Selenium and its Supplementation in Ruminants

Öz

Selenium as an essential trace element is needed for growth and reproduction functions of living organisms. Selenium in animals functions through selenoproteins such as glutathione peroxidase. Selenium deficiency manifests itself as retardation of growth, whereas an overdose of Se (≥2 ppm) may cause toxicities. Supplementing Se to the ration of ruminants in various physiological stages strengthens the immune system and increases the glutathione peroxidase enzyme activities, thus is effective in battling oxidative stress. However, adding Se to the diet of ruminants results in no improvement in weight gain, milk production or feed efficiency. Organic sources of Se are more effective than those of inorganic sources of Se. Selenium supplementation to the diet of cattle is an appropriate strategy for a healthier cattle husbandry. This review focuses on selenium supplementation in ruminants.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Performance, ruminant, selenium

Selenyum ve Ruminantlarda Kullanımı

Öz

Selenyum canlıların büyüme ve üreme faaliyetleri için gerekli olan esensiyel bir iz elementtir. Hayvanlarda Se fonksiyonu, gulutasyon peroksidaz gibi selenoproteinler tarafından yerine getirilir. Selenyum eksikliğinde büyümede aksamalar görülürken, Se fazlalığı da (≥2 ppm) zehirlenmelere neden olur. Farklı fizyolojik aşamalardaki ruminant rasyonlarına ilave edilen selenyumun, immun sistemi güçlendirdiği, glutasyon peroksidaz enzim aktivitesini artırdığı ve dolayısıyla oksidatif strese karşı etkili olduğu bilinmektedir. Ancak, ruminant rasyonlarına ilave edilen Se, canlı ağırlık artışını, süt verimini ve yemden yararlanmayı artırmamaktadır. Organik Se kaynakları inorganik kaynaklardan daha etkilidir. Sağlıklı sığır yetiştiriciliği için rasyonlara Se takviyesi uygun bir stratejidir. Bu derlemede, ruminantlarda Se kullanımı üzerine durulacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Performans, ruminant, selenyum

Kaynakça

1. Arthur JR. Selenium: metabolism and function. Proc Nutr Soc Aust 1992; 17: 91-98.
2. Awadeh FT, Kincaid RL, Johnson KA. Effect of level and source of dietary selenium on concentrations of thyroid hormones and immunoglobulins in beef cows and calves. J Anim Sci 1998; 76: 1204-15.
3. Brown DG, Burk RF. Selenium retention in tissues and sperm of rats fed a Torula yeast diet. J Nutr 1973; 103: 102–8.
4. Burk RF, Hill KE, Motley AK. Selenoprotein metabolism and function: evidence for more than one function for selenoprotein P. J Nutr 2003; 133: 1517-20.
5. Carlson DB, Reed JJ, Borowicz PP, Taylor JB, Reynolds LP, Neville TL, Redmer DA, Vonnahme KA, Caton JS.Effects of dietary selenium supply and timing of nutrient restriction during gestation on maternal growth and body composition of pregnant adolescent ewes. J Anim Sci 2009; 87:669-80.
6. Castellan DM, Maas JP, Gardner IA, Oltjen JW, Sween ML. Growth of suckling beef calves in response to parenteral administration of selenium and the effect of dietary protein provided to their dams. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999; 214: 816-21.
7. Ceballos A, Sanchez J, Stryhn H, Montgomery JB, Barkema HW, Wichtel JJ. Meta-analysis of the effect of oral selenium supplementation on milk selenium concentration in cattle. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92: 324-42.
8. Cerri RL, Rutigliano HM, Lima FS, Araşjo DB, Santos JE. Effect of source of supplemental selenium on uterine health and embryo quality in high-producing dairy cows. Theriogenology 2009; 71:1127-37.

9. Chadio SE, Kotsampasi BM, Menegatos JG, Zervas GP, Kalogiannis DG. Effect of selenium supplementation on thyroid hormone levels and selenoenzyme activities in growing lambs. Biol Trace Elem Res 2006; 109: 145-54.
10. Combs GF ve Combs S. The Role of Selenium in Nutrition. Academic Press Inc. London 1986.
11. Cristaldi LA, McDowell LR, Buergelt CD, Davis PA, Wilkinson NS, Martin FG. Tolerance of inorganic selenium in wether sheep. Small Rum Res 2005; 56: 205-13.
12. Davis PA, McDowell LR, Wilkinson NS, Buergelt CD, Van Alstyne R, Weldon RN, Marshall T. Tolerance of organic selenium by range-type ewes during gestation and lactation. J Anim Sci 2006; 84: 660-8.
13. Domínguez-Vara, I.A. S.S. Gonzalez-Munoz, J.M. Pinos-Rodríguez, J.L. Borquez-Gastelum, R. Barcena-Gama, G. Mendoza-Martínez, L.E. Zapata, L.L. Landois-Palencia. Effects of feeding selenium-yeast and chromium-yeast to finishing lambs on growth, carcass characteristics, and blood hormones and metabolites. Anim Feed Sci Tech 2009; 152: 42-9.
14. Fairweather-Tait SJ, Collings R, Hurst R. Selenium bioavailability: current knowledge and future research requirements. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91:1484-91.
15. Fokkink WB, Hill TM, Bateman II HG, Aldrich JM and Schlotterbeck RL. Selenium yeast for dairy calf feeds. Anim Feed Sci Tech 2009; 153:228-35.
16. Gronbaek H, Frystyk J, Orskov H, Flyvbjerg A. Effect of sodium selenite on growth, insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins and insulin-like growth factor-I in rats. J Endoc 1995; 145:105
17. Gunter SA, Beck PA, Phillips JK. Effects of supplementary selenium source on the performance and blood measurements in beef cows and their calves. J Anim Sci 2003; 81:856
18. Herdt TH, Rumbeiha W, Braselton WE. The use of blood analyses to evaluate mineral status in livestock. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2000;16:423-44.
19. Kamada H, Nonaka I, Ueda Y, Murai M. Selenium addition to colostrum increases immunoglobulin G absorption by newborn calves. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90:5665-70.
20. Kohrle J, Brigelius-Flohe R, Bock A, Gartner R, Meyer O, Flohe L. Selenium in biology: facts and medical perspectives. Biol Chem 2000; 381:849
21. Kumar N, Garg AK, Dass RS, Chaturvedi VK, Mudgal V and Varshney VP. Selenium supplementation influences growth performance, antioxidant status and immune response in lambs. Anim Feed Sci Tech 2009; 153:77-87.
22. Kumar N, Garg AK, Mudgal V, Dass RS, Chaturvedi VK, Varshney VP. Effect of different levels of selenium supplementation on growth rate, nutrient utilization, blood metabolic profile, and immune response in lambs. Biol Trace Elem Res 2008; 126 Suppl 1:S44-S56.
23. Kurt D, Denli O, Kanay Z, Güzel C, Ceylan K. Diyarbakır bölgesi Akkaraman koyunlarda kan serumunda Cu Zn Se ve yünde Cu Zn düzeylerinin araştırılması. Türk J Vet Anim Sci 2001; 25:4314 Levander OA. Scientific rationale for recommended daily allowance for selenium. J Am Diet Assoc 1991; 91:1572-76.
24. Liao SF, Brown KR, Stromberg AJ, Burris WR, Boling JA, Matthews JC. Dietary Supplementation of Selenium in Inorganic and Organic Forms Differentially and Commonly Alters Blood and Liver Selenium Concentrations and Liver Gene Expression Profiles of Growing Beef Heifers. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 140:151-69.
25. Mackintosh CG, Gill J, Turner K. Selenium supplementation of young red deer (Cervus elaphus). N Z Vet J 1989; 37:143-5.
26. Matek M, Blanusa M, Grgic J. Determination of the daily dietary selenium intake in Croatia. Euro Food Res Tech 2000; 210:155-60.
27. Misurova L, Pavlata L, Pechova A, Dvorak R. Selenium metabolism in goats – maternal transfer of selenium to newborn kids. Veterinarni Med 2009; 54:125-30.
28. Moreno-Reyes R, Egrise D, Neve J, Pasteels JL, Schoutens A. Selenium deficiency-induced growth retardation is associated with an impaired bone metabolism and osteopenia. J Bone Miner Res 2001; 16: 1556-63.
29. NRC. Mineral Tolerance of Domestic Animals. National Academy Science. Washington, DC, 19 NRC. Selenium in Nutrition. 2nd rev. edition. National Academy Science. Washington, DC, 19 NRC. National Research Council. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 6th revised ed. National Academy Science Washington, DC, 19 NRC. National Research Council. Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. National Academy Science, Washington, DC, 1996.
30. NRC. National Research Council. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 7th revised ed. National Academy Science, Washington, DC, 200 NRC. National Research Council. Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, Gervits, and New World Camalids. National Academy Science, Washington, DC, 2007.
31. Oliveira HR, Curi R, Carpinelli AR. Glucose induces an acute increase of superoxide dismutase activity in incubated rat pancreatic islets. Am J Physiol 1999; 276: 507-10.
32. Oster O, Prellwitz The daily dietary selenium intake of West German adults. Biol Trace Elem Res 1989; 20:1-14.
33. Öncüer A, Tükenmez İ, Bakioğlu T. Koyun ve sığırlarda nötral aktivasyon analizi ile bölgesel selenium beslenme düzeyinin belirlenmesi. Kafkas Üniv Vet Fak Derg 1996; 2:43-48.
34. Pehrson B, Ortman K, Madjid N, Trafikowska U. The influence of dietary selenium as selenium yeast or sodium selenite on the concentration of selenium in the milk of Suckler cows and on the selenium status of their calves J Anim Sci 1999; 77: 3371-6.
35. Pirinçci İ, Tanyıldızı S ve Ateşşahin A. Elaziğ bölgesinde yem ve yem hammaddeleri ile bazı meyve ve sebzelerde selenyum düzeyleri Fırat Üniv Sağlık Bil Der 1999; 13: 61-65.
36. Rogers, PAM, SP Arora, GA Fleming, RAP Crinion, JG McLaughlin. Selenium toxicity in farm animals: treatment and prevention. Irish Vet J 1990; 43:151-53.
37. Salman S, Khol-Parisini A, Schafft H, LahrssenWiederholt M, Hulan HW, Dinse D, Zentek J. The role of dietary selenium in bovine mammary gland health and immune function. Anim Health Res Rev 2009; 10:21-34.
38. Salman S, Dinse D, Khol-Parisini A, Schafft H, Lahrssen-Wiederholt M, Schreiner M, ScharekTedin L, Zentek J. Colostrum and milk selenium, antioxidative capacity and immune status of dairy cows fed sodium selenite or selenium yeast. Arch Anim Nutr 2013 67(1):48-61.
39. Seboussi R, Faye B, Askar M, Hassan K, Alhadrami G. Effect of selenium supplementation on blood status and milk, urine, and fecal excretion in pregnant and lactating camel. Biol Trace Elem Res 2009; 128:45-61.
40. Shi L, Xun W, Yue W, Zhang C, Ren Y, Liu Q, Wang Q, Shi L. Effect of elemental nano-selenium on feed digestibility, rumen fermentation, and purine derivatives in sheep. Anim Feed Sci Techn 2011; 163:136-42.
41. Stockdale CR and Gill HS. Effect of duration and level of supplementation of diets of lactating dairy cows with selenized yeast on selenium concentrations in milk and blood after the withdrawal of supplementation. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:2351-9.
42. Swecker WS Jr, Hunter KH, Shanklin RK, Scaglia G, Fiske DA, Fontenot JP. Parenteral selenium and vitamin E supplementation of weaned beef calves. J Vet Intern Med 2008. 22:443-9.
43. Swecker WS Jr, Eversole DE, Thatcher CD, Blodgett DJ, Schurig GG, Meldrum JB. Influence of supplemental selenium on humoral immune responses in weaned beef calves. Am J Vet Res 1989; 50:1760-63.
44. Tran PA, Sarin L, Hurt RH, Webster TJ. Differential effects of nanoselenium doping on healthy and cancerous osteoblasts in coculture on titanium. Int J Nanomedicine 2010; 5:351-8.
45. Weiss WP, Hogan JS. Effect of selenium source on selenium status, neutrophil function, and response to intramammary endotoxin challenge of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2005; 88:4366-74.
46. Weiss WP, Colenbrander VF, Cunningham MD, Callahan CJ. Selenium/vitamin E: role in disease prevention and weight gain of neonatal calves. J Dairy Sci 1983; 66:1101-7.
47. Wichtel JJ, Craigie AL, Freeman DA, VarelaAlvarez H, Williamson NB. Effect of selenium and lodine supplementation on growth rate and on thyroid and somatotropic function in dairy calves at pasture. J Dairy Sci 1996; 79:1865-72.
48. Yıldız G, Küçükersan K, Tuncer ŞD, Şahin T, Cevger Y. Besi sığırı rasyonlarına katılan organik selenyum ve mikotoksin bağlayıcının besi performansı ile bazı rumen parametreleri üzerine etkisi ve ekonomik yönden değerlendirilmesi. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg 2003; 50:147-53.
49. Zazzo JF, Chalas J, Lafont A, Camus F, Chappuis P. Is nonobstrauctive cardiomyopathy in AIDS a selenium deficiency-related disaese? J Paranter Enter Nutr 1998; 12:537-8. Yazışma Adresi: Prof. Dr. Osman KÜÇÜK
50. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Hayvan Besleme ve Beslenme Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı Kayseri-TÜRKİYE E-posta: [e-mail]