Effect of Blood Urea Nitrogen Level on Fertility in Cattle

Öz

-

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Fertilite, sığır, üre nitrojen.

Sığırlarda Kan Üre Nitrojen Düzeyinin Fertiliteye Etkisi

Öz

Yüksek miktarda protein içeren rasyonlarla beslenen ineklerde kan üre nitrojen (BUN) konsantrasyonu artmakta, artan BUN konsantrasyonu ise fertiliteyi olumsuz olarak etkilemektedir. Sığırlarda normal BUN konsantrasyonu 12 ile 15 mg/dl arasındadır. BUN konsantrasyonu 19 ile 20 mg/dl’den yüksek olan ineklerde gebelik oranı %20 ile %25 arasında azalmaktadır. Sığırlarda yüksek BUN konsantrasyonları ya fertilizasyonda aksamalara ya da erken dönemde embriyonik ölümlere yol açarak gebelik oranlarını düşürmektedir

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Fertilite, sığır, üre nitrojen.

Kaynakça

1. Aydın İ ve Güler M, 2004. Sığırlarda kan üre- nitrojen düzeyinin gebelik oranı üzerine etkisi- nin araştırılması. Vet Bil Derg, 20:1, 85-94.
2. Baker LD, Ferguson JD and Chalupa W, 1995. Responses in urea and true protein of milk to different protein feeding schemes for dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 78:11, 2424-2434.
3. Barton BA, Rosario HA, Anderson GW, Grindle BP and Carroll DJ, 1996. Effects of dietary crude protein, breed, parity and health status on the fertility of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 79: 12, 2225-2236.
4. Blanchard T, Ferguson J, Love L, Takeda T, Henderson B, Hasler J and Chalupa W, 1990. Effect of dietary crude-protein type on fertilization and embryo quality in dairy cattle. Am J Vet Res, 51:6, 905-908.
5. Blauwiekel R, Kincaid RL and Reeves JJ, 1986. Effect of high crude protein on pituitary and ovarian function in holstein cows. J Dairy Sci, 69: 2, 439-446.
6. Bruckental I, Drori D, Kaim M, Lehrer H and Folman Y, 1989. Effects of source and level of protein on milk yield and reproductive performance of high-producing primiparous and multiparous dairy cows. Anim Prod, 48:319-329.
7. Bruckental I, Holtzman M, Kaim M, Aharoni Y, Zamwell S, Voet H and Arieli A, 2000. Effect of amount of undegradable crude protein in the diets of high-yielding dairy cows on energy balance Production Sciences, 63: 2, 131-140. Livestock
8. Butler WR, 1998. Review: Effect of protein nutrition on ovarian and uterine physiology in dairy cattle, Symposium: Optimizing protein nutrition for reproduction and lactation. J Dairy Sci, 81:9, 2533-2539.

9. Butler WR, 2000. Nutritional interactions with reproductive performance in dairy cattle. Anim Reprod Sci, 60:61, 449-457.
10. Butler WR, 2005. Relationships of dietary pro- tein and fertility. Adv Dairy Technol, 17, 159- 168.
11. Butler WR, Calaman JJ and Beam SW, 1996. Plasma and milk urea nitrogen in relation to pregnancy rate in lactating dairy cattle. J Anim Sci, 74: 858-865.
12. Canfield RW, Sniffen CJ and Butler WR, 1990. Effects of excess degradable protein on postpartum reproduction and energy balance in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci, 73: 9, 2342-2349.
13. Carlsson J and Pehrson B, 1993. The relationships between seasonal variations in the concentration of urea in bulk milk and the production and fertility of dairy herds. J Vet Med A, 40:3, 205-212.
14. Carlsson J and Pehrson B, 1994. The influence of the dietary balance between energy and protein on milk urea concentration. Experimental trials assessed by two different protein evaluation systems. Acta Vet Scand, 35: 2, 193-205.
15. Carroll DJ, Barton BA, Anderson GW and Smith RD, 1988. Influence of protein ıntake and feeding strategy on reproductive performance of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 71: 12, 3470-3481.
16. Chalupa W, 1984. Discussion of protein symposium. J Dairy Sci., 67: 1134-1146.
17. Coşkun B, Erdoğan Ş ve İnal F, 1997. Hayvan Besleme Ders Notları, Konya: Selçuk Üniver- sitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Yayın Ünitesi. p.1- 59.
18. Elrod CC and Butler WR, 1993. Reduction of fertility and alteration of uterine pH in heifers fed excess ruminally degradable protein. J Anim Sci, 71:3, 694-701.
19. Elrod CC, Van Amburgh M and Butler WR, 1993. Alterations of pH in response to ıncreased dietary protein in cattle are unique to the uterus, J Anim Sci, 71:3, 702-706.
20. Ferguson JD, 1996. Diet, production and reproduction in dairy cows, Anim Feed Sci Tech, 59:1-3, 173-184.
21. Ferguson JD and Chalupa W, 1989. Impact of protein nutrition on reproduction in dairy cows, Symposium: Interactions of nutrition and reproduction. J Dairy Sci, 72: 746-766.
22. Ferguson JD, Blanchard T, Galligan DT, Hoshall DC and Chalupa W, 1988. Infertility in dairy cattle fed a high percentage of protein degradable in the rume., JAVMA, 192:5, 659- 662.
23. Ferguson JD, Galligan DT, Blanchard T and Reeves M, 1993. Serum urea nitrogen and conception rate: The usefulness of test information. J Dairy Sci, 76: 12, 3742-3746.
24. Folman F, Neumark H, Kaim M and Kaufmann W, 1981. Performance, rumen and blood metabolites in high-yielding cows fed varying protein percents and protected soybean. J Dairy Sci, 64:759-768.
25. Garcia-Bojalil CM, Staples CR, Risco CA, Savio JD and Thatcher WW, 1998. Protein degradability and calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids in the diets of lactating dairy cows: Reproductive responses. J Dairy Sci, 81:5, 1385-1395.
26. Garcia-Bojalil CM, Syaples CR, Thatcher W and Drost M, 1994. Protein intake and development of ovarian follicles and embryos of superovulated nonlactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 77:9, 2537-2548.
27. Godden SM, Kelton DF, Lissemore KD, Walton JS, Leslie KE and Lumsden JH, 2001. Milk urea testing as a tool to monitor reproductive performance in ontario dairy herds. J Dairy Sci, 84:6, 1397-1406.
28. Gustafsson AH and Carlsson J, 1993. Effects of silage quality, protein evaluation systems and milk urea content on milk yield and reproduction in dairy cows. Livestock Production Sciences, 37:91-105.
29. Gustafsson AH and Palmquist DL, 1993. Diurnal variation of rumen ammonia serum urea, and milk urea in dairy cows at high and low yields. J Dairy Sci, 76: 475-484.
30. Hammon DS, Holyoak GR and Dhiman T, 2005. Association between blood plasma urea nitrogen levels and reproductive fluid urea nitrogen and ammonia concentrations in early lactating dairy cows. Anim Reprod Sci, 86, 195-204.
31. Hof G, Vervoorn MD, Lenaers PJ and Tamminga S, 1997. Milk urea nitrogen as a tool to monitor the protein nutrition of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 80:12, 3333-3340.
32. Howard HJ, Aalseth EP, Adams GD and Bush LJ, 1987. Influence of dietary protein on reproductive performance of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 70:8, 1563-1571.
33. Jordan ER, Chapman TE, Holtan DW and Swanson LV, 1983. Relationship of dietary crude protein to composition of uterine secretions and blood in high-producing postpartum dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 66:9, 1854-1862.
34. Kaim M, Folman Y and Neumark H, 1983. The effect of protein intake and lactation number on post-partum body weight loss and reproductive performance of dairy cows. Anim Prod, 37: 229-235.
35. Kenny DA, Humpherson PG, Leese HJ, Morris DG, Tomos AD, Diskin MG and Sreenan JM, 2002. concentrations of ammonia and urea on the metabolite and ionic composition of oviductal fluid in cattle. Biol Reprod, 66: 1797-1804.
36. Larson SF, Butler WR and Currie WB, 1997. Reduced progesterone postbreeding and increased milk urea nitrogen in lactating cows. J Dairy Sci, 80:7, 1288-1295. with low
37. Laven RA and Drew SB, 1999. Dietary protein and the reproductive performance of cows. Vet Rec, 145:24, 687-695.
38. Mccormick ME, French DD, Brown TF, Cuomo GJ, Chapa AM, Fernandez JM, Beatty JF and Blouın DC, 1999. Crude protein and rumen undegradable protein effects on reproduction and lactation performance of holstein cows. J Dairy Sci, 82:12, 2697-2708.
39. McEvoy TG, Robinson JJ, Aitken RP, Findlay PA and Robertson IS, 1997. Dietary excesses of urea influence the viability and metabolism of preimplantation sheep embryos and may affect fetal growth among survivors. Anim Reprod Sci, 47:1-2, 71-90.
40. Melendez P, Donovan A and Hernandez J, 2000. Milk urea nitrogen and infertility in florida holstein cows. J Dairy Sci, 83:3, 459- 463.
41. O’Callaghan D and Boland MP, 1999. Nutritional effects on ovulation, embryo development and the establishment of pregnancy in ruminants. Anim Sci, 68: 299- 314.
42. Rajala-Schultz PJ, Saville WJA and Frazer GS, 2001. Association between milk urea nitrogen and fertility in Ohio dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 84:2, 482-489.
43. Refsdal AO, Baevre L and Bruflot R, 1985. Urea concentration in bulk milk as an indicator of the protein supply at the herd level. Acta Vet Scand, 26, 2, 153-163.
44. Rhoads ML, Rhoads RP, Gilbert RO, Toole R and Butler WR, 2006. Detrimental effects of high plasma urea nitrogen levels on viability of embryos from lactating dairy cows. Anim Reprod Sci, 91, 1-10.
45. Roche JF, Mackey D and Diskin MD, 2000. Reproductive management of postpartum cows. Anim Reprod Sci, 60-61, 703-712.
46. Ropstad E and Refsdal AO, 1987. Herd reproductive performance related to urea concentration in bulk milk. Acta Vet Scand, 28: 1, 55-63.
47. Ropstad E, Vik-Mo L and Refsdal O, 1989. Levels of milk urea, plasma constituents and rumen liquid ammonia in relation to the feesing of dairy cows during early lactation. Acta Vet Scand, 30: 2, 199-208.
48. Roseler DK, Ferguson JD, Sniffen CJ and Herrema J, 1993. Dietary protein degradability effects on plasma and milk urea nitrogen and milk nonprotein nitrogen in holstein cows. J Dairy Sci, 76: 525-534.
49. Rusche WC, Cochran RC, Corah LR, Stevenson JS, Harmon DL, Brandt RT and Minton JE, 1993. Influence of source and amount of dietary protein on performance, bloodmetabolites, and reproductive function of primiparous beef cows. J Anim Sci, 71:3, 557- 563.
50. Sonderman JP and Larson LL, 1989. Effect of dietary protein and exogenous gonadotropin- releasing hormone on circulating progesterone concentrations and performance of holstein cows. J Dairy Sci, 72: 8, 2179-2183.
51. Spain JN, Lucy M and Hardin DK, 1997. Effects of nutrition on reproduction in dairy cattle. Youngquist RS ed. Current Therapy in Large Animal Theriogenology. Philadelphia: Lea-Febiger. pp 416-423.
52. Studer E, 1998. A veterinary perspective of on-farm reproduction. J Dairy Sci, 81:3, 872-876. of nutrition and
53. Tamminga S, 2006. The effect of the supply of rumen degradable protein and metabolisable protein on negative energy balance and fertility in dairy cows. Anim Reprod Sci, 96, 227-239.
54. Trevaskis LM and Fulkerson WJ, 1999. The relationship between various animal and management factors and milk urea and its association with reproductive performance of dairy cowws grazing pasture. Livestock Production Sciences, 57: 255-265.
55. Visek WJ, 1984. Ammonia: Its effects on biological systems, metabolic hormones and reproduction. J Dairy Sci, 67, 481-498.
56. Wittwer FG, Gallardo P, Reyes J and Opitz H, 1999. Bulk milk urea concentrations and their relationship with cow fertility in grazing dairy herds in Southern Chile. Prev Vet Med, 38: 159-166.