Trichogramma embryophagum Hartig (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)’in ömür uzunluğu, parazitleme performansı ve verimliliği üzerine Wolbachia spp.’nin etkisi

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 31 Sayı: 4, 194 - 200, 01.08.2015

Fahriye Sumer Ercan Tugba Kaya Baran

Öz

Wolbachia cinsi endosimbiyontlar Trichogramma türlerinde yaygın olarak görülmektedir. Wolbachia spp. bazı Trichogramma türlerinde tam partenogenezi (telitoki) uyaran zorunlu hücre içi bakteridir. Telitoki sonucu döllenmemiş yumurtalardan sadece dişi Trichogramma’lar oluşmakta bu da biyolojik mücadele için bir avantaj sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışma parazitoitteki Wolbachia spp. kaynaklı bakteriyel enfeksiyonunu Wolbachia yüzey protein-PCR yöntemi kullanarak tanımlamak ve bu enfeksiyonun Ephestia kuehniella Zeller yumurtalarında yetiştirilen Trichogramma embryophagum Hartig’in ömür uzunluğu ve parazitleme performansı üzerindeki etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Kontrol grubu olarak ısı ile muamele edilmiş hat (arhenotoki) kullanılmıştır. Wolbachia spp. T. embryophagum’un verimliliği üzerinde herhangi bir negatif etki göstermemiştir. Isı ile muamele edilmiş arıların sadece erkek döl ürettiği görülmüştür. Bu arıların, Wolbachia-enfekteli olanlara göre daha uzun yaşadığı ancak bu farklılığın istatistiksel açıdan önemli olmadığı görülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Trichogramma embryophagum, Wolbachia spp., Partenogenez, Ömür uzunluğu, telitoki

The effect of Wolbachia spp. on the longevity, parazitization performance and fecundity of Trichogramma embryophagum Hartig (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

Öz

Endosymbionts of the genus Wolbachia are commonly found in Trichogramma species. Wolbachia spp. is obligatory intracellular bacteria that induced complete parthenogenesis (thelytoky) in some Trichogramma species. The result of Thelytoky, only Trichogramma females occurs from unfertilized eggs and this provides an advantage in biological control.. This study was conducted to define the Wolbachia induced bacterial infection in parasitoid using Wolbachia surface protein-PCR method and to determine the effects of bacterial infection on the longevity and parasitization performance of Trichogramma embryophagum Hartig reared on Ephestia kuehniella Zeller eggs as a host. Wolbachia spp. had not showed any negative effect on fecundity of T. embryophagum. Heat treated lines (arrhenotokous) were used as control group. Heat treated wasps produced only male progeny. These wasps survived longer than Wolbachia-infected ones, however this difference was not statistically significant.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Trichogramma embryophagum, Wolbachia spp., Parthenogenesis, Longevity, Thelytoky

Kaynakça

• Bigler, F., Bieri, M., Fritschy, A., Seidel, K., Variation in locomotion between laboratory strains of Trichogramma maidis and its impact on parasitism of eggs of Ostrinia nubilalis in the field, Entomol. Exp. Appl., 49, 283–290, 1988.
• Bowen, W.R., Stern, V.M., Effect of temperature on the production of males and sexual mosaics in a uniparental race of Trichogramma semifumatum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 59, 823834, 1966.
• Braig, H.R., Zhou, W., Dobson, S., O’Neill, S.L., Cloning and characterization of a gene encoding the major surface protein of the bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia, J. Bacteriol., 180, 2373–2378, 1998.
• De Almeida, R.P., Trichogramma and its relationship with Wolbachia: Identification of Trichogramma species, phylogeny, transfer and costs of Wolbachia symbionts, Ph.D. Thesis, Wageningen University, The Netherlands, 142 pp., 2004.
• Ercan, F.S., Oztemiz, S., Tuncbilek, A.S., Stouthamer, R., Sequence analysis of ribosomal DNA ITS2 region of the two Trichogramma species (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), Arch. Biol. Sci,, 63(4), 949-954, 2011.
• Ercan, F.S., Oztemiz, S., Tuncbilek, A.S., Mitochondrial and ribosomal DNA sequence analysis for discrimination of Trichogramma euproctidis Girault and Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), Turk. J. Entomol., 37(2), 195-201, 2013.
• Girin, C., Bouletreau, M., Microorganism-associated variation in host infection efficiency in the parasitic wasp, Trichogramma bourarachae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), Experientia, 51, 398-401, 1995.
• Grenier, S., Gomes, S.M., Pintureau, B., Lassabliere, F., Bolland, P., Use of tetracycline in larval diet to study the effect of Wolbachia on host fecundity and clarify taxonomic status of Trichogramma species in cured bisexual lines, J. Invertebr. Pathol., 80, 13-21, 2002.
• Hohmann, C.L., Luck, R.F., Effect of temperature on the development and thermal requirements of Wolbachiainfected and antibiotically cured Trichogramma kaykai Pinto and Stouthamer (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), An. Soc. Entomol. Bras., 29, 497505, 2000.
• Hohmann, C.L., Luck, R.F., Stouthamer, R., Effect of Wolbachia on the Survival and reproduction of Trichogramma kaykai Pinto and Stouthamer (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), Neotrop. Entomol., 30, 607-612, 2001.
• Huigens, M.E., Luck, R.F., Klaassen, R.H.G., Maas, M.F.P.N., Timmermans, M.J.T.N., Stouthamer, R., Infectious parthenogenesis, Nature, 405, 178-179, 2000.
• Islam, W.S., Wolbachia -mediated reproductive alterations in invertebrate hosts and biocontrol implications of the bacteria: an update, Rajshahi University Zoological Society, 26, 1-19, 2007.
• Jeyaprakash, A., Hoy, M.A., Long PCR improves Wolbachia DNA amplification: wsp sequences found in 76% of sixty-three arthropod species, Insect. Mol. Biol., 9, 393-405, 2000.
• Li, L.Y., Worldwide use of Trichogramma for biological control on different crops: a survey. In: Wajnberg, E., Hassan, S.A., (Eds.) Biological control with egg parasitoids, CAB International, Wallingford, pp. 37-53, 1994.
• Lo, N., Paraskevopoulos, C., Bourtzis, K., O'Neill, S.L., Werren, J.H., Bordenstein, S.R., Bandi, C., Taxonomic status of the intracellular bacterium Wolbachia pipientis, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 57, 654-657, 2007.
• Luck, R.F., Stouthamer, R., Nunney, L., Sex determination and sex ratio patterns in parasitic Hymenoptera. In: Wrench, D.L., and Ebert, M.A., (eds.), Evolution and diversity of sex ratio in haplodiploid insects and mites, Chapman and Hall, Inc., New York, pp. 442-476, 1992.
• Neto, L., Interactions genetiques entre les Trichogrammes (Hym. Trichogrammatidae) et leurs hotes. Role d’un symbiote, These de Doctorat INSA-Lyon, Lyon, pp. 180, 1996.
• Pintureau, B., Frequence and geographical distribution of thelytokous parthenogenesis in European species of Trichogramma (Hyrn.: Trichogrammatidae), Norw. J. Agric. Sci., 16 (suppl.), 411, 1994.
• Poorjavad, N., Goldansaz, S.H., Machtelinckx, T., Tirry, L., Stouthamer, R., van Leeuwen, T., Iranian Trichogramma: ITS2 DNA characterization and natural Wolbachia infection, BioControl, 57, 361-374, 2012.
• Silva, I.M.M.S., Identification and evaluation of Trichogramma parasitoids for biological pest control, PhD thesis Wageningen Universiteit, Wageningen, pp. 151, 1999.
• Silva, I.M.M.S., van Meer, M.M.M., Roskan, M.M., Hoogenboom, A., Gort, G., Stouthamer, R., Biological potential of Wolbachia-infected versus uninfected wasps: laboratory and greenhouse evaluation of Trichogramma cordubensis and T. deion strain, Biocontrol. Sci. Techn., 10, 223-228, 2000.
• Smith, S.M., Biological control with Trichogramma: advances, successes, and their potential use, Annu. Rev. Entomol., 41, 375-406, 1996.
• SPSS for Windows, Release 10.0.1 Standart Version, SPSS, Inc, 223, S. Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois, 1999.
• Stouthamer, R., Luck, R.F., Hamilton, W.D., Antiobiotics cause parthenogenetic Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) to revert to sex, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 87, 2424-2427, 1990.
• Stouthamer, R., Kazmer, D.J., Cytogenetics of microbeassociated parthenogenesis and its consequences for gene flow in Trichogramma wasps, Heredity, 73, 317-327, 1994.
• Stouthamer, R., Wolbachia-induced parthenogenesis. In: Influential Passengers: Inherited microorganisms and Arthropod Reproduction (eds. S.L. O’Neill, A.A. Hoffmann & J.H. Werren), Oxford University Press pp. 102-124, 1997.
• Stouthamer, R., Breeuwer, J.A.J., Hurst, G.D.D., Wolbachia pipientis: microbial manipulator of arthropod reproduction, Annu. Rev. Microbiol., 53, 71–102, 1999a.
• Stouthamer, R., Hu, J., van Kan, F.J.P.M., Platner, G.R., Pinto, J.D., The utility of internally transcribed spacer 2 DNA sequences of the nuclear ribosomal gene for distinguishing sibling species of Trichogramma, BioControl, 43, 421–440, 1999b.
• Tuncbilek, A.S., Canpolat, U., Sumer, F., Suitability of irradiated and cold-stored eggs of Ephestia kuehniella (Pyralidae: Lepidoptera) and Sitotroga cerealella (Gelechidae: Lepidoptera) for stockpiling the eggparasitoid Trichogramma evanescens (Trichogrammatidae: Hymenoptera) in diapause, Biocontrol. Sci. Techn., 19(1), 127-138, 2009.
• Tuncbilek, A.S., Ercan, F.S., Canpolat, U., Effect of ionizing (gamma) and non-ionizing (UV) radiation on the development of Trichogramma euproctidis (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), Arch. Biol. Sci, 64(1), 287-295, 2012.
• Van Hezewijk, B.H., Bourchier, R.S., Smith, S.M., Searching speed of Trichogramma minutum and its potential as a measure of parasitoid quality, Biol. Control., 17: 139-146, 2000.
• Van Meer, M.M., Witteveldt, J., Stouthamer, R., Phylogeny of the arthropod endosymbiont Wolbachia based on the wsp gene, Insect. Mol. Biol., 8, 399–408,1999.
• Werren, J.H., Windsor, D.M., Wolbachia infection frequencies in insects: evidence of a global equilibrium? Proc. R. Soc. B: Biological Sciences, 267, 1277-1286, 2000.