Exploring the Relationships among Internal Marketing, Work Engagement, Job Performance and Turnover Intention: An Empirical Application in Sports Organizations

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 15 - 26, 27.06.2024

Süleyman Murat Yıldız

https://doi.org/10.29228/ERISS.42

Öz

This study aimed to determine the relationships between internal marketing, work engagement, job performance, and turnover intention by focusing on sports organizations. The data was obtained from employees of public organizations providing sports services in the west of Turkey. Four different scales were used for data collection: The IM-11 Scale developed by Yildiz and Kara (2017), the UWES-3 scale developed by Schaufeli et al. (2019), the job performance scale developed by Sigler and Pearson (2000), and the turnover intention scale developed by Landau and Hammer (1986). Relationships between variables were determined by correlation and hierarchical regression analyses. Correlation analysis showed that internal marketing had a significant and positive relationship with both work engagement and job performance, and it also indicated a significant and positive relationship between work engagement and job performance. This analysis also showed that turnover intention was significantly and negatively related to internal marketing, work engagement, and job performance. On the other hand, hierarchical regression analysis showed that work engagement had a partial mediating effect between internal marketing and job performance, and similarly, work engagement had a partial mediating effect between internal marketing and turnover intention. These results revealed that sports organizations should give importance to internal marketing and practices that attract employees to work in order to increase employees' job performance and at the same time reduce their turnover intention.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İnternal marketing, work engagement, job performance

Etik Beyan

Ethics Committee of Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Turkey. Date: 19.03.2024 Decision number/protocol number: 46/240040

İçsel Pazarlama, İşe Cezbolma, İş Performansı ve İşten Ayrılma Niyeti Arasındaki İlişkiler: Spor Organizasyonları Üzerinde Ampirik Uygulama

Öz

Bu çalışmada, spor örgütlerine odaklanılarak, içsel pazarlama, işe cezbolma, iş performansı ve işten ayrılma niyeti arasındaki ilişkilerin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmanın verileri Türkiye’nin batısında bulunan, spor hizmeti sunan kamu örgütleri çalışanlarından elde edilmiştir. Veri toplama amacıyla dört farklı ölçek kullanılmıştır. Bunlar Yıldız ve Kara (2017) tarafından geliştirilen IM-11 Ölçeği, Schaufeli vd. (2019) tarafından geliştirilen UWES-3 ölçeği, Sigler ve Pearson (2000) tarafından geliştirilen iş performansı ölçeği, ve Landau ve Hammer (1986) tarafından geliştirilen işten ayrılma ölçeğidir. Değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiler korelasyon ve hiyerarşik regresyon analizleri ile belirlenmiştir. Korelasyon analizi, içsel pazarlamanın hem işe cezbolma hem de iş performansı ile anlamlı ve pozitif ilişkiye sahip olduğunu, ayrıca işe cezbolma ile iş performansı arasında anlamlı ve pozitif ilişki olduğunu göstermiştir. Aynı zamanda bu analiz, işten ayrılma niyetinin içsel pazarlama, işe cezbolma ve iş performansı ile anlamlı ve negatif ilişkili olduğunu da göstermiştir. Diğer taraftan, hiyerarşik regresyon analizi, işe cezbolmanın içsel pazarlama ve iş performansı arasında kısmi aracılık etkisinin olduğunu, benzer şekilde, işe cezbolmanın içsel pazarlama ve işten ayrılma niyeti arasında kısmi aracılık etkisinin olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu sonuçlar, çalışanların iş performansının artması ve aynı zamanda işten ayrılma niyetinin azalması için, spor örgütlerinin içsel pazarlama ve çalışanları işe cezbedici uygulamalara önem vermeleri gerektiğini ortaya koymuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İçsel pazarlama, işe cezbolma, iş performansı, işten ayrılma niyeti, spor ötgütleri

Kaynakça

• Achim, M.I., Dragolea, L., & Balan, G. (2013). The importance of employee motivation to increase organizational performance. Annales Universitatis Apulensis Series Oeconomica, 15(2), 685-691.
• Bakker, A.B. & Leiter, M.P. (2010). Defining and measuring work engagement: Bringing clarity to the concept. Psychology Press.
• Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
• Borman, W.C. & Motowidlo, S. J. (1997). Task performance and contextual performance: The meaning for personnel selection research. Human Performance, 10(2), 99-109.
• Cheng-Ping, C. & Wei-Chen, C. (2009). Internal marketing practices and employees’ turnover intentions in tourism and leisure hotels. Journal of Hospitality Application & Research, 4(2), 5-30.
• Chiu, W., Won, D. & Bae, J. S. (2020). Internal marketing, organizational commitment, and job performance in sport and leisure services. Sport, Business and Management, 10(2), 105-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/SBM-09-2018-006
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Lawrence Erlbaum.
• Corbeanu, A. & Iliescu, D. (2023). The link between engagement and job performance. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 22(3), 111-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1866-5888/a000316.
• Dane, E. & Brummel, B.J. (2014). Examining workplace mindfulness and its relations to job performance and turnover intention. Human Relations, 67(1), 105-128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018726713487753
• Demirtas, E. & Yıldız, K. (2021). The examination of the effect of self-efficacy perceptions and stressors of football referees on their job performance. Spormetre The Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 19(4), 157-169. http://dx.doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.939240
• Duyan, M. (2021). The effect of internal marketing implementations on the organizational citizenship behaviors of youth and sports directorate employees. Journal of Sport Sciences Researches, 6(1), 76-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.25307/jssr.891016
• Foreman, S. & Money, A. (1995). Internal marketing: Concepts, measurement and application. Journal of Marketing Management, 11(8), 755-768. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.1995.9964388
• George, W. R. (1977). The retailing of services - A challenging future. Journal of Retailing, 53(3), 85-98.
• Honore, J. (2009). Employee motivation. Consortium Journal of Hospitality & Tourism, 14(1), 63-75.
• Joung, H. W., Goh, B. K., Huffman, L., Yuan, J. J., & Surles, J. (2015). Investigating relationships between internal marketing practices and employee organizational commitment in the foodservice industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 27(7), 1618-1640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-05-2014-0269
• Kim, J.S., Song, H. J. & Lee, C. K. (2016). Effects of corporate social responsibility and internal marketing on organizational commitment and turnover intentions. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 55, 25-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2016.02.007
• Kirkman, B. L. & Rosen, B. (1999). Beyond self-management: antecedents and consequences of team empowerment. Academy of Management Journal, 42(1), 58-74.
• Krug, H., Haslam, S. A., Otto, K., Safi, G. & Steffens, N. K. (2021). Doing it for the team: Soccer coaches' identity leadership predicts players' effort, turnover intentions, and performance. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 55, 101947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.psychosport.2021.101947
• Landau, J. & Hammer, T. H. (1986). Clerical employees’ perceptions of intraorganizational career opportunities. Academy of Management Journal, 29(2), 385-404. Lings, I. N. (2004). Internal market orientation: Construct and consequences. Journal of Business Research, 57(4), 405-413.
• Martensen, A. & Grønholdt, L. (2006). Internal marketing: A study of employee loyalty, its determinants and consequences. Innovative Marketing, 2(4), 92-116.
• Meira, J. V. S. & Hancer, M. (2021). Using the social Exchange theory to explore the employee-organization relationship in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 33(2), 670-692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-06-2020-0538
• Rafiq, M. & Ahmed, P. (2000). Advances in the internal marketing concept: Definition, synthesis and extension. Journal of Services Marketing, 14(6), 449-462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/08876040010347589
• Ragap, O. H. G. & Saleh, N. M. A. (2019). Formulation of internal marketing strategy to improve nurses’ work engagement. Assiut Scientific Nursing Journal, 8(20) Special No. 1, 249-256. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ASNJ.2020.95004
• Sahibzada, U. F., Jianfeng, C., Latif, F., & Shafait, Z. (2019). Development and validation of a multidimensional instrument for measuring internal marketing in Chinese higher education. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 32(3), 413-435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-09-2018-0206
• Sarangal, R. . & Nargotra, M. (2017). Internal marketing, employee job satisfaction and employee engagement: A case of J&K Bank. Pacific Business Review International, 10(4), 80-89.
• Schaufeli, W. B., Shimazu, A., Hakanen, J., Salanova, M. & De Witte, H. (2019). An ultra-short measure for work engagement: The UWES-3 validation across five countries. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 35(4), 577-591. http://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000430
• Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., Gonzalez-Roma, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3, 71-92.
• Sigler, T. H. & Pearson, C. M. (2000). Creating an empowering culture: Examining the relationship between organizational culture and perceptions of empowerment. Journal of Quality Management, 5, 27-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1084-8568(00)00011-0
• Wu, J., Inoue, Y., Filo, K. & Sato, M. (2022). Creating shared value and sport employees’ job performance: The mediating effect of work engagement. European Sport Management Quarterly, 22(2), 272-291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2020.1779327
• Yıldız, S. M. (2014). The role of internal marketing on job satisfaction and turnover intention: an empirical investigation of sport and physical activity organizations. Ege Academic Review: Business Administration, International Relations and Political Science, 14(1), 137-146.
• Yıldız, S. M. (2016) The effect of internal marketing on work engagement of academic staff in higher educational institutions. International Journal of Educational Sciences, 13(2), 152-158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09751122.2016.11890449
• Yıldız, S. M. & Kara, A. (2017). A unidimensional instrument for measuring internal marketing concept in the higher education sector: IM-11 scale. Quality Assurance in Education, 25(3), 329-342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/QAE-02-2016-0009
• Yıldız, S. M. (2021). Relationship between internal marketing and workplace mobbing: Empirical results from organizations providing sports services. Sistemas & Gestao, 16(3), 286-297. http://dx.doi.org/10.20985/1980-5160.2021.v16n3.1728
• Yıldız, S. M. (2022). An examination of the effect of internal marketing on work engagement: An empirical evidence from sport organizations. International Journal of Social Science Research, 11(1), 40-50.
• Yıldız, S. M. (2023). The relationship between internal marketing and employee organizational withdrawal behaviors: Empirical evidence from sports organizations. Eurasian Research in Sport Science, 8(2), 167-180. http://.doi.org/10.29228/ERISS.38
• Yıldız, K., Polat, E. & Yıldız, S. M. (2023). Relationships between internal marketing and job performance mediated by psychological ownership on fitness centers’ employees: Empirical analysis using PLS-SEM techniques. Sistemas & Gestao, 18(2), 163-174. http://.doi.org/10.20985/1980-5160.2023.v18n2.779