Panel Data Analysis of Telecommunications and Economic Growth
Yıl 2022,
Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 366 - 385, 30.06.2022
Mustafa Bekar
,
Aslıhan Tüfekci
,
Yeliz Yalçın
,
Furkan Emirmahmutoglu
Öz
This paper assesses the importance of telecommunications sector by means of investment, foreign trade volume and consumption in telecommunications field to economic growth. Acquisition of tangible and non-tangible assets or the renewal of existing ones made by organizations providing telecommunication network and services as “investment in telecommunications”, World Trade Organization’s classification for the “telecommunications traded commodities and services”, and the number of mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions, fixed line subscriptions and number of internet users as “telecommunications consumption” are used. A dynamic panel data model is applied to measure the relationship between telecommunications sector and economic growth to 44 countries in different regions and at different income levels for the period 2000 to 2015. According to system GMM results, there exist positive and statistically significant relationship between economic growth and investment, foreign trade volume and consumption in telecommunications, which is compatible with literature. The results also imply that economic growth in countries would be directly stimulated by foreign trade in telecommunications goods.
Kaynakça
- Aghaei, M. and Rezagholizadeh, M. (2017). The impact of information and communication technology on economic growth in the OIC countries. Environmental & Socio-Economic Studies, 17, 255-276. doi:10.25167/ees.2017.42.7
- Alper, F. Ö. (2018). Bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerinin ekonomik büyüme ve işsizlik üzerine etkisi: Seçilmiş AB ülkeleri ve Türkiye örneği. Yasama Dergisi, 36, 45-65. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/yasamadergisi
- Anderson, T. W. and Hsiao, C. (1981). Estimation of dynamic models with error components. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 76(375), 598-606. https://doi.org/10.2307/2287517
- Arellano, M. (1989). A note on the Anderson-Hsiao Estimator for panel data. Economic Letters, 31, 337-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(89)90025-6
- Arellano, M. and Bond, S. (1991). Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. The Review of Economic Studies, 58(2), 277-297. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297968
- Arıöz, A. (2005). Telekomünikasyon sektöründe serbestleşme süreci (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Rekabet Kurumu, Ankara.
- Artan, S., Hayaloğlu, P. ve Baltacı N. (2014). Bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerindeki gelişmelerin iktisadi büyüme üzerindeki etkisi: Geçiş ekonomileri örneği. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 28(1), 199-214. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/atauniiibd
- Bahrini, R. and Qaffas, A.A. (2019). Impact of information and communication technology on economic growth: Evidence from developing countries. Economies, 7(21), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies7010021
- Blundell, R. and Bond, S. (1998). Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models. Journal of Econometrics, 87, 115-143.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(98)00009-8
- Brand Finance, Global 500. (2021). The annual report on the most valuable and strongest global brands. Retrieved from https://brandirectory.com/download-report/brand-finance-global-500-2021-preview.pdf
- Datta, A. and Agarwal, S. (2004). Telecommunications and economic growth: A panel data approach. Applied Economics, 36(15), 1649-1654. doi:10.1080/0003684042000218552
- Ding, L. and Haynes K. (2006). The role of telecommunications infrastructure in regional economic growth in China. Australasian Journal of Regional Studies, 12(3), 281-302. Retrieved from https://www.anzrsai.org/
- Dutta, A. (2001). Telecommunications and economic activity: An analysis of Granger causality. Journal of Management Information Systems, 17(4), 71-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2001.11045658
- Güvel, E.A. ve Aytun, C. (2013). Telekomünikasyon altyapısı ve ekonomik büyüme: Farklı gelir grupları üzerine bir uygulama. Business and Economics Research Journal, 4(3), 1-20. Erişim adresi: http://www.berjournal.com/
- Hansen, L.P. (1982). Large sample properties of generalized method of moments estimators. Econometrica, 50, 1029-1054. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912775
- Hardy, A. (1980). The role of the telephone in economic development. Telecommunications Policy, 4(4). 278-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/0308-5961(80)90044-0
- Haroon, S., Zhang, D.H. and Zaman, Q. (2018). Investment in telecom and economic growth of developing Asian countries: A case study of panel data analysis. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 7(4), 728-736. Retrieved from https://european-science.com/
- Herrerias, M.J. and Orts, V. (2013). Capital goods imports and long-run growth: Is the Chinese experience relevant to developing countries? Journal of Policy Modeling, 35, 781-797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2013.02.006
- International Telecommunication Union Statistics. (2021). Telecommunication Union Statistics [Dataset]. Retrieved from https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx
- Kurt, A. (2007). Türk telekomünikasyon sektörü ile ülke ekonomisindeki gelişmeler arasındaki ilişkinin varlığının ve boyutunun ekonometrik analizi (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Telekomünikasyon Kurumu, Ankara.
- Lee, S.H., Levendis, J. and Gutierrez L. (2012). Telecommunications and economic growth: An empirical analysis of Sub-Saharan Africa. Applied Economics, 44(4), 461-469. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2010.508730
- Madden, G. and Savage, S.J. (1998). CEE telecommunications investment and economic growth. Information Economics and Policy, 10(2), 173-195. doi:10.1016/S0167-6245(97)00020-6
- Nasab, E.H. and Aghaei, M. (2009). The effect of ICT on economic growth: Further evidence. International Bulletin of Business Administration, 5, 46-56. Retrieved from http://www.eurojournals.com/IBBA.htm
- Nickell, S. (1981). Biases in dynamic models with fixed effects. Econometrica, 49(6), 1417-1426. https://doi.org/10.2307/1911408
- Özcan, B. (2015). Telekomünikasyon altyapısı-ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Panel nedensellik analizi. Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Yönetimi Dergisi, 10(2), 79-87. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/beyder
- Pazarlıoğlu, M.V. ve Gürler, Ö.K. (2007). Telekomünikasyon yatırımları ve ekonomik büyüme: Panel veri yaklaşımı. Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, 44(508), 35-43. Erişim adresi: http://www.ekonomikyorumlar.com.tr/
- Pesaran, M.H. (2015). Time series and panel data econometrics. UK: Oxford University Press
- Petrazzini, B.A. (1995). The political economy of telecommunications reform in developing countries. Westport: Praeger Publishers.
- Pohjola, M. (2000). Information technology and economic growth: A cross-country analysis (World Institute for Development Economics Research Working Paper No. 173). Retrieved from https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/295500/
- Pohjola, M. (2002). The new economy in growth and development. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 18(3), 380-396. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/18.3.380
- Pyka, A. and Andersen, E.S. (2012). Introduction: Long term economic development: Demand, finance, organization, policy and innovation in a Schumpeterian perspective. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 22, 621-625. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00191-012-0279-z
- Shiu, A. and Lam P. (2008). Causal relationship between telecommunications and economic growth: A study of 105 countries. Paper presented at the 17th Biennial Conference of the International Telecommunications Society (ITS). Montreal, Canada. Retrieved from https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Causal-Relationship-between-Telecommunications-and-Shiu-Lam/79623882cfa5f1e73f138aa65f8bde5cbcac84dd
- Sridhar, K. S. and Sridhar, V. (2007). Telecommunication infrastructure and economic growth: Evidence from developing countries. Applied Econometrics and International Development, 7(2), 37-61. Retrieved from https://www.usc.es/
- Topçu, H. ve Gedik, A. (2021). Türkiye’de telekomünikasyon yatırımlarının ekonomik büyüme üzerine etkisi. Journal of Academic Value Studies, 7(3), 316-343. doi:10.29228/javs.52377
- Türedi, S. (2013). Bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerinin ekonomik büyümeye etkisi: Gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkeler için panel veri analizi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Elektronik Dergisi, 4(7), 298-322. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/gumus
- Waverman, L., Meschi, M. and Fuss M. (2005). The impact of telecoms on economic growth in developing Countries (Vodafone Policy Paper Series No. 2). Retrieved from https://www.vodafone.com/content/dam/vodcom/sustainability/pdfs/Vodafone_Survey.pdf
- We Are Social. (2021). Digital 2021. Retrieved from https://wearesocial.com/blog/2021/07/digital-2021-i-dati-di-luglio/
- Windmeijer, F. (2005). A finite sample correction for the variance of linear efficient two-step GMM estimator. Journal of Econometrics, 126, 25-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2004.02.005
- World Bank. (2021). World Development Indicators [Dataset]. Retrieved from http://datatopics.worldbank.org/world-development-indicators/
- World Trade Organization. (2021). Statistics Database [Dataset]. Retrieved from http://stat.wto.org/StatisticalProgram/WSDB StatProgramHome.aspx?Language=E
- Yamak, R. ve Koçak N. A. (2007). Bilgi teknolojisi harcamalarının ekonomik büyüme üzerine etkileri: 1993-2005. Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Yönetimi Dergisi, 2(1), 1-10. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/beyder
- Yapraklı, S. ve Sağlam, T. (2010). Türkiye’de bilgi iletişim teknolojileri ve ekonomik büyüme: Ekonometrik bir analiz (1980-2008). Ege Akademik Bakış, 10(2), 575-596. doi:10.21121/eab.2010219637
- Yıldız, F. (2012). Telekomünikasyon yatırımlarının ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi: OECD ülkeleri üzerine ampirik bir çalışma. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(3), 233-258. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sduiibfd
- Yoon, S. (2019). The impact of ICT goods imports on economic growth: Evidence from Asia-Pacific countries. Journal of Korea Trade, 23(7), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.35611/jkt.2019.23.7.1
- Zahra, K., Azim, P. and Mahmood, A. (2008). Telecommunication infrastructure development and economic growth: A panel data approach. The Pakistan Development Review, 47(4), 711-726. Retrieved from https://go.gale.com/
Telekomünikasyon ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisinin Panel Veri Analizi
Yıl 2022,
Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 366 - 385, 30.06.2022
Mustafa Bekar
,
Aslıhan Tüfekci
,
Yeliz Yalçın
,
Furkan Emirmahmutoglu
Öz
Bu çalışmada, telekomünikasyon sektörüne ilişkin yatırımlar, dış ticaret hacmi ve tüketim verileri dikkate alınarak telekomünikasyon sektörünün ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki önemi incelenmiştir. “Telekomünikasyon yatırımları” olarak telekomünikasyon ağı ve servislerini sağlayan kuruluşların maddi ve maddi olmayan varlıkların edinimi veya mevcutların yenilenmesi için yapmış oldukları yatırımlar, “telekomünikasyon dış ticaretine konu emtia ve hizmetler” için Dünya Ticaret Örgütü’nün sınıflandırması, “telekomünikasyon tüketimi” olarak ise mobil hat abonelik sayısı, sabit hat abonelik sayısı ve internet kullanıcı sayısı verileri dikkate alınmıştır. Telekomünikasyon ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisinin belirlenmesi için farklı bölgelerde ve farklı gelir düzeyindeki 44 ülke için 2000 – 2015 dönemine ait yıllık verileri ile dinamik panel veri modeli kullanılmıştır. Sistem GMM tahmin sonucunda elde edilen bulgular, ekonomik büyüme ile telekomünikasyon sektörüne yapılan yatırımlar, telekomünikasyon sektörüne ait dış ticaret hacmi ve telekomünikasyon tüketimi arasında literatür ile uyumlu olarak pozitif ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişkinin mevcut olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca sonuçlar, ülkelerin ekonomik büyümesinin, telekomünikasyon ürünlerinin dış ticaret işlemleri tarafından doğrudan teşvik edildiğini de ortaya koymaktadır.
Kaynakça
- Aghaei, M. and Rezagholizadeh, M. (2017). The impact of information and communication technology on economic growth in the OIC countries. Environmental & Socio-Economic Studies, 17, 255-276. doi:10.25167/ees.2017.42.7
- Alper, F. Ö. (2018). Bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerinin ekonomik büyüme ve işsizlik üzerine etkisi: Seçilmiş AB ülkeleri ve Türkiye örneği. Yasama Dergisi, 36, 45-65. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/yasamadergisi
- Anderson, T. W. and Hsiao, C. (1981). Estimation of dynamic models with error components. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 76(375), 598-606. https://doi.org/10.2307/2287517
- Arellano, M. (1989). A note on the Anderson-Hsiao Estimator for panel data. Economic Letters, 31, 337-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(89)90025-6
- Arellano, M. and Bond, S. (1991). Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. The Review of Economic Studies, 58(2), 277-297. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297968
- Arıöz, A. (2005). Telekomünikasyon sektöründe serbestleşme süreci (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Rekabet Kurumu, Ankara.
- Artan, S., Hayaloğlu, P. ve Baltacı N. (2014). Bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerindeki gelişmelerin iktisadi büyüme üzerindeki etkisi: Geçiş ekonomileri örneği. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 28(1), 199-214. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/atauniiibd
- Bahrini, R. and Qaffas, A.A. (2019). Impact of information and communication technology on economic growth: Evidence from developing countries. Economies, 7(21), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies7010021
- Blundell, R. and Bond, S. (1998). Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models. Journal of Econometrics, 87, 115-143.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(98)00009-8
- Brand Finance, Global 500. (2021). The annual report on the most valuable and strongest global brands. Retrieved from https://brandirectory.com/download-report/brand-finance-global-500-2021-preview.pdf
- Datta, A. and Agarwal, S. (2004). Telecommunications and economic growth: A panel data approach. Applied Economics, 36(15), 1649-1654. doi:10.1080/0003684042000218552
- Ding, L. and Haynes K. (2006). The role of telecommunications infrastructure in regional economic growth in China. Australasian Journal of Regional Studies, 12(3), 281-302. Retrieved from https://www.anzrsai.org/
- Dutta, A. (2001). Telecommunications and economic activity: An analysis of Granger causality. Journal of Management Information Systems, 17(4), 71-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2001.11045658
- Güvel, E.A. ve Aytun, C. (2013). Telekomünikasyon altyapısı ve ekonomik büyüme: Farklı gelir grupları üzerine bir uygulama. Business and Economics Research Journal, 4(3), 1-20. Erişim adresi: http://www.berjournal.com/
- Hansen, L.P. (1982). Large sample properties of generalized method of moments estimators. Econometrica, 50, 1029-1054. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912775
- Hardy, A. (1980). The role of the telephone in economic development. Telecommunications Policy, 4(4). 278-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/0308-5961(80)90044-0
- Haroon, S., Zhang, D.H. and Zaman, Q. (2018). Investment in telecom and economic growth of developing Asian countries: A case study of panel data analysis. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 7(4), 728-736. Retrieved from https://european-science.com/
- Herrerias, M.J. and Orts, V. (2013). Capital goods imports and long-run growth: Is the Chinese experience relevant to developing countries? Journal of Policy Modeling, 35, 781-797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2013.02.006
- International Telecommunication Union Statistics. (2021). Telecommunication Union Statistics [Dataset]. Retrieved from https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx
- Kurt, A. (2007). Türk telekomünikasyon sektörü ile ülke ekonomisindeki gelişmeler arasındaki ilişkinin varlığının ve boyutunun ekonometrik analizi (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Telekomünikasyon Kurumu, Ankara.
- Lee, S.H., Levendis, J. and Gutierrez L. (2012). Telecommunications and economic growth: An empirical analysis of Sub-Saharan Africa. Applied Economics, 44(4), 461-469. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2010.508730
- Madden, G. and Savage, S.J. (1998). CEE telecommunications investment and economic growth. Information Economics and Policy, 10(2), 173-195. doi:10.1016/S0167-6245(97)00020-6
- Nasab, E.H. and Aghaei, M. (2009). The effect of ICT on economic growth: Further evidence. International Bulletin of Business Administration, 5, 46-56. Retrieved from http://www.eurojournals.com/IBBA.htm
- Nickell, S. (1981). Biases in dynamic models with fixed effects. Econometrica, 49(6), 1417-1426. https://doi.org/10.2307/1911408
- Özcan, B. (2015). Telekomünikasyon altyapısı-ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Panel nedensellik analizi. Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Yönetimi Dergisi, 10(2), 79-87. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/beyder
- Pazarlıoğlu, M.V. ve Gürler, Ö.K. (2007). Telekomünikasyon yatırımları ve ekonomik büyüme: Panel veri yaklaşımı. Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, 44(508), 35-43. Erişim adresi: http://www.ekonomikyorumlar.com.tr/
- Pesaran, M.H. (2015). Time series and panel data econometrics. UK: Oxford University Press
- Petrazzini, B.A. (1995). The political economy of telecommunications reform in developing countries. Westport: Praeger Publishers.
- Pohjola, M. (2000). Information technology and economic growth: A cross-country analysis (World Institute for Development Economics Research Working Paper No. 173). Retrieved from https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/295500/
- Pohjola, M. (2002). The new economy in growth and development. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 18(3), 380-396. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/18.3.380
- Pyka, A. and Andersen, E.S. (2012). Introduction: Long term economic development: Demand, finance, organization, policy and innovation in a Schumpeterian perspective. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 22, 621-625. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00191-012-0279-z
- Shiu, A. and Lam P. (2008). Causal relationship between telecommunications and economic growth: A study of 105 countries. Paper presented at the 17th Biennial Conference of the International Telecommunications Society (ITS). Montreal, Canada. Retrieved from https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Causal-Relationship-between-Telecommunications-and-Shiu-Lam/79623882cfa5f1e73f138aa65f8bde5cbcac84dd
- Sridhar, K. S. and Sridhar, V. (2007). Telecommunication infrastructure and economic growth: Evidence from developing countries. Applied Econometrics and International Development, 7(2), 37-61. Retrieved from https://www.usc.es/
- Topçu, H. ve Gedik, A. (2021). Türkiye’de telekomünikasyon yatırımlarının ekonomik büyüme üzerine etkisi. Journal of Academic Value Studies, 7(3), 316-343. doi:10.29228/javs.52377
- Türedi, S. (2013). Bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerinin ekonomik büyümeye etkisi: Gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkeler için panel veri analizi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Elektronik Dergisi, 4(7), 298-322. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/gumus
- Waverman, L., Meschi, M. and Fuss M. (2005). The impact of telecoms on economic growth in developing Countries (Vodafone Policy Paper Series No. 2). Retrieved from https://www.vodafone.com/content/dam/vodcom/sustainability/pdfs/Vodafone_Survey.pdf
- We Are Social. (2021). Digital 2021. Retrieved from https://wearesocial.com/blog/2021/07/digital-2021-i-dati-di-luglio/
- Windmeijer, F. (2005). A finite sample correction for the variance of linear efficient two-step GMM estimator. Journal of Econometrics, 126, 25-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2004.02.005
- World Bank. (2021). World Development Indicators [Dataset]. Retrieved from http://datatopics.worldbank.org/world-development-indicators/
- World Trade Organization. (2021). Statistics Database [Dataset]. Retrieved from http://stat.wto.org/StatisticalProgram/WSDB StatProgramHome.aspx?Language=E
- Yamak, R. ve Koçak N. A. (2007). Bilgi teknolojisi harcamalarının ekonomik büyüme üzerine etkileri: 1993-2005. Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Yönetimi Dergisi, 2(1), 1-10. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/beyder
- Yapraklı, S. ve Sağlam, T. (2010). Türkiye’de bilgi iletişim teknolojileri ve ekonomik büyüme: Ekonometrik bir analiz (1980-2008). Ege Akademik Bakış, 10(2), 575-596. doi:10.21121/eab.2010219637
- Yıldız, F. (2012). Telekomünikasyon yatırımlarının ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi: OECD ülkeleri üzerine ampirik bir çalışma. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(3), 233-258. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sduiibfd
- Yoon, S. (2019). The impact of ICT goods imports on economic growth: Evidence from Asia-Pacific countries. Journal of Korea Trade, 23(7), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.35611/jkt.2019.23.7.1
- Zahra, K., Azim, P. and Mahmood, A. (2008). Telecommunication infrastructure development and economic growth: A panel data approach. The Pakistan Development Review, 47(4), 711-726. Retrieved from https://go.gale.com/