Use of Alternative Feed Additives in Ruminant Nutrition: 1. Probiotic, Prebiotic, and Enzyme

Öz

Due to the limitation of antibiotics using in animal nutrition, preferences of organic products by consumer, scientist are led to do studies on alternative feed additives. Probiotics, prebiotics, and enzymes are some of the alternatives. The effect of these alternative feed additives on health, performance and rumen fermantation in pre-ruminants and adult ruminants, and the importance of these substracts for ruminant nutrition are to be dwelt upon. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Enzim
• prebiyotik
• probiyotik
• ruminant

Ruminant Beslemede Alternatif Yem Katkı Maddelerinin Kullanımı: 1. Probiyotik, Prebiyotik ve Enzim

Öz

Hayvan beslemede antibiyotiklerin kullanımının sınırlandırılması, organik ürünlerin tüketiciler tarafından dahafazla tercih edilmesi, bilim adamlarını alternatif yem katkı maddelerinin kullanımıyla ilgili çalışmalar yapmaya yönlendirmiştir. Probiyotikler, prebiyotikler ve enzimler alternatif yem katkı maddelerinden bazılarıdır. Bu alternatif yem katkımaddelerinin genç ve ergin ruminantlarda sağlık, performans ve rumen fermentasyonu gibi değerler üzerinde oluşturabilecekleri etkiler ve bunun ruminant besleme açısından önemi üzerinde durulacaktır

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Enzim
• prebiyotik
• probiyotik
• ruminant

Kaynakça

1. Antunovic Z, Speranda M, Liker B, Seric V, Steiner Z, Domacinovic M, 2005. Influence of feeding the probiotic pioneer to growing lambs on performances and blood composition. Acta Veterinaria, 55(4): 287-300.
2. Aşan M, Özcan N, 2006. Kanatlı beslemede inulinin prebiyotik olarak önemi. Hayvansal Üretim, 47(2): 48-53.
3. Bach A, Calsamiglia S, Stern MD, 2005. Nitrogen metabolism in the rumen. J Dairy Sci, 88: 9–21.
4. Bakhshi N, Ghorbani GR, Rahmani HR, Samie A, 2006. Effect of probiotic and milk feeding frequency on performance of dairy Holstein calves. J Dairy Sci, 1(2): 113-119.
5. Balcı F, Dikmen S, Gencoglu H, Orman A, Turkmen I, Biricik H, 2007. The effect of fibrolytic exogenous enzyme on fattening performance of steers. Bulg J Vet Med, 10(2): 113-118.
6. Beauchemin KA, Rode LM, Maekawa M, 2000. polysaccharidase feed enzyme in dairy cow diets. J Dairy Sci, 83(3): 543-553. nonstarch
7. Beharka AA, Nagaraja TG, 1998. Effect of Aspergillus oryzae extract alone or in combination with antimicrobial compounds on ruminal bacteria. J Dairy Sci, 81(6): 1591- 1598.
8. Beharka AA, Nagaraja TG, Morrill JL, 1991. and Performance development of young calves fed diets with Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract. J Dairy Sci, 74(12): 4326-4336. function

9. Bertrand JA, Grimes LW, 1997. Influence of tallow and Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract in dairy cattle rations. J Dairy Sci, 80 (6): 1179-1184.
10. Biggs DR, Hancock KR, 1998. In vitro digestion of bacterial and plant fructans and effects on ammonia accumulation in cow and sheep rumen fluids. J Gen Appl Microbiol, 44: 167–171.
11. Blezinger SB, 2006. Yeast products can have positive effects on cattle performance. Cattle Today archive/2006/june/CT489.shtml. Erişim Tarihi: 06/06/2009.
12. Cruywagen CW, Jordaan I, Venter L, 1996. Effect supplementation preweaning performance of calves. J Dairy Sci, 79(3): 483-486. acidophilus of milk replacer on
13. Cruywagen CW, Van-Zyl WH, 2008. Effects of a fungal enzyme cocktail treatment of high and low forage diets on lamb growth. Anim Feed Sci Tech, 145(4): 151-158.
14. Demirel G, Turan N, Tanor A, Kocabağlı N, Alp M, Hasoksuz M, Yılmaz H, 2007. Effects of performance, some blood parameters, IgG levels and antibody response of lambs to parenterally administered Arch Anim Nutr, 61(2): 126-134. on E.coli O157:H7.
15. Diler A, 2007. Probiyotik + Enzim Kombinas- yonunun Esmer Irkı Buzağılarda Yemden Ya- rarlanma ve Büyüme Performansı Üzerine Etkileri. Yüksek Linans Tezi. Atatürk Üniv Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Zootekni Programı. Erzu- rum.
16. Erasmus LJ, Botha PM, Kisther A, 1992. Effect of yeast culture supplement on production, rumen fermentation and duodenal nitrogen flow in dairy cows. J Anim Sci, 75 (11): 3056-3065.
17. Erdman RA, Sharma BK, 1989. Effect of yeast culture and sodium bicarbonate on milk yield and composition in dairy cows. J Anim Sci, 72 (7): 1929-1932.
18. Eun JS, Beauchemin KA, 2005. Effects of a proteolytic feed enzymes on intake, digestion, ruminal fermentation and milk production. J Dairy Sci, 88(6): 2140-2153.
19. Fleige S, Preibinger W, Meyer HHD, Pfaffl MW, 2008. The immuno-modulatory effect of lactulose on Enterococcus faecium fed pre- ruminant calves. J Anim Sci, 87(5):1731-1738.
20. Franklin ST, Newman MC, Newman KE, Meek KI, 2005. Immun parameters of dry cows fed mannan oligosaccharide and subsuquent transfer of immunity to calves. J Dairy Sci, 88 (2): 766-775.
21. Görgülü M, Siuta A, Öngel E, Yurtseven S, Kutlu HR, 2003. Effect of probiotic on growing performance and health of calves. Pak J Biol Sci, 6(7): 651-654.
22. Güçlü BK, 2003. Bıldırcın besisinde mannan oligosakkarit (Bio-mos) kullanılmasının perfor- mans ve karkas kalitesine etkisi, Bildiriler Kita- bı, II. Ulusal Hayvan Besleme Kongresi, ss: 300-302, Konya- Türkiye.
23. Güçlü BK, İşcan KM, 2006. Probiotic and mannan oligosaccharide on growth and biochemical parameters in Turkey. Indian Vet J, 83(12): 1324-1326.
24. Harrison GA, Hemken RW, Dawson KA, Harmon RJ, 1988. Influence of addition of yeast culture supplement to diets of lactating cows on ruminal fermentation and microbial populations. J Dairy Sci, 71(11): 2967-2975.
25. Heinrichs AJ, Jones CM, Heinrichs BS, 2003. Effects antibiotics in neonatal diets on health and growth of dairy calves. J Dairy Sci, 86(12): 4064-4069. oligosaccharide or
26. Higginbotham GE, Collar CA, Aseltine MS, Bath DL, 1994. Effect of yeast culture and Aspergillus oryzae extract on milk yield in a commercial dairy herd. J Dairy Sci, 77(1): 343- 348. 27. Hill TM, Bateman HG, Aldrich JM, Schlotterbeck RL, 2008. Oligosaccharides for dairy calves. Pro Anim Sci, 24(5): 460-464.
27. Hristov AN, McAllister TA, Cheng KJ, 1998. exogenous degrading enzymes in the rumen. Animal Feed Sci Tech, 76(1): 161-168.
28. Işık M, Ekimler F, 2004. Probiyotik kullanma- nın buzağı büyüme performansı ve sağlığı üzerine etkileri. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 28(1): 63-69.
29. Jafari A, Edriss MA, Alikhani M, Emtiazi G, 2005. Effects of treated wheat straw with exogenous fibre-degrading enzymes on wool characteristics of ewe lambs. Pak J Nutr, 4(5): 321-326.
30. Jenkins DJA, Kendall CWC, Vuksan V, 1999. Inulin, oligofructose and intestinal function. J Nutr, 129(7): 1431-1433.
31. Kantautaite J, Oberauskas V, Sutkeviciene R, Sederevicius A, 2006. The effect of probiotic strains of Lactobacillus on the microbiological parameters in the faeces of neonate calves. Veterinarija ir Zootechnika, 36: 58.
32. Karademir G, Karademir B, 2003. Yem katkı maddesi olarak kullanılan biyoteknolojik ürün- ler. Lalahan Hay Araşt Enst Derg, 43(1): 61- 74.
33. Kaufhould J, Hammon HM, Blum JW, 2000. Fructo-oligosaccharide effects hematological traits in veal calves. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med, 47(1): 17-29. and
34. Kılıç Ü, Boğa M, Görgülü M, 2007. Ruminantların beslenmesinde kullanılan yem katkı maddeleri. Yem Magazin, 48: 25-32.
35. Krehbiel CR, Rust SR, Zhang G, Gilliland SE, 2003. Bacterial direct-fed microbials in ruminant diets: Performance response and mode of action. J Anim Sci, 81(14): 120-132.
36. Kurtoglu V, Kurtoglu F, Seker E, Coskun B, Balevi T, Polat ES, 2004. Effect of probiotic supplementation on laying hen diets on yield performance and serum and egg yolk cholesterol. Food Add Cont, 21(9): 817-823.
37. Lubbadeh W, Haddadin MSY, Al-Tamimi MA, Robinson RK, 1999. Effect on the cholesterol content of fresh lamb of supplementing the feed of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Meat Sci, 52: 381- 385.
38. McAllister TA, Hristov AN, Beauchemin KA, Rode LM, Cheng KJ, 2001. Enzymes in Ruminant Diets. Bedford MR, Partridge GG. Enzymes in Farm Animal Nutrition. Bowman CABI Publishing. pp. 273-298. UK:
39. Mokhber-Dezfouli MR, Tajik P, Bolourchi, Mahmoudzadeh H, 2007. Effects of probiotics supplementation in daily milk intake of newborn calves on body weight gain, body height, diarrhea occurrence and health condition. Pak J Biol Sci, 10(18): 3136-3140.
40. Muwalla MM, Haddad SG, Hijazeen MA, 2007. Effect of fibrolytic enzyme inclusion in high concentrate fattening diets on nutrient digestibility and growth performance of Awassi lambs. Livest Sci, 111(3): 255-258. ve Streptococcus faecium genç ruminantlarda is- hal vakalarının engellenmesinde, mantar ve maya- lardan cerevisiae fermentasyonunu ve dolayısıyla performansı artır- mak için kullanılan en etkili mikrobiyal katkılardan- dır. Saccharomyces ise ergin ruminantlarda rumen
41. Özellikle ergin ve genç ruminantların yemlerine
42. prebiyotik katkılarının etkisi hakkında çalışmaların
43. sınırlı olması nedeniyle bu alandaki çalışmaların
44. arttırılması gerekmektedir. Kaynaklar
45. Antunovic Z, Speranda M, Liker B, Seric V, Steiner Z, Domacinovic M, 2005. Influence of feeding the probiotic pioneer to growing lambs on performances and blood composition. Acta Veterinaria, 55(4): 287-300.
46. Aşan M, Özcan N, 2006. Kanatlı beslemede inulinin prebiyotik olarak önemi. Hayvansal Üretim, 47(2): 48-53.
47. Bach A, Calsamiglia S, Stern MD, 2005. Nitrogen metabolism in the rumen. J Dairy Sci, 88: 9–21.
48. Bakhshi N, Ghorbani GR, Rahmani HR, Samie A, 2006. Effect of probiotic and milk feeding frequency on performance of dairy Holstein calves. J Dairy Sci, 1(2): 113-119.
49. Balcı F, Dikmen S, Gencoglu H, Orman A, Turkmen I, Biricik H, 2007. The effect of fibrolytic exogenous enzyme on fattening performance of steers. Bulg J Vet Med, 10(2): 113-118.
50. Beauchemin KA, Rode LM, Maekawa M, 2000. polysaccharidase feed enzyme in dairy cow diets. J Dairy Sci, 83(3): 543-553. nonstarch
51. Beharka AA, Nagaraja TG, 1998. Effect of Aspergillus oryzae extract alone or in combination with antimicrobial compounds on ruminal bacteria. J Dairy Sci, 81(6): 1591- 1598.
52. Beharka AA, Nagaraja TG, Morrill JL, 1991. and Performance development of young calves fed diets with Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract. J Dairy Sci, 74(12): 4326-4336. function
53. Bertrand JA, Grimes LW, 1997. Influence of tallow and Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract in dairy cattle rations. J Dairy Sci, 80 (6): 1179-1184.
54. Biggs DR, Hancock KR, 1998. In vitro digestion of bacterial and plant fructans and effects on ammonia accumulation in cow and sheep rumen fluids. J Gen Appl Microbiol, 44: 167–171.
55. Blezinger SB, 2006. Yeast products can have positive effects on cattle performance. Cattle Today archive/2006/june/CT489.shtml. Erişim Tarihi: 06/06/2009.
56. Cruywagen CW, Jordaan I, Venter L, 1996. Effect supplementation preweaning performance of calves. J Dairy Sci, 79(3): 483-486. acidophilus of milk replacer on
57. Cruywagen CW, Van-Zyl WH, 2008. Effects of a fungal enzyme cocktail treatment of high and low forage diets on lamb growth. Anim Feed Sci Tech, 145(4): 151-158.
58. Demirel G, Turan N, Tanor A, Kocabağlı N, Alp M, Hasoksuz M, Yılmaz H, 2007. Effects of performance, some blood parameters, IgG levels and antibody response of lambs to parenterally administered Arch Anim Nutr, 61(2): 126-134. on E.coli O157:H7.
59. Diler A, 2007. Probiyotik + Enzim Kombinas- yonunun Esmer Irkı Buzağılarda Yemden Ya- rarlanma ve Büyüme Performansı Üzerine Etkileri. Yüksek Linans Tezi. Atatürk Üniv Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Zootekni Programı. Erzu- rum.
60. Erasmus LJ, Botha PM, Kisther A, 1992. Effect of yeast culture supplement on production, rumen fermentation and duodenal nitrogen flow in dairy cows. J Anim Sci, 75 (11): 3056-3065.
61. Erdman RA, Sharma BK, 1989. Effect of yeast culture and sodium bicarbonate on milk yield and composition in dairy cows. J Anim Sci, 72 (7): 1929-1932.
62. Eun JS, Beauchemin KA, 2005. Effects of a proteolytic feed enzymes on intake, digestion, ruminal fermentation and milk production. J Dairy Sci, 88(6): 2140-2153.
63. Fleige S, Preibinger W, Meyer HHD, Pfaffl MW, 2008. The immuno-modulatory effect of lactulose on Enterococcus faecium fed pre- ruminant calves. J Anim Sci, 87(5):1731-1738.
64. Franklin ST, Newman MC, Newman KE, Meek KI, 2005. Immun parameters of dry cows fed mannan oligosaccharide and subsuquent transfer of immunity to calves. J Dairy Sci, 88 (2): 766-775.
65. Görgülü M, Siuta A, Öngel E, Yurtseven S, Kutlu HR, 2003. Effect of probiotic on growing performance and health of calves. Pak J Biol Sci, 6(7): 651-654.
66. Güçlü BK, 2003. Bıldırcın besisinde mannan oligosakkarit (Bio-mos) kullanılmasının perfor- mans ve karkas kalitesine etkisi, Bildiriler Kita- bı, II. Ulusal Hayvan Besleme Kongresi, ss: 300-302, Konya- Türkiye.
67. Güçlü BK, İşcan KM, 2006. Probiotic and mannan oligosaccharide on growth and biochemical parameters in Turkey. Indian Vet J, 83(12): 1324-1326.
68. Harrison GA, Hemken RW, Dawson KA, Harmon RJ, 1988. Influence of addition of yeast culture supplement to diets of lactating cows on ruminal fermentation and microbial populations. J Dairy Sci, 71(11): 2967-2975.
69. Heinrichs AJ, Jones CM, Heinrichs BS, 2003. Effects antibiotics in neonatal diets on health and growth of dairy calves. J Dairy Sci, 86(12): 4064-4069. oligosaccharide or
70. Higginbotham GE, Collar CA, Aseltine MS, Bath DL, 1994. Effect of yeast culture and Aspergillus oryzae extract on milk yield in a commercial dairy herd. J Dairy Sci, 77(1): 343- 348. 27. Hill TM, Bateman HG, Aldrich JM, Schlotterbeck RL, 2008. Oligosaccharides for dairy calves. Pro Anim Sci, 24(5): 460-464.
71. Hristov AN, McAllister TA, Cheng KJ, 1998. exogenous degrading enzymes in the rumen. Animal Feed Sci Tech, 76(1): 161-168.
72. Işık M, Ekimler F, 2004. Probiyotik kullanma- nın buzağı büyüme performansı ve sağlığı üzerine etkileri. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 28(1): 63-69.
73. Jafari A, Edriss MA, Alikhani M, Emtiazi G, 2005. Effects of treated wheat straw with exogenous fibre-degrading enzymes on wool characteristics of ewe lambs. Pak J Nutr, 4(5): 321-326.
74. Jenkins DJA, Kendall CWC, Vuksan V, 1999. Inulin, oligofructose and intestinal function. J Nutr, 129(7): 1431-1433.
75. Kantautaite J, Oberauskas V, Sutkeviciene R, Sederevicius A, 2006. The effect of probiotic strains of Lactobacillus on the microbiological parameters in the faeces of neonate calves. Veterinarija ir Zootechnika, 36: 58.
76. Karademir G, Karademir B, 2003. Yem katkı maddesi olarak kullanılan biyoteknolojik ürün- ler. Lalahan Hay Araşt Enst Derg, 43(1): 61- 74.
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78. Kılıç Ü, Boğa M, Görgülü M, 2007. Ruminantların beslenmesinde kullanılan yem katkı maddeleri. Yem Magazin, 48: 25-32.
79. Krehbiel CR, Rust SR, Zhang G, Gilliland SE, 2003. Bacterial direct-fed microbials in ruminant diets: Performance response and mode of action. J Anim Sci, 81(14): 120-132.
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