Basic Provisions of International Labor Norms Intended for the Covid-19 Outbreak: Japan, China, USA & Turkey Samples

Öz

The Covid-19 outbreak began to affect not only human health but also the national and international labor markets. When the uncertainty and fear environment experienced is considered, enterprises postpone their investments, purchases of goods, and recruitment of workers. On the other hand, most of the workers will likely be fired due to rising labor costs. In this process, international labor norms, aiming at protecting jobs and workers, taking into account the needs of sustainable businesses and responding to labor markets' changing functioning, are of great importance. The basic provisions of international labor norms show the expected behavior in the face of concrete situations in working life and represent durability in the labor markets. In this context, international labor norms are the product of a unique tripartite structure (government, workers, and employers) that set the global economy's basic minimum social norms.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Covid-19
• International Labour Norms
• International Labour Organization
• Worker
• Employer

Basic Provisions of International Labor Norms Intended for the Covid-19 Outbreak: Japan, China, USA & Turkey Samples

Öz

Covid-19 salgını sadece insan sağlığını değil, aynı zamanda ulusal ve uluslararası işgücü piyasalarını da etkilemeye başlamıştır. Yaşanan belirsizlik ve korku ortamı dikkate alındığında; işletmeler yatırımlarını, mal alımlarını ve işçi alımını ertelemektedirler. Öte yandan, işçilerin çoğunun artan işçilik maliyetleri nedeniyle işten çıkarılması muhtemeldir. Bu süreçte, işlerin ve işçilerin korunmasını amaçlayan, sürdürülebilir işletmelerin ihtiyaçlarını dikkate alan ve işgücü piyasalarının değişen işleyişine cevap veren uluslararası çalışma normları büyük önem taşımaktadır. Uluslararası çalışma normlarının temel hükümleri, çalışma hayatındaki somut durumlar karşısında beklenen davranışın ne olduğunu göstermekte ve işgücü piyasalarındaki dayanıklılığı temsil etmektedir. Bu bağlamda, uluslararası çalışma normları, küresel ekonomide temel asgari sosyal normları belirleyen eşsiz bir üçlü yapının (hükümet, işçiler ve işverenler) ürünüdür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Covid-19
• uluslararası çalışma normları
• uluslararası çalışma örgütü
• işçi
• işveren

Kaynakça

1. AÇSHB. (04 Nisan 2020). Koronavirüs Tedbirlerimiz Kapsamında, SUT ile Karşıladığımız Yoğun Bakım Tedavi Ücretlerini İki Katına Çıkardık. https://www.ailevecalisma.gov.tr/tr-tr/haberler/bakan-selcuk-koronavirus-tedbirlerimiz-kapsaminda-sut-ile-karsiladigimiz-yogun-bakim-tedavi-ucretlerini-iki-katina-cikardik/ (Erişim Tarihi: 04.04.2020).
2. AÇSHB. (28 Mart 2020). Huzurevlerimizin Anlık Takibi İçin Takip İzleme Birimleri Oluşturduk. https://www.ailevecalisma.gov.tr/tr-tr/haberler/bakan-selcuk-huzurevlerimizin-anlik-takibi-icin-takip-izleme-birimleri-olusturduk/ (Erişim Tarihi: 04.04.2020).
3. AÇSHB. (21 Mart 2020). 2 Milyar Liralık Nakdi Yardım ile İlgili Basın Açıklamamız. https://www.ailevecalisma.gov.tr/tr-tr/basin-aciklamalari/2-milyar-liralik-nakdi-yardim-ile-ilgili-basin-aciklamamiz/ (Erişim Tarihi: 04.04.2020).
4. ATSO. (20 Mart 2020). Ekonomik İstikrar Kalkanı Paketi. https://www.atso.org.tr/detay/2/2/1/7591/ekonomik-istikrar-kalkani-paketi.html (Erişim Tarihi: 04.04.2020). Altan, Ö. Z., Şişman, Y., Tonus, Ö. ve Uçkan, B. (2005) Uluslararası Çalışma Normları. TC. Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayını No:1566 & Açıköğretin Fakültesi Yayını No:823, Eskişehir.
5. Altan, Ö. Z. (2005). Uluslararası Çalışma Normlarının Hukuki Niteliği ve Yaşadığımız Dönemde Taşıdığı Önem. İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası. 55(1), 631-650.
6. Bazı Andlaşmaların Yapılması İçin Cumhurbaşkanına Yetki Verilmesi Hakkında Kanun. (31.05.1963). Resmî Gazete (Sayı: 244). https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.244.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 27.04.2020).
7. BBC. (26 Mart 2020). Coronavirus: US Senate Passes $2tn Disaster Aid Bill. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52033863 (Erişim Tarihi: 26.03.2020).
8. Bernard, T. S. and Lieber, R. (16 Nisan 2020). F.A.Q. on Stimulus Checks, Unemployment and the Coronavirus Plan. https://www.nytimes.com/article/coronavirus-stimulus-package-questions-answers.html (Erişim Tarihi: 19.04.2020).

9. Bouey, J. (10 Mart 2020). Assessment of COVID-19’s Impact on Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Implications from China. https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/testimonies/CT500/CT524/RAND_CT524.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 19.04.2020).
10. CCIFJ. (30 Mart 2020). COVID-19: Japanese Supports For Shrinking Business Activities and Employment. https://www.ccifj.or.jp/actus/n/news/covid-19-japanese-supports-for-shrinking-business-activities-and-employment.html (Erişim Tarihi:01.04.2020).
11. CHINATAX. (13 Nisan 2020). Tax Authorities, Banks Roll out Policies to Relieve Financial Pressure of Small Businesses. http://www.chinatax.gov.cn/eng/home.html (Erişim Tarihi: 13.04.2020).
12. Chappelow, J. (17 Nisan 2020). Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act. https://www.investopedia.com/coronavirus-aid-relief-and-economic-security-cares-act-4800707 (Erişim Tarihi: 17.04.2020).
13. Federal Reserve. (16 Nisan 2020). Federal Reserve Announces its Paycheck Protection Program Liquidity Facility is Fully Operational and Available to Provide Liquidity to Eligible Financial Institutions. https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/pressreleases/monetary20200416a.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2020).
14. Gentilin, U., Almenfi, M. ve Orton, I. (20 Mart 2020). Social Protection and Jobs Responses to COVID-19: A Real-Time Review of Country Measures. http://www.ugogentilini.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/global-review-of-social-protection-responses-to-COVID-19-2.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 27.03.2020).
15. Humblet, M. vd., (2002). International Labour Standards: A Global Approach. Geneva: International Labour Office.
16. ILO. (20 Nisan 2020). Country Policy Responses. https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/coronavirus/country-responses/lang--en/index.htm#US (Erişim Tarihi: 27.04.2020).
17. ILO. (17 Nisan 2020). Country Policy Responses. https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/coronavirus/country-responses/lang--en/index.htm#JP (Erişim Tarihi: 27.04.2020).
18. ILO. (8 Nisan 2020a). Country Policy Responses. https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/coronavirus/country-responses/lang--en/index.htm#CN (Erişim Tarihi: 27.04.2020).
19. ILO. (8 Nisan 2020b). Country Policy Responses. https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/coronavirus/country-responses/lang--en/index.htm#US (Erişim Tarihi: 27.04.2020).
20. ILO. (8 Nisan 2020c). Country Policy Responses. https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/coronavirus/country-responses/lang--en/index.htm#TR (Erişim Tarihi: 27.04.2020).
21. ILO. (07 Nisan 2020a). ILO Monitor 2nd Edition: Covid-19 and the World of Work Updated Estimates and Analysis. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_740877.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 27.04.2020).
22. ILO. (07 Nisan 2020b). ILO: Covid-19 Causes Devastating Losses in Working Hours and Employment. https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_740893/lang--en/index.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 27.04.2020).
23. ILO. (31 Mart 2020). ILO Standards on Covid-19 (Coronavirus)-FAQs Launched. https://www.ilo.org/caribbean/newsroom/WCMS_740266/lang--en/index.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 27.04.2020).
24. ILO. (25 Mart 2020). Social Protection Responses to the Covid-19 Crisis. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/documents/briefingnote/wcms_739587.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 27.04.2020).
25. ILO. (23 Mart 2020). ILO Standards and Covid-19 (Coronavirus). https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---normes/documents/publication/wcms_739937.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 27.04.2020).
26. ILO. (19 Mart 2020) What are the Key Policies that will Mitigate the Impacts of Covid-19 on the World of Work?. https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/coronavirus/impacts-and-responses/WCMS_739048/lang--en/index.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 27.04.2020).
27. ILO. (18 Mart 2020a). Covid-19 and World of Work: Impacts and Responses. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_738753.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 27.03.2020).
28. ILO. (18 Mart 2020b). Covid-19 Pandemic. https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_738742/lang--en/index.htm, (Erişim Tarihi: 27.03.2020).
29. ILO. (2020a). International Labour Standards. https://libguides.ilo.org/international-labour-standards-en (Erişim Tarihi: 27.04.2020).
30. ILO. (2020b). Covid-19 and the World of Work. https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/coronavirus/lang--en/index.htm, (Erişim Tarihi: 27.03.2020).
31. ILO. (2019). Rules of the game: An introduction to the standards-related work of the International Labour Organization. Geneva: International Labour Office.
32. ILO. (2017). Employment and Decent Work for Peace and Resilience Recommendation.https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:R205 (Erişim Tarihi: 27.04.2020).
33. ILO. (19 Haziran 2009) Recovering from The Crisis: A Global Jobs Pact. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---relconf/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_115076.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 27.04.2020).
34. ILOSTAT. (2020). Covid-19 and Labour Statistics. https://ilostat.ilo.org/topics/covid-19/ (Erişim Tarihi: 27.04.2020).
35. ITUC. (23 Mart 2020). Joint Statement on Covid-19 by International Organisation of Employers and International Trade Union Confederation. https://www.ituc-csi.org/ituc-ioe-covid19?lang=en (Erişim Tarihi: 27.04.2020).
36. IZA World of Labor. (2020). Covid-19-Pandemics and the Labor Market. https://wol.iza.org/key-topics/pandemics-and-the-labor-market (Erişim Tarihi: 27.04.2020).
37. Lawinfochina. (26 Şubat 2020). State Council Stresses Orderly Resumption of Production and Operation. http://www.lawinfochina.com/Search/DisplayInfo.aspx?id=25919&lib=news&keyTitle=&keyCTitle=”, (Erişim Tarihi: 27.03.2020).
38. Lee, J. (26 Şubat 2020). CDC: How Americans Should Prepare for School and Workplace Closures due to Coronavirus Outbreak. https://www.marketwatch.com/story/cdc-how-americans-should-prepare-for-school-and-workplace-closures-due-to-coronavirus-2020-02-25 (Erişim Tarihi: 27.03.2020).
39. Liew, S. (9 Nisan 2020). 125 Million Workers in Asia-Pacific at Risk of Unemployment. https://hrmasia.com/125-million-workers-in-asia-pacific-at-risk-of-unemployment/ (Erişim Tarihi: 27.04.2020).
40. Malpass, D. (5 Mart 2020). Coronavirus Highlights the Need to Strengthen Health Systems. https://blogs.worldbank.org/voices/coronavirus-covid19-highlights-need-strengthen-health-systems (Erişim Tarihi: 27.04.2020).
41. Milletlerarası Münasebetlerin Yürütülmesi ve Koordinasyonu Hakkında Kanun. (5.5.1969). Resmî Gazete (Sayı:1173). https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.1173.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 27.04.2020).
42. Miliard, M. (17 Mart 2020). Trump Administration Expands Medicare Telehealth Benefits for COVID-19 Fight. https://www.healthcareitnews.com/news/trump-administration-expands-medicare-telehealth-benefits-covid-19-fight (Erişim Tarihi: 27.03.2020).
43. Musil, S. (12 Mart 2020). Coronavirus Testing will be Free for all Americans. CDC Director Says”, https://www.cnet.com/news/coronavirus-testing-will-be-free-for-all-americans-cdc-director-says/ (Erişim Tarihi: 27.03.2020).
44. Rogers, T. N. (2020). You could get 12 Weeks of Coronavirus-Related Paid Leave Under a New Law-But only until December 31. Here's how to Know if You're Eligible for the Benefits. https://www.businessinsider.com/families-first-coronavirus-response-act-paid-sick-leave-for-employees-2020-4 (Erişim Tarihi: 27.04.2020).
45. Socialprotection. (2020). Social Protection Response to Covid-19 Initiative. https://socialprotection.org/social-protection-responses-covid-19-task-force/1-how-can-i-support-covid-19 (Erişim Tarihi: 27.04.2020).
46. Tang, F. (16 Mart 2020). Coronavirus: China Unemployment Rate Rose More than During US Trade War. https://www.Scmp.Com/Economy/China-Economy/Article/3075411/Coronavirus-China-Unemployment-Rate-Rose-More-During-Us-Trade (Erişim Tarihi: 27.03.2020).
47. TCMB. (17 Mart 2020). Para Politikası Kurulu Toplantı Özetine İlişkin Basın Duyurusu (2020-19). https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/tr/tcmb+tr/main+menu/duyurular/basin/2020/duy2020-19 (Erişim Tarihi: 27.04.2020).
48. Tekeli, S., Gökbayrak, Ş., Gülmez, M. ve Erdoğdu, S. (2019). Uluslararası Sosyal Politika. T.C. Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayını No: 2922 Açıköğretim Fakültesi Yayını No: 1879, Eskişehir.
49. UNICEF. (2020a). Guidance for Employers on Flexible Work Arrangements and Other Good Workplace Practices in the Context of Covid-19. https://www.unicef.org/mongolia/media/1476/file/Guidance%20for%20Employers%20on%20Flexible%20Work%20Arrangements%20and%20Other%20Good%20Workplace%20Practices%20(COVID-19).pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 27.04.2020).
50. UNICEF. (2020b). Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19): What You Need to Know About the Virus to Protect You and Your Family. https://www.unicef.org/coronavirus/covid-19 (Erişim Tarihi: 27.04.2020).
51. UNICEF. (2020c). Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19): What Parents Should Know: How to Protect Yourself and Your Children. https://www.unicef.org/stories/novel-coronavirus-outbreak-what-parents-should-know (Erişim Tarihi: 27.04.2020).
52. UNICEF. (23 Mart 2020). 7 Ways Employers can Support Working Parents During the Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) Outbreak. https://www.unicef.org/coronavirus/7-ways-employers-can-support-working-parents-during-coronavirus-disease-covid-19 (Erişim Tarihi: 27.04.2020).
53. U.S. Department of the Treasury (2020). The CARES Act Provides Assistance to Small Businesses. https://home.treasury.gov/policy-issues/cares/assistance-for-small-businesses (Erişim Tarihi: 27.04.2020).
54. WHO. (2020). Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) Outbreak: Rights, Roles and Responsibilities of Health Workers, Including Key Considerations for Occupational Safety And Health. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-rights-roles-respon-hw-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=bcabd401_0 (Erişim Tarihi: 27.04.2020).
55. WHO. (28 Nisan 2020). Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) Outbreak Situation. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019 (Erişim Tarihi: 28.04.2020).
56. Yükseköğretim Kanunu ile Bazı Kanunlarda Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Kanun. (15.4.2020). Resmî Gazete (Sayı: 7243). https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2020/04/20200417.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 27.04.2020).