İzmir İli (Türkiye) patates üretim alanlarında patates kist nematodları ve kök-ur nematodlarının teşhisi ve yaygınlığı

Öz

Globodera spp. ve Meloidogyne spp. morfolojik ve moleküler yöntemler kullanılarak tanımlanmıştır. Ayrıca, 2015 yılında İzmir (Türkiye) patates üretim alanlarında bu nematodların dağılımı ve popülasyon yoğunlukları tespit edilmiştir. Sürvey sırasında toplam 223 toprak örneği alınmış ve 32 örneğin Globodera spp. ile 41 örneğin Meloidogyne spp. ile bulaşık olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Nematodların tür teşhisi, kist/dişi bireylerin anal kesitleri ve ikinci dönem larvaların morfometrik ölçümleri kullanılarak morfolojik olarak yapılmıştır. Aynı zamanda moleküler tür teşhislerinde türe özgü spesifik primerleri kullanılmıştır. Kist nematodları ile bulaşık olan tüm örneklerde sadece Globodera rostochiensis (Wollenweber, 1923) Skarbilovich, 1959 (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae) türü bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, kök-ur nematodlarından Meloidogyne chitwoodi Golden, O'Bannon, Santo & Finley, 1980, Meloidogyne hapla (Chitwood, 1949), Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949 ve Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885) Chitwood, 1949 (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) türleri tespit edilmiştir. Meloidogyne türlerinin yaygınlık oranları sırasıyla %2.4, 12.2, 61.0 ve 24.4 olarak belirlenmiştir. Topraktaki birey sayıları açısından, tüm G. rostochiensis (10 yumurta/g toprak) ve M. chitwoodi (1 larva/250 cm³ toprak) popülasyon yoğunlukları patates üretimi için ekonomik zarar eşiklerinin üzerinde tespit edilmiştir. Meloidogyne incognita’ya ait iki popülasyon (0.5-2 larva/250 cm³ toprak) da belirtilen eşik seviyelerinin üzerinde bulunmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Globodera spp.,Meloidogyne spp.,moleküler tanılama,patates,Türkiye

Identification and prevalence of potato cyst nematodes and root-knot nematodes in the potato production areas of İzmir Province, Turkey

Abstract

Globodera spp. and Meloidogyne spp. were identified using morphological and molecular methods. Also, the distribution and population densities of these nematodes were determined in potato cultivation areas of İzmir (Turkey) in 2015. Two hundred and twenty-three soil samples were collected during the survey and 32 samples were found to be infested with Globodera spp. and 41 samples with Meloidogyne spp. The identification of nematodes was made morphologically using perennial patterns of cyst/female individuals and morphometrics of second stage juveniles. Also, species specific primers were used for molecular identification. Only Globodera rostochiensis (Wollenweber, 1923) Skarbilovich, 1959 (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae) were found in the samples that contained cyst nematodes. Also, the root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne chitwoodi Golden, O'Bannon, Santo & Finley, 1980, Meloidogyne hapla (Chitwood, 1949), Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949, and Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885) Chitwood, 1949 (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) were found. The prevalence rates of Meloidogyne species were determined as 2.4, 12.2, 61.0 and 24.4%, respectively. In terms of the number of individuals in soil, all G. rostochiensis (10 eggs/g soil) and M. chitwoodi (1 juvenile/250 cm³ soil) population levels were detected above the economic damage thresholds for potato production. Also, two populations of M. incognita (0.5-2 juvenile/250 cm³ soil) were found above the specified threshold levels.

Keywords

• Globodera spp.,Meloidogyne spp.,molecular identification,potato,Turkey

Kaynakça

1. Akyazı, F. & A. Felek, 2013. Molecular identification of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita from kiwi fruit orchards in Ordu province, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 37 (4): 449-456.
2. Akyazı, F., H. Han, R. Çetintaş & A. F. Felek, 2012. First report of root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne arenaria and M. hapla (Nemata: Meloidogynidae) from pepino in Turkey. Nematologia Mediterranea, 40: 107-110.
3. Anonymous, 2008. Bitki paraziti nematodlar. Zirai Mücadele Teknik Talimatları, 6: 45-46.
4. Anonymous, 2019. Golden Nematode. (Web page: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/planthealth/plant-pest-and-disease-programs/pests-and diseases/golden-nematode/nematodes) (Date accessed: 8 March 2019).
5. Anonymous, 2020. Survey areas of nematode species in potato fields in İzmir Province (Anonymous, 2020). (Web page: http://www.earth.google.com) (Date accessed: January 2020).
6. Aydınlı, G., 2018. Detection of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne luci Carneiro et al., 2014 (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) in vegetable fields of Samsun Province, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 42 (3): 229-237.
7. Aydınlı, G., S. Mennan, Z. Devran, S. Sirca & G. Urek, 2013. First report of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne ethiopica on tomato and cucumber in Turkey. Plant Disease, 97 (9): 1262-1262.
8. Brodie, B. B., K. Evans & J. Franco, 1993. “Nematode Parasites of Potatoes, 87-132”. In: Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Temperate Agriculture (Eds. K. Evans, D. L. Trudgill & J. M. Webster). CAB International, Wallingford, England, 656 pp.

9. Bulman, S. R. & J. W. Marshall, 1997. Differentiation of Australasian potato cyst nematode (PCN) populations using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 25: 123-129.
10. Da Conceiçao, I. L. P. M., M. J. M. Da Cunha, G. Feio, M. Correia, M. C. V. Dos Santos, I. M. De O. Abrantes & M. S. N. De A. Santos, 2009. Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., on potato in Portugal. Nematology, 11 (2): 311-313.
11. Devran, Z., 2013. Molecular studies on root-knot nematodes in protected cultivations of Turkey. The European Journal of Plant Science and Biotechnology, 7 (1): 29-32.
12. Devran, Z., İ. Mıstanoğlu, & T. Özalp, 2017. Occurrence of mixed populations of root-knot nematodes in vegetable greenhouses in Turkey, as determined by PCR screening. Journal Plant Disease and Protection, 124: 617-630.
13. Devran Z., N. Mutlu, A. Özarslandan & İ. H. Elekcioğlu, 2009. Identification and genetic diversity of Meloidogyne chitwoodi in potato production areas of Turkey. Nematropica, 39: 75-83.
14. Devran, Z. & M. A. Söğüt, 2009. Distribution and identification of root-knot nematodes from Turkey. Journal of Nematology, 41 (2): 128-133.
15. Eisenback, J. D., H. Hirschmann, J. N. Sasser & A. C. Triantaphyllou, 1981. A Guide to the Four Most Common Species of Root-knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne species) with A Pictorial Key. North Carolina, USA: A cooperative Publication of the Departments of Plant Pathology and Genetics, North Carolina State University and the United States Agency for International Development, Raleigh, 48 pp.
16. Elekcioğlu, İ. H. & N. Uygun, 1994. “Occurrence and distribution of plant parasitic nematodes in cash crops in eastern Mediterranean region of Türkiye, 409-410”. Procedings of 9th Congress of the Mediterranean Phytopathological Union (18-24 September 1994, Kuşadası, Aydın, Türkiye), 567pp.
17. Enneli, S. & G. Öztürk, 1996, “Orta Anadolu Bölgesinde patateslerde zarar yapan, önemli bitki paraziti nematodlar, 396-403”. Türkiye 3. Entomoloji Kongresi Bildirileri (24-28 Eylül 1996, Ankara), 716 s.
18. EPPO, 2017. PM 7/40 (4) Globodera rostochiensis and Globodera pallida. OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, 47 (2): 174-197.
19. EPPO, 2020a. EPPO Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests, Meloidogyne chitwoodi. (Web page: http://www.gd.eppo.int/taxon/MELGCH) (Date accessed: 8 March 2020).
20. EPPO, 2020b. EPPO Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests Globogera rostochiensis and Globodera pallida. (Web page: http://www.gd.eppo.int/taxon/HETDRO) (Date accessed: 8 March 2020).
21. Evlice, E. & Ş. Bayram, 2016. Identification of root-knot nematode species (Meloidogyne spp.) (Nemata: Meloidogynidae) in the potato fields of Central Anatolia (Turkey) using molecular and morphological methods. Turkish Bulletin of Entomology, 6 (4): 339-347.
22. FAO, 2017. FAOSTAT. (Web page: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC) (Date accessed: 21 December 2019).
23. Fenwick, D. W., 1940. Methods for the recovery and counting of cysts of Heterodera schachtii from soil. Journal of Helminthology, 18: 155-172.
24. Golden, A. M., 1986. “Morphology and Identification of Cyst Nematodes, 23-45”. In: Cyst Nematodes (Eds. F. Lamberti & C. E. Taylor). Plenum Press, New York, 478 pp.
25. Golden, A. M., J. H. O’Bannon, G. S. Santo & A. M. Finley, 1980. Description and SEM observations of Meloidogyne chitwoodi n. sp. (Meloidogynidae), a root-knot nematode on potato in the Pacific Northwest. Journal of Nematology, 12: 319-327.
26. Gözel, U. & İ. H. Elekcioğlu, 1996. “Balcalı (Adana’da) buğdayda bulunan bitki paraziti nematod türlerinin populasyon dalgalanmalarının araştırılması, 388-395”. Türkiye III. Entomoloji Kongresi Bildirileri (24-28 Eylül 1996, Ankara), 716 s.
27. Greco, N., 1993. Reviews: Nematode Problems Affecting Potato Production in Subtropical Climates. Nematropica, 23 (2): 213-220.
28. Greco, N., N. Vovlas, M. DiVito & R. N. Inserra, 1992. Meloidogyne artiellia: A Root-Knot Nematode Parasite of Cereals and Other Field Crops. Florida Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services, Nematology Circular, 201: 4 pp.
29. Günel, E., M. E. Çalışkan, A. İ. Tortopoğlu, N. Kuşman, K. M. Tuğrul, A. Yılmaz, Ö. Dede & M. Öztürk, 2005, “Nişasta ve Şeker Bitkileri Üretimi, 431-457”. Türkiye Ziraat Mühendisliği VI. Teknik Kongresi Bildirileri (3-7 Ocak 2005, Ankara), 1300 s.
30. Hartman, K. M. & J. N. Sasser, 1985. “Identification of Meloidogyne Species on the Basis of Different Host Test and Perineal Pattern Morphoplogy, 69-77”. In: An Advanced Treatise on Meloidogyne, Vol. 2, Methodology (Eds. K. R. Barker, C. C. Carter & J. N. Sasser). North Carolina State University Graphic, Raleigh, 223 pp.
31. Hesling, J. J., 1978. “Cyst Nematodes: Morphology and Identification of Heterodera, Globodera and Punctodera, 125-155”. In: Plant Nematology (Ed. J. F. Southey). London, UK, Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 440 pp.
32. Hooper, D. J., 1986. “Handling, Fixing, Staining and Mounting Nematodes, 59-80”. In: Laboratory Methods for Work with Plant and Soil Nematodes (Ed. J. F. Southey). Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 202 pp.
33. Hunt, D. & Z. Handoo, 2009. Taxonomy, Identification and Principal Species, Root Knot Nematodes. CAB International, 1st Ed., London, 520pp.
34. İmren, M., A. Özarslandan, E. B. Kasapoğlu, H. Toktay & İ. H. Elekcioğlu, 2014. Morphological and molecular identification of a new species Meloidogyne artiellia (Franklin) on wheat fauna in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 38 (2): 189-196.
35. Jepson, S. B., 1987. Identification of Root-knot Nematodes Meloidogyne species. CABI Wallingford, UK, 265 pp.
36. Jones, J. T., A. Haegeman, E.G. Danchin, H. S. Gauer, J. Helder, M. G. Jones, T. Kikuch, R. Manzanilla-Lopez, J. E. Palomares-Rius, & W. M. Wesemael, 2013. Top 10 Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Molecular Plant Pathology. Molecular Plant Pathology, 14 (9): 946-961.
37. Karssen, G., 2002. The Plant-Parasitic Nematode Genus Meloidogyne Goeldi, 1892 (Tylenchida) in Europe. Brill Academic Publishers, Leiden, Netherlands, 160 pp.
38. Kaşkavalcı, G. & C. Öncüer, 1999. Investigations on distribution and economic importance of Meloidogyne Goeldi, 1887 (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) species found in the major areas of hot climate vegetables in Aydın province. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 23 (2): 149-160.
39. Kepenekci, İ., G. Öztürk & E. Evlice, 2002. “Ülkemiz örtü altı sebze üretiminde sorun olan yeni bir kök-ur nematodu türü (Meloidogyne exigua Goeldi, 1887) ve diğer kök-ur nematodu türleri, 55”. IV. Sebze Tarımı Sempozyumu Bildiri Özetleri Kitabı (17-20 Eylül 2002, Bursa), 229 s.
40. Lima, F. S. O., V. S. Mattos, E. S. Silva, M. A. S. Carvalho, R. A. Teixeira, J. C. Silva & V. R. Correa, 2018. Nematodes Affecting Potato and Sustainable Practices for Their Management. Potato: From Incas to All Over the World, 107 pp.
41. Marks, R. J. & B. B. Brodie, 1998. Potato Cyst Nematodes: Biology, Distribution and Control. Wallingford: CAB International, 408 pp.
42. Medina, I. L., C. B. Gomes, V. R. Correa, V. S. Mattos, P. Castagnone-Sereno & R. M. D. G. Carneiro, 2016. Genetic diversity of Meloidogyne spp. parasitizing potato in Brazil and aggressiveness of M. javanica populations on susceptible cultivars. Nematology, 1: 1-12.
43. Moens, M., R. Perry & J. Starr, 2009. “Meloidogyne Species a Diverse Group of Novel and Important Plant Parasites, 1-13”. In: Root- Knot Nematodes (Eds. R. N. Perry, M. Moens & J. L. Starr). CABI, London, 488 pp.
44. Molendijk, L. P. G. & A. Mulder, 1996. The Netherlands, nematodes and potatoes: old problems are here again. Potato Research, 39: 471-477.
45. Okendi, E. M. & L. N. Moleleki, 2013. Distribution and genetic diversity of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp) in potatoes in South Africa. Plant Pathology, 62: 1184-1192.
46. Özarslandan, A. & İ. H. Elekcioğlu, 2010. Türkiye’nin farklı alanlarından alınan kök-ur nematodu türlerinin (Meloidogyne spp.) (Nemata: Meloidogynidae) moleküler ve morfolojik tanılama ile belirlenmesi. Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 34 (3): 323-335.
47. Özarslandan, A., M. İmren, A. Öcal & İ. H. Elekçioğlu, 2013. Bitlis ili patates üretim alanlarında kök-ur nematodu (Meloidogyne chitwoodi Golden, O’Bannon, Santo et Finley, 1980)’nun saptanması. Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 37 (3): 389-395.
48. Özarslandan, A., Z. Devran, N. Mutlu & İ. H. Elekcioglu, 2009. First report of Columbia root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne chitwoodi) in potato in Turkey. Plant Pathology, 316-316.
49. Phillips, M. S., C. A. Hackett & D. L. Trudgill, 1991. The relationship between the initial and final population densities of the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida for partially resistant potatoes. Journal of Applied Ecology, 28: 109-119.
50. Potter, J. W. & T. H. A. Olthof, 1993. “Nematode Pests of Vegetable Crops, 171-207”. In: Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Temperate Agriculture (Eds. K. Evans, D. L. Trudgill & J. M. Webster). CAB International, Wallingford, England, 656 pp.
51. Salgut, Y., 2017. Niğde İlinde Patates Alanlarında Bulunan Bitki Paraziti Nematodların Belirlenmesi ve Bazı Genotiplerin Patates Altın Nematodu (Globodera rostochiensis, Wollenweber)’na Karşı Dayanıklılığının Araştırılması. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü (Basılmamış) Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 72 s.
52. Seinhorst, J. W., 1959. A rapid method for the transfer of nematodes from fixative to anhydrous glycerin. Nematologica, 4: 67-69.
53. Siddiqi, M. R., 2000. Tylenchida Parasites of Plants and Insects. CABI Publishing, UK, 833 pp.
54. Stone, A. R., 1973. Heterodera pallida n. sp. (Nematoda: Heteroderidae), a second species of potato cyst nematode. Nematologica, 18: 591-606.
55. Taylor, D. P. & C. Netscher, 1974. An improved technique for preparing perineal patterns of Meloidogyne spp. Nematologica, 20: 268-269. Tesarova, B., M. Zouhar & P. Rysanek, 2003. Development of PCR for specific determination of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Plant Protection Science, 39: 23-28.
56. Tirchi, N., A. Troccoli, E. Fanelli, A. Mokabli, F. Mouhouche & F. De Luca, 2016. Morphological and molecular identification of potato and cereal cyst nematode isolates from Algeria and their phylogenetic relationships with other populations from distant their geographical areas. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 146 (4): 861-880.
57. TÜİK, 2017. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (Web page: http://www.biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr) (Date accessed: 21 December 2019).
58. Ulutaş, E., 2010. Ege Bölgesi Patates Üretim Alanlarında Bulunan Önemli Bitki Paraziti Nematodların Belirlenmesi ve Bitki Gelişimine Etkileri. Ege Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü (Basılmamış) Doktora Tezi, 91 s.
59. Ulutaş, E., A. Özarslandan, G. Kaşkavalcı & İ. H. Elekcioğlu, 2012. Ege Bölgesi patates alanlarında Globodera rostochiensis Wollenweber, (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae)’in moleküler yöntemlerle saptanması. Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 36 (1): 155-160.
60. Uysal, G., M. A. Söğüt & İ. H. Elekçioğlu, 2017. Identification and distribution of root-knot nematode species (Meloidogyne spp.) in vegetable growing areas of Lakes Region in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 41 (1): 105-122.
61. Van Riel, H. R. & A. Mulder, 1998. “Potato Cyst Nematodes (Globodera species) in Western Europa, 271-298”. In: Pototo Cyst Nematodes: Biology, Distribution and Control (Eds. R. J. Marks & B. B. Brodie). CAB International, Wallingford, 432 pp.
62. Vovlas, N., D. Mifsud, B. B. Landa & P. Castillo, 2005. Pathogenicity of the root knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica on potato. Plant Pathology, 54: 657-664.
63. Wesemael, W. M. L., N. Viaene & M. Moens, 2011. Root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in Europe. Nematology, 13: 3-16.
64. White, T. J., T. Bruns, S. Leeand & I. Taylor, 1990. “Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics, 315-322”. In: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications (Eds. M. A. Innis, D. H. Gefand, J. J. Sninsky & T. J. White). Academic Press, San Diego, California, 482 pp.
65. Whitehead, A. G., 1968. Taxonomy of Meloidogyne (Nematodea: Heteroderidae) with descriptions of four new species. Transactions of Zoological Society of London, 31: 263-401.
66. Wishart, J., M. S. Phillips & V. C. Blok, 2002. Ribosomal intergenic spacer: A polymerase chain reaction diagnostic for Meloidogyne chitwoodi, M. fallax and M. hapla. Phytopatology, 92: 884-892.
67. Yıldız, V., Ç. Güneş, N. Bulun & U. Gözel, 2009. “Ödemiş (İzmir) İlçesi patates üretim alanlarında tespit edilen kök-ur nematodu: Meloidogyne chitwoodi (Goeldi, 1892, Nemata: Heteroderidae), 35” Türkiye III. Bitki Koruma Kongresi Bildirileri (15-18 Temmuz 2009, Van), 380 s.
68. Yüksel, H. Ş., 1966. Karadeniz Bölgesi'nde tesadüf edilen Meloidogyne incognita varyasyonu hakkında. Bitki Koruma Bülteni, 6 (1): 35-38.
69. Yüksel, H. Ş., 1967. Iğdır Ovasında İlk Defa Bulunan Meloidogyne hapla ve Bunun Meloidogyne incognita’nın Kanatlı Varyasyonundan Ayırt Edici Özellikleri Atatürk Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Zirai Araştırma Enstitüsü Teknik Bülteni, No:17, 20 s.
70. Zijlstra, C., D. T. H. M. Donkers-Venne & M. Fargette, 2000. Identification of Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica and M. arenaria using sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) based PCR assays. Nematology, 2: 847-53.