitki paraziti nematodlarının neden olduğu kayıpların belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma seralarında Spiral nematodu, Helicotylenchus multicinctus Cobb, 1893 (Tylenchida: Hoplolaimidae); kök ur nematodları, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) ve Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885) (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) tespit edilmiştir. Bu nematodlara karşı üç nematisid, Oxamyl, Fenamiphos ve Ethoprophos iki veya dört uygulama olarak kullanılmıştır. Denemeler her biri nematisid uygulanmış ve uygulama yapılmamış parsellere sahip dört serada üç tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür. Bu çalışmada, her uygulama için verim 15 bitki (5 bitki / tekerrür) üzerinden hesaplanmıştır. Nematodlar, Geliştirilmiş Baermann Huni yöntemiyle toprak ve kök örneklerinden izole edilmiş ve nematodların sayımı mikroskop altında yapılmıştır. Muz alanlarında nematod mücadelesi ile verim 28.6 ile 53.1 kg /bitki ve verim artışı % 34 ile 117 arasında değişmiştir. Sonuçlar muz alanlarında bu nematodlara karşı tek bir mücadele yönteminin kullanılmasının etkili olmayacağını ve entegre mücadele yöntemleri içerisinde ilave mücadele yöntemlerini kullanımı ile kontrol edilebileceğini önerilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Muz,entegre mücadele,nematisidler,nematodlar

Nematode damage and management in banana in Turkey

Abstract

Banana is grown in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, and they are also cultivated in the coastal regions of the Mediterranean Region in Turkey. The present study aimed to determine the losses induced by the plant-parasitic nematodes in Anamur and Erdemli districts of Mersin Province, Turkey. Spiral nematode, Helicotylenchus multicinctus Cobb, 1893 (Tylenchida: Hoplolaimidae); root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) and Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885) (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) were detected in the study greenhouses. Three nematicides, oxamyl, fenamiphos and ethoprophos, were used with two or four application against these nematodes. The experiments were conducted in three replicates in four greenhouses each with nematicide --treated and untreated plots. In the study, yield for each treatment was calculated for 15 plants (5 plants/replicate). Nematodes were isolated from soil and root samples with a modified Baermann funnel method and nematode counting was performed under a microscope. In banana plantations with nematode management, the yield was between 28.6 and 53.1 kg/plant and the yield increase ranged between 34 and 117%. The results suggested that use of a single control method would not be effective against these nematodes and additional control methods in integrated management should be used to control nematodes in banana plantations.

Keywords

• Banana,integrated management,nematicides,nematodes

Kaynakça

1. Adiko, A., 1988. Plant-parasitic nematodes associated with plantain, Musa paradisiaca (AAB) in the Ivory Coast. Revue de Nématologie, 11: 109-113.
2. Araya, M. & A. Cheves, 1997. Determinacion de los nematodos fitoparasitos del platano (Musa AAB, clon Falso Cuerno) en la zona atlantica de Costa Rica. Corbana, 22 (47): 27-33.
3. Araya, M. & A. Lakhi, 2004. Response to consecutive nematicide applications using the same product in Musa AAA, cv. Grande Naine originated from in vitro propagative material and cultivated on a virgin soil. Nematologia Brasileira, 28 (1): 55-61.
4. Araya, M. & T. Moens, 2003. “Parasitic nematodes on Musa AAA (Cavendish subgroup cvs Grande naine, Valery and Williams), 201-223”. Proceedings of An International Symposium: Banana root System: towards a better understanding for its productive management (3-5 November 2003, San José, Costa Rica), 251 pp.
5. Araya, M., A. Vargas & A. Cheves, 1999. Nematode distribution in roots of banana (Musa AAA cv Valery) in relation to plant height, distance from the pseudostem and soil depth. Nematology, 1: 711-716.
6. Badra, T. & F. E. Caveness, 1983. Effects of dosage sequence on the efficacy of nonfumigant nematicides on plantain yields, and nematode seasonal fluctuations as influenced by rainfall. Journal of Nematology, 15: 496-502.
7. Barker, K. R., 1985. “Nematode Extraction and Bioassays, 19-39”. In: An Advanced Treatise on Meloidogyne, Volume: 2: Methodology (Eds. K. R. Barker, C. C. Carter & J. N. Sasser). North Carolina State University Graphics, 223 pp.
8. Bartholomew, E. S., A. Richard, I. Brathwaite & W. P. Isaac, 2014. Control of root-burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis) in banana using extracts of Azadirachta indica and Allium sativum. Journal of Organic Systems, 9: 49-55.

9. Bridge, J., 1988. Plant parasitic nematode problems in the Pacific Islands. Journal of Nematology, 20: 173-183.
10. Broadley, R. A., 1979. A simple method for estimating banana root rot. Australasian Plant Pathology, 8: 24-25.
11. Brooks, F. E., 2004. Plant-parasitic nematodes of banana in American Samoa. Nematropica, 34: 65-72.
12. Caveness, F. E. & T. Badra, 1980. Control of Helicotylenchus multicinctus and Meloidogyne javanica in established plantain and nematode survival as influenced by rainfall. Nematropica, 10: 10-15.
13. Chavez, C. & M. Araya, 2010. Spatial-temporal distribution of plant-parasitic nematodes in banana (Musa AAA) plantations in Ecuador. Journal of Applied Biosciences, 33: 2057-2069.
14. Cofcewicz, E. T., R. M. D. G. Carneiro, C. M. T. Cordero, P. Quénéhervé & J. L. C. Faria, 2004. Reaçao de cultivares de bananeira a diferentes especies de nematoides das galhas. Nematologia Brasileira, 28: 11-22.
15. Coyne, D., C. Kajumba & F. Kagoda, 2005. “Nematode management at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture in East Africa, 141-148”. In: Proceedings of the workshop on farmer-participatory testing of IPM options for sustainable banana production in Eastern Africa (8-9 December 2003, Seeta, Uganda), 150 pp.
16. Davide, R. G. & L. Q. Marasigan, 1985. Yield loss assessment and evaluation of resistance of banana cultivars to the nematode Radopholus similis Thorne and Meloidogyne incognita Chitwood. Philippine Agriculture, 63: 335-349.
17. Eissa, M. F. M., A. Y. El-Gindi, M. M. Abd-Elgawad, A. E. Ismail & M. A. El-Nagdi Wafaa, 2005. Application of some bioagents and oxamyl in controlling Meloidogyne incognita, Helicotylenchus exallus and Criconemoides spp. infesting banana cv. Williams. Pakistan Journal of Biotechnology, 2 (1-2): 70-79.
18. Elekcioğlu, İ. H., 1992. Untersuchungen Zum Auftreten And Zur Verbreitung Phytoparasitaerer Nematoden In Den Landwirtschaftlichen Hauptkulturen des Ostmediterranen Gebietes der Türkei. PLITS, (Unpublished) PhD Thesis, Hannover, Germany, 120 pp.
19. Elekçioğlu, İ. H. & N. Uygun, 1994. “Occurrence and distribution of plant parasitic nematodes in cash crop in Eastern Mediterranean Region of Türkiye, 409-410”. Proceedings of 9th Congress of The Mediterranean Phytopathological Union, (18-24 September 1994, Kuşadası-Aydın, Turkey), 567 pp.
20. Fogain, R., 2000. Effect of Radopholus similis on plant growth and yield of plantains (Musa AAB). Nematology, 2: 129-133.
21. Fogain, R. & S. R. Gowen, 1997. Damage to roots of Musa cultivars by Radopholus similis with and without protection of nematicides. Nematropica, 27: 27-32.
22. Gowen, S. & P. Quénéhervé, 1990. “Nematode Parasites of Bananas, Plantains and Abaca, 431-460”. In: Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture (Eds. M. Luc, R. A. Sikora & J. Bridge). CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 896 pp.
23. Gowen, S. R., 1995. “Pests, 382-402”. In: Bananas and Plantains (Ed. S. R. Gowen). Chapman and Hall, London, UK, 599 pp.
24. Gowen, S., P. Quénéhervé & R. Fogain, 2005. “Nematode parasites of bananas and plantains, 611-643”. In: Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture (Eds. M. Luc, R. A. Sikora & J. Bridge). CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 896 pp.
25. Hutton, D. G. & D. C. Chung, 1973. Effects of post-planting application of the nematicide DBCP to plantains. Nematropica, 3: 46-50.
26. Jonathan, E. I. & G. Rajendran, 2000. Assessment of avoidable yield loss in banana due to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Indian Journal of Nematology, 30: 162-164.
27. Kasapoğlu, E. B., G. Yoraz & İ. H. Elekcioğlu, 2015. Investigation on population dynamics of important plant parasitic nematodes (Helicotylenchus multicinctus, H. dihystera and Meloidogyne spp. (Nemata) in banana greenhouses grown in Bozyazı (Mersin). Turkish Journal of Entomology, 39 (2): 199-207.
28. Kobenan, K., S. Aké & D. Koné, 1997. Study of the reactions of the roots of banana Musa (AAA) cv. ‘Grande Naine’ to artificial lesions. Info Musa, 6: 21-23.
29. Mant, A. & S. AL Hinai, 1996. Population dynamics and control of plant parasitic nematodes on Banana in the Sultanate of Oman. Nematologia Mediterranea, 24: 295-299.
30. McSorley, R. & J. L. Parrado, 1986. Helicotylenchus multicinctus on bananas: an international problem. Nematropica, 16: 73-91.
31. Minz, G., D. Ziv & D. Strich-Harari, 1960. Decline of banana plantations caused by spiral nematodes in the Jordan valley and its control by DBCP. Ktavim, 10: 147-157.
32. Moens, T., M. Araya & D. De Waele, 2001. Correlations between nematode numbers and damage to banana (Musa AAA) roots under commercial conditions. Nematropica, 31: 55-65.
33. Özarslandan, A., 2019. New approaches for sucker selection in greenhouse banana to reduce nematode number in subtropics. Indian Journal of Horticulture, 76 (1): 75-79.
34. Özarslandan, A. & D. Dinçer, 2015. Plant parasitic nematodes in banana fields in Turkey. Plant Protection Bulletin, 55: 361-372.
35. Özarslandan, A. & İ. H. Elekcioğlu, 2010. Identification of the Root-knot nematode species (Meloidogyne spp.) (Nemata: Meloidogynidae) collected from different parts of Turkey by molecular and morphological methods. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 34 (3): 323-335.
36. Pattison, A. B., J. M. Stanton, J. A. Cobon & V. J. Doogan, 2002. Population dynamics and economic threshold of the nematodes Radopholus similis and Pratylenchus goodeyi on banana in Australia. International Journal of Pest Management, 48: 107-111.
37. Quénéhervé, P., T. Mateille & P. Topa, 1991a. Effect of cadusafos compared with three other non-fumigant nematicides on the control of nematodes and on the yield of banana cv. Poyo in the Ivory Coast. Review of Nematology, 14: 207-211.
38. Quénéhervé, P., P. Cadet & T. Mateille, 1991b. New approaches to chemical control of nematodes on bananas: field experiments in the Ivory Coast. Revue de Nématologie, 14: 543-549.
39. Rajendran, G., C. M. Bhaktavatsalu, V. N. Madhava Rao & J. B. M. Abdul Khader, 1980. “Banana nematodes,164-167”. Proceedings of the National Seminar on Banana Production Technology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (20 March 1980, Coimbatore, India), 370 pp.
40. Roman, J., X. Rivas, J. Rodriguez & D. Oramas, 1977. Further experiments on the chemical control of nematodes in plantains (AAB). Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico, 61: 192-199.
41. Roy, K., S. Sarkar & A. Pramanik, 2016. Integrated management of major nematode pests of banana in Gangetic Plains of West Bengal. Journal of Crop and Weed, 12 (1): 101-106.
42. Sarah, J. L. & G. Fallas, 1996. “Biological, biochemical and molecular diversity of Radopholus similis, 50-57”. Proceedings of the Workshop on New Frontiers in Resistance Breeding for Nematode, Fusarium and Sigatoka. (2-5 October 1995, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia), 237 pp.
43. Shankar, U., A. K. Singh & A. Mondal, 2016. “Integrated Pest Management in Banana, 329-349”. In: Integrated Pest Management in the Tropics (Eds. D. P. Abrol & U. Shankar). CABI & New India Publishing Agency, New Delhi, India, 512 pp.
44. Sikora, R. A. & E. Schloesser, 1973. Nematodes and fungi associated with root system of banana in a state of decline in Lebanon. Plant Disease Reporter, 57: 615-618.
45. Smithson, P. C., B. D. McIntyre, C. S. Gold, H. Ssali & I. N. Kashaija, 2001. Nitrogen and potassium fertilizer vs. nematode and weevil effects on yield and foliar nutrient status of banana in Uganda. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 59: 239-250.
46. Southey, J. F., 1986. “Principles of Sampling for Nematodes. 1-4”. In: Laboratory Methods for Work with Plant and Soil Nematodes. (Ed. J. F. Southey). Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London, UK, 202 pp.
47. Speijer, P. R. & D. De Waele, 2001. Nematodes associated with East African Highland cooking bananas and cv. Pisang awak (Musa spp.) in Central Uganda. Nematology, 3: 535-541.
48. Stanton, J. M. & A. B. Pattison, 2000. Implementing Strategic Control of Nematodes on Banana. Final Report of Horticultural Research and Development Corporation, Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Queensland Government (March, 2000) Project FR96016, 98 pp.
49. Stirling, G. R. & A. B. Pattison, 2008. Beyond chemical dependency for managing plant-parasitic nematodes: Examples from the banana, pineapple and vegetable industries of tropical and subtropical Australia. Australasian Plant Pathology, 37 (3): 254-267.
50. TUİK, 2019. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (Web page: www.tuik.gov.tr) (Date accessed: July 2019).
51. Wang, K. H. & C. R. R. Hooks, 2009. Plant-parasitic nematodes and their associated natural enemies within banana (Musa spp.) plantings in Hawaii. Nematropica, 39: 57-73.
52. Wardlaw, C. W., 1961. Banana Diseases Including Plantains and Abaca. Longman, Green, London, UK, 648 pp.