Effects of pyriproxyfen on bioenergetic resources of Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Öz

Colorado potato beetles (CPB) overwinters as adults in the soil, thus, their survival is related with their energy reserves. The present study examined the biochemical changes in adults treated with sub-lethal concentrations (≤LC₃₀) of pyriproxyfen. First, both the plants and overwintered adults were sprayed with different levels of pyriproxyfen (0, 250, 500 and 750 µl/l) under field conditions and were tested at 3, 6 and 12 days after treatment. Next, the adults from the first experiments were re-sprayed 1 week later with pyriproxyfen at the same concentrations and were re-sampled at 3, 6 and 12 days after the second treatment. The lipid, sugar, glycogen and protein levels of 4 males and 4 females were determined (mg/g; w/w). Results revealed a significant decline in lipid (87.7%), glycogen (50%) and caloric contents (75%) levels with respect to controls. Sugar and protein levels increased 7.89 and 5.79 times with respect to the controls. The best results were obtained at 250 µl/l of pyriproxyfen. The second round of testing demonstrated the additive effects of pyriproxyfen on bioenergetic reserves. Only the protein level showed a significant difference by sex. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Colorado potato beetle
• lipids
• carbohydrates
• proteins
• admiral
• pyriproxyfen

Pyriproxyfenin Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)’nın biyoenerji kaynakları üzerine etkileri

Öz

Patates böceği, toprakta ergin olarak kışlamaktadır. Bu nedenle, onların hayatta kalmaları enerji rezervleri ile ilişkilidir. Bu çalışmada pyriproxyfenin alt öldürücü konsantrasyonları (≤LC₃₀) uygulanmış erginlerdeki biyokimyasal değişiklikler incelenmiştir. İlk olarak, bitki ve kışlaktaki erginlere tarla şartlarında pyriproxyfen (0, 250, 500 ve 750 µl/l) farklı düzeylerde püskürtülmüş ve uygulamadan 3, 6 ve 12 gün sonra test edilmiştir. Birinci deneyden alınan erginlere 1 hafta sonra tekrar aynı konsantrasyonlarda pyriproxyfen uygulanmış ve 3, 6 ve 12 gün sonunda yeniden örneklenmiştir. 4 erkek ve 4 dişi bireyde lipit, şeker, glikojen ve protein düzeyleri (mg/g; a/a) tespit edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, kontrole göre lipid (% 87.7), glikojen (% 50) ve kalori içeriği (% 75) düzeylerinde önemli bir düşüş göstermiştir. Şeker ve protein düzeyleri kontrole göre 7.89 ve 5.79 kat artmıştır. En iyi sonuçlar, pyriproxyfenin 250 µl/l dozunda elde edilmiştir. Testin ikinci turu pyriproxyfenin biyoenerjik rezervler üzerindeki ilave etkilerini göstermiştir. Sadece protein düzeyi cinsiyete göre anlamlı bir farklılık göstermiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Patates böceği
• karbonhidratlar
• proteinler
• admiral
• pyriproxyfen

Kaynakça

1. Amer, M.S., 1990. Effects of the anti-JH synthesis (Mevalonic acid) on the main metabolites of Spodoptera littoralis.
2. Egyptian Journal of Applied Science. 5: 82-91. Ascher, K.R.S. & M. Eliyahu, 1988. The ovicidal properties of the juvenile hormone mimic sumitomo S-31183 (SK- 591) to insects. Phytoparasitica. 16: 15-21.
3. Bagheri, F., K.H.Talebi & V. Hosseininaveh, 2010. Cellular energy allocation of pistachio green stink bug,
4. Brachynema germari Kol. (Hemiptera.: Pentatomidae) in relation to juvenoid pyriproxyfen. African Journal of Biotechnology. 9: 5746-5753.
5. Bailey, E., J.A. Horne, M.E.G. Izatt & L. Hill, 1975. the effects of allatectomy on the lipid composition of the fat body and hemolymph of adult Locusta. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 52B: 525-528.
6. Bais, V.S. & T. Arasta, 1995. Effect of sublethal concentration of aldrex on protein, lipid and glycogen level in the liver and muscle of catfish, Mystus vittatus. Journal of Freshwater Biology. 7: 151-154.
7. Beenakkers, A.M.T.H., D.J. Van Der Horst & W.J. Van Marrewijk, 1981. “Role of Lipids in Energy Metabolism, 53-100”. In:
8. Energy Metabolism in Insects (Ed: R. G. H. Downer), Plenum Press, New York, 244 p. Bosch, J. & W.P. Kemp, 2004. Effect of pre-wintering and wintering temperature regimes on weight loss, survival, and emergence time in the mason bee Osmia cornuta (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Apidologie. 35: 469-479.

9. Breccia, A., E. Gattavecchia, G. Albonetti & A.M. Dipietra, 1976. Radiobiochemistry of phytodrugs: I. role of juvenile hormones and analogs in the biosynthesis of proteins and RNA in Drosophila larvae. Journal of Environmental
10. Science and Health. 11: 1-7. Chapman, R.F., 1982. The Insects, Structure and Function. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, USA.
11. Cotton, G., 1989. A study of the effects of the juvenile hormone analogue methoprene on the intermediary metabolism of the African migratory locust, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses
12. Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/6432/.
13. Cymborowski, B., 1992. Insect Endocrinology. Polish Scientific Publisher. 234 p.
14. De Kort, C.A.D. & A.B. Koopmanschap, 1990. “Effects of a Juvenile Hormone Analogue on Development,
15. Dhadialla, T.S., G.R. Carlson & D.P. Le, 1998. New insecticides with ecdysteroidal and juvenile hormone activity .
16. Annual Review of Entomology. 43: 545-569. Downer, R.G.H., 1985. “Lipid Metabolism, 75–114”. In: Comprehensive Insect Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology. (Eds.: G.A. Kerkut & L.I. Gilbert).Pergamon Press, Oxford. 646 p.
17. El-Sheikh, T.A.A., A.A. Hassanein, E.M.M. Radwan & H.M. Abo-Yousef, 2005. Biochemical effects of certain plant oils on the Lesser grain borer, Rhizopertha dominica. Annual Agriculture Science (Cairo). 50: 729-737.
18. Etebari, K., A.R. Bizhannia, R. Sorati & L. Matindoost, 2007. Biochemical changes in hemolymph of silkworm larvae due to pyriproxyfen residue. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 88: 14–19.
19. Gade, G., K.H. Hoffmann & J.H. Spring, 1997. Hormonal regulation in insects: facts, gaps, and future directions.
20. Physiological Reviews. 77: 963–1032.
21. Gellissen G. & G.R. Wyatt, 1981. Production of lipophorin in the fat body of adult Locusta migratoria: comparison with vitellogenin. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry. 59: 648-654.
22. Ghasemi, A., J.J. Sendi & M. Ghadamyari, 2010. Physiological and biochemical effect of pyriproxyfen on Indian meal moth
23. Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Journal of Plant Protection Research. 50: 416- 422. Ghoneim, K.S., 1994. Synergistic and antagonistic action of Chlorfluazuron and mevalonic acid against the main body metabolism of the Egyptian cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis Boisd. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal
24. Egyptian German Society of Zoology. 14(D): 89-115. Gordon, R. & I.R.Burford, 1984. Effects of methoprene, a juvenile hormone analog, on the larval and pupal stager of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Journal of Insect Physiology. 30: 279-286.
25. Hahn, D.A. & D.L. Denlinger, 2011. Energetics of insect diapause. Annual Review of Entomology, 56: 103-121.
26. Hamadah, Kh.Sh., K.S. Ghoneim & M.A. Tanani, 2012. Effect of certain insect growth regulators on the lipid content of some tissues of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. African Journal of Biochemistry Research. 6: 121-128.
27. Hamock, B.D. & G.B. Quistad, 1981. “Metabolism and Mode of Action or Juvenile Hormone, Juvenoids, and Other
28. Insect Growth Regulators, 1-83”. In: Progress in Pesticide Biochemistry, 1. (Eds.: D.H. Hutsan & T.R. Roberts). John Wiley and Sons, New York. 346 p. Hare, J.D., 1990. Ecology and management of the Colorado potato beetle. Annual Review of Entomology, 35: 81–100.
29. Harre, J.G. K.M. Dorsey, K.L. Armistrong, J.R. Burge & K.E. Kinnamon, 2001. Comparative fecundity and survival rates of Phlebotomus papatasi sandflies membrane fed on blood from eight mammal species. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 15 (2): 189-196.
30. Hill, L. & M.E.G. Izatt, 1974. The relationship between corpora allata and fat body and hemolymph lipids in the adult female desert locust. Journal of Insect Physiology. 20: 2143-2156.
31. Himeno, M., J. Takahashi & T. Komono, 1979. Effect of juvenile hormone on macromolecular synthesis of an insect cell line. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, 43: 1285-1292.
32. Ishaaya, I. & A.R. Horowitz, 1995. Pyriproxyfen, a novel insect growth regulator for controlling whiteflies: mechanism and resistance management. Journal of Pesticide Science, 43: 227-232.
33. Ishaaya, I., Z. Mendelson & A.R. Horowitz, 1993. Toxicity and growth-suppression exerted by diafenthiuron in the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. Phytoparasitica, 21: 199-204.
34. Itaya, N., 1987. Insect juvenile hormone analogue as an insect growth regulator. Sumitomo Pyrethroid World, 8: 2-4.
35. Johnson, R.A. & L. Hill, 1975. Activity of the corpora allata in the adult female migratory locust. Journal of Insect Physiology, 21: 1517-1519.
36. Judd, T.M., R.M. Magnus & M.P. Fasnacht, 2010. A nutritional profile of the social wasp Polistes metricus:
37. Differences in nutrient levels between castes and changes within castes during the annual life cycle. Journal of Insect Physiology, 56: 42-56. Kalimuthu, M. & R.S. Pandian, 2010. Toxicological effect of an insecticide that contains organochlorine and pyrethroid on the biochemical constituents of aquatic insect, Diplonychus rusticus (Fabr.). Current Biotica, 4: 10
38. Kaufman, C. & M.R. Brown, 2008. Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism and flight performance by a hypertrehalosaemic hormone in the mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Insect Physiology, 54: 367-377.
39. Kawada, H., 1988. An insect growth regulator against cockroaches. Sumitomo Pyrethroid World, 11: 2–4.
40. Kodrik, D., G. Alquicer & R. Socha, 2010. Methoprene modifies adipokinetic hormone characteristics in the firebug
41. Pyrrhocoris apterus (Heteroptera: Pyrrhocoridae). European Journal of Entomology. 107: 33-39. Koehler, P.G. & R.J. Patterson, 1991. Incorporation of pyriproxyfen in a German cockroach management program. Journal of Economic Entomology, 84: 917-921.
42. Koopmanschap, A.B., H. Oouchi & C.A.D. De Kort, 1989. Effects of a juvenile hormone analogue on the eggs, post- embryonic development, metamorphosis and diapause induction of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineta. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 50: 255-263.
43. Krishna, T., K. Bhasara Reddy, M. Narst Reddy & G. Maruthi Ram, 2007. Effect of fenvalerate, a synthetic pyrethroid on the pupal and adult females of Sweet potato weevil, Cylas formicarius F (Coleoptera:Curculinidae). Pestology. 31: 26-29.
44. Kruger, N.J., 1994. The Bradford method for protein quantitation. Methods in Molecular Biology. 32: 9-15.
45. Landers, M.H. & G.M. Happ, 1980. Precocene inhibition of vitellogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster. Experientia. 36: 619-620.
46. Langley, P., 1990. Control of the tsetse fly using a juvenile hormone mimic, pyriproxyfen. Sumitomo Pyrethroid World. 15: 2
47. Lease, H.M. & B.O. Wolf, 2011. Lipid content of terrestrial arthropods in relation to body size, phylogeny, ontogeny and sex. Physiological Entomology. 36: 29-38.
48. Lefever, K.S., A.B. Koopmanschap & C.A.D. De Kort, 1989. Changes in the concentrations of metabolites in hemolymph during and after diapauses in female Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Journal of Insect Physiology. 35: 121-128.
49. Magnarelli, L.A. & G.B. Modi, 1988. Caloric determinations of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae).
50. Journal of Medical Entomology. 25(2): 127-130. Mandal, D., 1982. Effect of juvenoid and allatectomy on the biochemical components of gonads in Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa
51. (Gryllotalpidae: Orthoptera: Insecta). Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. B48: 486-492. Mandal, D. & D.R. Chaudhuri, 1992. Studies on carbohydrate, protein and lipid levels in normal and stress conditions in fat body and integument as compared to whole body during development of moth Corcyra cephalonica.Insect
52. Science and Its Application. 13, 121-128. Mukherjee, S.N. & R.N. Sharma, 1996. Azadirachtin induced changes in feeding, dietary utilization and midgut carboxylesterase activity of the final instar larvae of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).
53. Journal of Environmental Science and Health. 31: 1307-1319.
54. Mulye, H. & R. Gordon, 1993. Effects of two juvenile hormone analogs on hemolymph and fat-body metabolites of the eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Can. J. Zool. 71: 1169-1174.
55. Nijhout, H.F. & C.M. Williams, 1974. Control of moulting and metamorphosis in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (L.): cessation of juvenile hormone secretion as a trigger for pupation. Journal of Experimental Biology. 61: 493-501.
56. Nouri-Ganbalani, G., 1989. Seasonal biology of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Col. Chrysomelidae), in Ardabil, Iran. Journal of Agriculture Science. 29: 1-9.
57. Patel, R.T., J.L. Soulages, B. Hariharasundaram & E.L. Arrese, 2005. Activation of the lipid droplet controls the rate of lipolysis of triglycerides in the insect fat body. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 280: 22624-22631.
58. Roseler, P.F. & I. Roseler, 1988. Influence of juvenile hormone on fat body metabolism in ovariolectomized queens of the bumblebee, Bornbus terrestris. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 18: 557-563.
59. Saleem, M.A., A.R. Shakoori & D. Mantle, 1998. Macromolecular and enzymatic abnormalities induced by a synthetic pyrethroid, Ripcord (cypermethrin) in adult beetles of stored grain pests, Tribolium castaneum(Herbst.) (Col. Tenebrionidae). Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology. 39: 144-154.
60. Salem, N.Y., 1994. Physiological effects of Melia azedarach on the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypt. 72: 25-30.
61. Shields, E.J. & J.A. Wyman, 1984. Effect of defoliation at specific growth stages on potato yields. Journal of
62. Economic Entomology. 77: 1194-1199.
63. Singh, G.J.P., 1986. Hemolymph carbohydrate and lipid mobilizationin Locusta migratoria in relation to progress of poisoning following bioresmethrin in treatment. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 25: 264-269.
64. Stanley-Samuelson, D.W. & D.R. Nelson, 1993. Insect Lipids, Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biology. University of Nebraska press, 449 p.
65. Steele, J.E., 1985. “Control of Metabolic Processes, 99-145”. In: Comprehensive Insect Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology. (Eds.: G. A. Kerkut & L. I. Gilbert). Pergamon Press, Oxford. 646 p.
66. Takada, Y., S. Kawamura & T. Tanaka, 2001. Effect of various insecticides on the development of the egg parasitoid
67. Trichogramma dendrolimi (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Journal of Economic Entomology. 94: 1340- 13
68. Tanani, M.A., K.S. Ghoneim & KH.SH. Hamadah, 2012. Comparative effects of certain IGRs on the carbohydrates of hemolymph and fat body of the Desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Orthoptera:Acrididae).
69. Florida Entomological Society. 95: 928-935. Thomas, K.K. & J.L. Nation, 1966. Control of a sex-limited haemolymph protein by corpora allata during ovarian development in Periplaneta americana. Biology Bulletin. 130: 254-264.
70. Van handel, E. & J.F. Day, 1988. Assay of lipids, glycogen and sugars in individual mosquitoes: correlations with wing length in field-collected Aedes vexans. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 4: 549-550.
71. Van Handel, E. & A.O. Lea, 1970. Control of glycogen and fat metabolism in the mosquito. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 14: 381-384.
72. Vermunt, A.M.W., A.B. Koopmanschap, J.M. Vlak & C.A.D. De Kort, 1999. Expression of the juvenile hormone esterase gene in the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata: photoperiodic and juvenile hormone analog response. Journal of Insect Physiology, 45: 135-142.
73. Walker, P.R. & E. Bailey, 1971. Effect of allatectomy on fat body lipid metabolism of the male desert locust during adult development. Journal of Insect Physiology, 17: 813-821.
74. Willrich, M.M. & D.J. Boethel, 2001. Effect of diflubenzuron on Pseudoplusia includens (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) and its parasitoid Copidosoma floridanum (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Environmental Entomology, 30: 794-797.
75. Wilson, T.G., M.H. Landers & G.M. Happ, 1983. Precocene I and II inhibition of vitellogenic oocyte development in
76. Drosophila melanogaster. Journal of Insect Physiology, 29: 249-254. Yi, S-X. & T.S. Adams, 2000. Effect of pyriproxyfen and photoperiod on free amino acid concentrations and proteins in the hemolymph of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). Journal of Insect Physiology, 46: 1341-1353.
77. Zibaee, A., I. Zibaee & J.J. Sendi, 2011. A juvenile hormone analog, pyriproxyfen, affects some biochemical components in the hemolymph and fat bodies of Eurygaster integriceps Puton (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae).
78. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 100: 289-298.