Araştırma Makalesi
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İnsani Müdahaleden Koruma Sorumluluğuna: Normatif Evrim, Siyasi Seçicilik ve Uygulama Krizi

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 1 , 473 - 506 , 27.04.2026
https://doi.org/10.58820/eruhfd.1843977
https://izlik.org/JA79RN75JN

Öz

Bu makale, insani müdahaleden koruma sorumluluğu doktrinine geçişi; normatif evrim, siyasal seçicilik ve kalıcı uygulama krizleri çerçevesinde incelemektedir. Çalışma temelde şu araştırma sorusuna odaklanmaktadır: Koruma sorumluluğu, uluslararası hukuk açısından gerçek bir normatif ilerlemeyi mi temsil etmektedir yoksa insani müdahalenin yapısal açmazlarını yalnızca yeni bir terminoloji altında yeniden mi üretmektedir? Analitik ve yorumsamacı bir yaklaşımı benimseyen çalışma, kuramsal tartışmaları üç temel vaka Kosova (1999), Libya (2011) ve Suriye (2011- ) üzerinden yapılan karşılaştırmalı bir değerlendirme ile bütünleştirmektedir. Makalede ilk olarak insani müdahale kavramının kavramsal ve hukuksal temelleri ele alınmakta; ardından Koruma Sorumluluğu kavramının 2001 Uluslararası Müdahale ve Devlet Egemenliği Komisyonu Raporu, 2005 Dünya Zirvesi Sonuç Belgesi, BM Genel Sekreteri raporları ve ilgili Güvenlik Konseyi kararları aracılığıyla nasıl kurumsallaştığı değerlendirilmektedir. Ampirik inceleme, Kosova’nın Koruma Sorumluluğu kavramı tartışmalarının ahlaki tetikleyicisi olduğunu; Libya’nın doktrinin ilk resmî uygulaması niteliği taşımasına karşın rejim değişikliğine yönelen müdahale biçimi nedeniyle ciddi bir meşruiyet krizi yarattığını; Suriye’nin ise jeopolitik rekabetler ve Güvenlik Konseyi vetolarının felç edici etkilerini görünür kılarak doktrinin en belirgin başarısızlığına dönüştüğünü göstermektedir. Bulgular Koruma Sorumluluğu’nun egemenliği, sorumluluk perspektifiyle yeniden tanımladığını ve insan haklarının korunması ile uluslararası barış ve güvenliğin tesisi arasında bir denge kurmayı amaçladığını ortaya koymaktadır. Bununla birlikte, uygulamanın son derece seçici olduğu ve siyaseten araçsallaştırıldığı da açıkça görülmektedir. Makale, Koruma Sorumluluğu kavramının yalnızca kısmen hayata geçirilmiş bir normatif proje olduğunu; etkinliğinin ise güç siyaseti ve kurumsal asimetriler tarafından sınırlandığını ileri sürmektedir. Doktrinin geleceğinin güçlendirilmesi, meşruiyet ile etkinlik arasındaki dengenin yeniden tesis edilmesine ve insani saiklerin stratejik çıkarların gölgesinde kalmamasına bağlıdır.

Etik Beyan

Yazar tarafından herhangi bir çıkar çatışması veya ortak çıkar beyan edilmemiştir.

Destekleyen Kurum

Bulunmamaktadır.

Teşekkür

Bulunmamatkadır.

Kaynakça

  • Alp, İlker. “Srebrenica Genocide (July 1995)”. Eurasian Studies, Vol. 23, No. 52, (2017): 127-171, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/422209.
  • Annan, Kofi. “Two Concepts of Sovereignty”, The Economist, 18 September 1999, (Erişim Tarihi: 09.11.2025), https://www.tamilnet.com/img/publish/2008/01/Twoconcept sofsovereigntyAnnan.pdf.
  • Aras, Bülent, Şule Toktaş. Güvenlik, Demokrasi ve İstikrar Sarmalında Suriye ve Afganistan. Ankara: Seta Publications, 2008, https://www.academia.edu/ 761779/G%C3%BCvenlik_ Demokrasi_ve_%C4%B0stikrar_Sarmal%C4%B1nda_Suriye_ve_Afganistan.
  • Arsava, Füsun. “Egemenlik ve Koruma Sorumluluğu”, Gazi Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi. Vol. XV, No. 1 (2011): 101-124, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/789465.
  • Başeren, Sertaç H. Uluslararası Hukukta Devletlerin Münferiden Kuvvet Kullanmalarının Sınırları. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2003.
  • Bellamy, Alex J. Responsibility to Protect: The Global Effort to End Mass Atrocities. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2009.
  • Bellamy, Alex J. The Responsibility to Protect: A Defense. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
  • Bellamy, Alex J. “The Responsibility to Protect-Five Years On,” Ethics & International Affairs 24, No. 2 (2010): 143-169, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.2010.00254.x. Bellamy Alex J. and Paul D. Williams, “The New Politics of Protection? Cote d’Ivoire, Libya and the Responsibility to Protect”, International Affairs, 87/4 (2011): 840-842, https://www.jstor.org/stable/20869761.
  • Bellamy, Alex J. and Ivan Simonovic, “Introduction: Towards Evidence Based Atrocity Prevention,” Journal of International Peacekeeping 24, (2020): 285-304, https://brill.com/view/journals/joup/24/3-4/article-p285_285.xml?rskey=l7q2QQ&result=3.
  • Buchanan, Allen. “Reforming the International Law of Humanitarian Intervention”, in Humanitarian Intervention: Ethical, Legal and Political Dilemmas, Ed. J. L. Holzgrefe and R. O. Keohane, 130-174, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
  • Çeliköz, Büşra. “İnsan Hakları: Üçüncü Dünya’nın Sorunu mu?”, in Dünya’nın Kayıp Halkası: Üçüncü Dünya, Ed. Ali Ayata and Hasan H. Akkaş, 241-260, İstanbul: Efe Akademi Yayınları, 2020.
  • Deitelhoff, Nicole and Lisbeth Zimmermann. “Norms under Challenge: Unpacking the Dynamics of Norm Robustness”, Journal of Global Security Studies, 4/1 (2019): 2-6, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345549721_Norms_under_Challenge_Unpacking_the_Dynamics_of_Norm_Robustness.
  • Demirel, Naim. “Uluslararası Hukukta İnsani Müdahale ve Hukuki Meşruiyet Sorunu.” FSM İlmî Araştırmalar İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi, 1 (2013): 152-172, https://acikerisim.fsm.edu.tr/xmlui;/handle/11352/97.
  • Duran, Hasan. “Yeni Bir Müdahale Şekli “İnsani Müdahale”. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1) (2001): 87-94, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/195134.
  • Elçin Ertuğrul, Ümmühan. “Humanitarian Intervention(!)”, Kuzey Afrika ve Asya Çalışmaları Uluslararası Sempozyumu Bildirileri, C. 38 (2007): 657-673, https://www.ayk.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/ULUSLARARASI-%C4%B0L%C4%B0%C5%9EK%C4%B0LER-2.-C%C4%B0LT.pdf.
  • Evans, Gareth. The Responsibility to Protect: Ending Mass Atrocity Crimes Once and for All, Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2008.
  • Evans, Gareth and Mohamed Sahnoun. “The Responsibility to Protect”, Foreign Affairs, 81/6 (2002): 99-110, https://www.jstor.org/stable/20033347.
  • Gürbüz, Mücahid. “Koruma Sorumluluğu (R2P) Bağlamında Fransa’nın Mali Müdahalesi (2013) Örneği.” Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (2020): 65-83, https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1066082.
  • Hancılar, Özhan. “Uluslararası Hukukta İnsani Müdahale”. Çankaya University Journal of Law, 7(2) (2011): 97-124, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/45446.
  • Hehir, Aidan. “The Permanence of Inconsistency: Libya, the Security Council and the Responsibility to Protect”, International Security, 38/1 (2013): 150-152, https://www.jstor.org/stable/24480572.
  • Hehir, Aidan. The Responsibility to Protect: Rhetoric, Reality and the Future of Humanitarian Intervention, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
  • Hinnebusch, Raymond. Syria: From Reform to Revolt, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
  • Independent International Commission on Kosovo, The Kosovo Report, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
  • International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS), The Responsibility to Protect, Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 2001.
  • Judah, Tim. Kosovo: War and Revenge, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000.
  • Keskin, Funda. Humanitarian Intervention: The Situation after Kosovo in 1999 and Iraq in 2003. Journal of International Relations, No. 12, Winter (2006): 49-70.
  • Kurt, Selim. “İnsani Müdahale ve Suriye Örneği.” Karadeniz Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(10), 2014: 39-65, https://www.academia.edu/11123364/%C4%B0nsani_M%C3%BCdahale_ve_Suriye_ %C3%96rne%C4%9Fi.
  • Nahlawi, Yasmine. “Accountability Pursuits in the Syrian Context: An R2P Success?,” Global Responsibility to Protect 17 (2025), 160-186. https://brill.com/view/journals/gr2p/17/02-03/article-p160_004.xml.
  • Nasir, Memoona. “Assessing the inaction of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) in Myanmar and Gaza Amidst Atrocity Crimes,” NUST Journal of International Peace and Stability 7(2) (2024): 74-79 https://doi.org/10.37540/njips.v7i2.176.
  • Nowak, Manfred. “Ban on Violence and Responsibility to Protect”, in Just Intervention?: Between Ban on Violence and Responsibility to Protect, Ed. Stephanie Fenkart, Heinz Gartner ve Hannes Swoboda, Wien: Lit Verlag, 2017.
  • Orford, Anne. Reading Humanitarian Intervention: Human Rights and the Use of Force in International Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
  • Orford, Anne. “The Responsibility to Protect and the Responsibility to Punish: A Post-Colonial Critique,” in The Responsibility to Protect: Challenges & Opportunities, Ed. Joachim J. Savarino, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
  • Paris, Roland. At War’s End: Building Peace After Civil Conflict, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
  • Paris, Roland. “The ‘Responsibility to Protect’ and the Structural Problems of Preventive Humanitarian Intervention”, International Peacekeeping, 21/5 (2014): 569-603, https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2014.963322.
  • Permanent Mission of Brazil to the United Nations, Responsibility While Protecting: Elements for the Development and Promotion of a Concept, UN Doc. A/66/551–S/2011/701 (2011).
  • Peter, Rudolf. Responsibility to Protect and Humanitarian Intervention: An Ethical Evaluation of the ‘Responsibility to Protect’ in Light of the Libya Mission, Berlin: German Institute for International and Security Affairs - SWP, 2013.
  • Summary of the UN Secretary General’s 2025 Report on R2P, Responsibility to Protect: 20 years of commitment to principled and collective action, https://www.globalr2p.org/publications/summary-2025-report/.
  • Telli, Azime. “İnsani Müdahaleden Koruma Sorumluluğuna Geçiş: Eski Sorun, Yeni Kavram”, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, S. 1 (2012): 206-220, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/184880.
  • Teson, Fernando. “The Liberal Case for Humanitarian Intervention”, in Humanitarian Intervention: Ethical, Legal and Political Dilemmas, Ed. J. L. Holzgrefe ve R. O. Keohane, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
  • Thakur, Ramesh. The Responsibility to Protect: Norms, Laws and the Use of Force in International Politics, London: Routledge, 2011.
  • United Nations Security Council, Resolution 1264, UN Doc. S/RES/1264, 1999.
  • United Nations, 2005 World Summit Outcome, UN Doc. A/RES/60/1, 2005.
  • United Nations Secretary-General, Implementing the Responsibility to Protect, UN Doc. A/63/677, 2009.
  • United Nations Security Council, Resolution 1674, UN Doc. S/RES/1674, 2006.
  • United Nations Security Council, Resolution 1973, UN Doc. S/RES/1973, 2011.
  • Weiss, Thomas G. Humanitarian Intervention: Ideas in Action, Cambridge: Polity Press, 2007.
  • Welsh, Jennifer M. Norm Contestation and the Responsibility to Protect, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.
  • Welsh, Jennifer M. “The Responsibility to Protect after Libya and Syria”, Daedalus 147, No. 1 (2018): 75-87, https://www.amacad.org/publication/daedalus/responsibility-protect-after-libya-syria.
  • Wheeler, Nicholas J. Saving Strangers: Humanitarian Intervention in International Society, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 1 , 473 - 506 , 27.04.2026
https://doi.org/10.58820/eruhfd.1843977
https://izlik.org/JA79RN75JN

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Alp, İlker. “Srebrenica Genocide (July 1995)”. Eurasian Studies, Vol. 23, No. 52, (2017): 127-171, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/422209.
  • Annan, Kofi. “Two Concepts of Sovereignty”, The Economist, 18 September 1999, (Erişim Tarihi: 09.11.2025), https://www.tamilnet.com/img/publish/2008/01/Twoconcept sofsovereigntyAnnan.pdf.
  • Aras, Bülent, Şule Toktaş. Güvenlik, Demokrasi ve İstikrar Sarmalında Suriye ve Afganistan. Ankara: Seta Publications, 2008, https://www.academia.edu/ 761779/G%C3%BCvenlik_ Demokrasi_ve_%C4%B0stikrar_Sarmal%C4%B1nda_Suriye_ve_Afganistan.
  • Arsava, Füsun. “Egemenlik ve Koruma Sorumluluğu”, Gazi Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi. Vol. XV, No. 1 (2011): 101-124, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/789465.
  • Başeren, Sertaç H. Uluslararası Hukukta Devletlerin Münferiden Kuvvet Kullanmalarının Sınırları. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2003.
  • Bellamy, Alex J. Responsibility to Protect: The Global Effort to End Mass Atrocities. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2009.
  • Bellamy, Alex J. The Responsibility to Protect: A Defense. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
  • Bellamy, Alex J. “The Responsibility to Protect-Five Years On,” Ethics & International Affairs 24, No. 2 (2010): 143-169, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.2010.00254.x. Bellamy Alex J. and Paul D. Williams, “The New Politics of Protection? Cote d’Ivoire, Libya and the Responsibility to Protect”, International Affairs, 87/4 (2011): 840-842, https://www.jstor.org/stable/20869761.
  • Bellamy, Alex J. and Ivan Simonovic, “Introduction: Towards Evidence Based Atrocity Prevention,” Journal of International Peacekeeping 24, (2020): 285-304, https://brill.com/view/journals/joup/24/3-4/article-p285_285.xml?rskey=l7q2QQ&result=3.
  • Buchanan, Allen. “Reforming the International Law of Humanitarian Intervention”, in Humanitarian Intervention: Ethical, Legal and Political Dilemmas, Ed. J. L. Holzgrefe and R. O. Keohane, 130-174, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
  • Çeliköz, Büşra. “İnsan Hakları: Üçüncü Dünya’nın Sorunu mu?”, in Dünya’nın Kayıp Halkası: Üçüncü Dünya, Ed. Ali Ayata and Hasan H. Akkaş, 241-260, İstanbul: Efe Akademi Yayınları, 2020.
  • Deitelhoff, Nicole and Lisbeth Zimmermann. “Norms under Challenge: Unpacking the Dynamics of Norm Robustness”, Journal of Global Security Studies, 4/1 (2019): 2-6, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345549721_Norms_under_Challenge_Unpacking_the_Dynamics_of_Norm_Robustness.
  • Demirel, Naim. “Uluslararası Hukukta İnsani Müdahale ve Hukuki Meşruiyet Sorunu.” FSM İlmî Araştırmalar İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi, 1 (2013): 152-172, https://acikerisim.fsm.edu.tr/xmlui;/handle/11352/97.
  • Duran, Hasan. “Yeni Bir Müdahale Şekli “İnsani Müdahale”. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1) (2001): 87-94, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/195134.
  • Elçin Ertuğrul, Ümmühan. “Humanitarian Intervention(!)”, Kuzey Afrika ve Asya Çalışmaları Uluslararası Sempozyumu Bildirileri, C. 38 (2007): 657-673, https://www.ayk.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/ULUSLARARASI-%C4%B0L%C4%B0%C5%9EK%C4%B0LER-2.-C%C4%B0LT.pdf.
  • Evans, Gareth. The Responsibility to Protect: Ending Mass Atrocity Crimes Once and for All, Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2008.
  • Evans, Gareth and Mohamed Sahnoun. “The Responsibility to Protect”, Foreign Affairs, 81/6 (2002): 99-110, https://www.jstor.org/stable/20033347.
  • Gürbüz, Mücahid. “Koruma Sorumluluğu (R2P) Bağlamında Fransa’nın Mali Müdahalesi (2013) Örneği.” Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (2020): 65-83, https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1066082.
  • Hancılar, Özhan. “Uluslararası Hukukta İnsani Müdahale”. Çankaya University Journal of Law, 7(2) (2011): 97-124, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/45446.
  • Hehir, Aidan. “The Permanence of Inconsistency: Libya, the Security Council and the Responsibility to Protect”, International Security, 38/1 (2013): 150-152, https://www.jstor.org/stable/24480572.
  • Hehir, Aidan. The Responsibility to Protect: Rhetoric, Reality and the Future of Humanitarian Intervention, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
  • Hinnebusch, Raymond. Syria: From Reform to Revolt, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
  • Independent International Commission on Kosovo, The Kosovo Report, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
  • International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS), The Responsibility to Protect, Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 2001.
  • Judah, Tim. Kosovo: War and Revenge, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000.
  • Keskin, Funda. Humanitarian Intervention: The Situation after Kosovo in 1999 and Iraq in 2003. Journal of International Relations, No. 12, Winter (2006): 49-70.
  • Kurt, Selim. “İnsani Müdahale ve Suriye Örneği.” Karadeniz Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(10), 2014: 39-65, https://www.academia.edu/11123364/%C4%B0nsani_M%C3%BCdahale_ve_Suriye_ %C3%96rne%C4%9Fi.
  • Nahlawi, Yasmine. “Accountability Pursuits in the Syrian Context: An R2P Success?,” Global Responsibility to Protect 17 (2025), 160-186. https://brill.com/view/journals/gr2p/17/02-03/article-p160_004.xml.
  • Nasir, Memoona. “Assessing the inaction of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) in Myanmar and Gaza Amidst Atrocity Crimes,” NUST Journal of International Peace and Stability 7(2) (2024): 74-79 https://doi.org/10.37540/njips.v7i2.176.
  • Nowak, Manfred. “Ban on Violence and Responsibility to Protect”, in Just Intervention?: Between Ban on Violence and Responsibility to Protect, Ed. Stephanie Fenkart, Heinz Gartner ve Hannes Swoboda, Wien: Lit Verlag, 2017.
  • Orford, Anne. Reading Humanitarian Intervention: Human Rights and the Use of Force in International Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
  • Orford, Anne. “The Responsibility to Protect and the Responsibility to Punish: A Post-Colonial Critique,” in The Responsibility to Protect: Challenges & Opportunities, Ed. Joachim J. Savarino, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
  • Paris, Roland. At War’s End: Building Peace After Civil Conflict, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
  • Paris, Roland. “The ‘Responsibility to Protect’ and the Structural Problems of Preventive Humanitarian Intervention”, International Peacekeeping, 21/5 (2014): 569-603, https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2014.963322.
  • Permanent Mission of Brazil to the United Nations, Responsibility While Protecting: Elements for the Development and Promotion of a Concept, UN Doc. A/66/551–S/2011/701 (2011).
  • Peter, Rudolf. Responsibility to Protect and Humanitarian Intervention: An Ethical Evaluation of the ‘Responsibility to Protect’ in Light of the Libya Mission, Berlin: German Institute for International and Security Affairs - SWP, 2013.
  • Summary of the UN Secretary General’s 2025 Report on R2P, Responsibility to Protect: 20 years of commitment to principled and collective action, https://www.globalr2p.org/publications/summary-2025-report/.
  • Telli, Azime. “İnsani Müdahaleden Koruma Sorumluluğuna Geçiş: Eski Sorun, Yeni Kavram”, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, S. 1 (2012): 206-220, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/184880.
  • Teson, Fernando. “The Liberal Case for Humanitarian Intervention”, in Humanitarian Intervention: Ethical, Legal and Political Dilemmas, Ed. J. L. Holzgrefe ve R. O. Keohane, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
  • Thakur, Ramesh. The Responsibility to Protect: Norms, Laws and the Use of Force in International Politics, London: Routledge, 2011.
  • United Nations Security Council, Resolution 1264, UN Doc. S/RES/1264, 1999.
  • United Nations, 2005 World Summit Outcome, UN Doc. A/RES/60/1, 2005.
  • United Nations Secretary-General, Implementing the Responsibility to Protect, UN Doc. A/63/677, 2009.
  • United Nations Security Council, Resolution 1674, UN Doc. S/RES/1674, 2006.
  • United Nations Security Council, Resolution 1973, UN Doc. S/RES/1973, 2011.
  • Weiss, Thomas G. Humanitarian Intervention: Ideas in Action, Cambridge: Polity Press, 2007.
  • Welsh, Jennifer M. Norm Contestation and the Responsibility to Protect, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.
  • Welsh, Jennifer M. “The Responsibility to Protect after Libya and Syria”, Daedalus 147, No. 1 (2018): 75-87, https://www.amacad.org/publication/daedalus/responsibility-protect-after-libya-syria.
  • Wheeler, Nicholas J. Saving Strangers: Humanitarian Intervention in International Society, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

From Humanitarian Intervention to the Responsibility to Protect: Normative Evolution, Political Selectivity and The Crisis of Implementation

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 1 , 473 - 506 , 27.04.2026
https://doi.org/10.58820/eruhfd.1843977
https://izlik.org/JA79RN75JN

Öz

This article examines the transformation from humanitarian intervention to the doctrine of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) by analyzing its normative evolution, political selectivity and persistent implementation crisis. It addresses the following central research question: Does R2P constitute a genuine normative advancement in international law or does it merely reproduce the structural dilemmas of humanitarian intervention under a new terminology? Drawing on an analytical and interpretive approach, the study integrates theoretical debates with a comparative assessment of three key cases - Kosovo (1999), Libya (2011) and Syria (2011- ). The article first explores the conceptual and legal foundations of humanitarian intervention, then evaluates how R2P was institutionalized through the 2001 International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) Report, the 2005 World Summit Outcome Document, UN Secretary-General reports and relevant Security Council resolutions. The empirical analysis demonstrates that Kosovo served as the moral catalyst of the R2P debate, Libya represented its first formal application but simultaneously triggered a legitimacy crisis due to the shift toward regime change and Syria constituted the most visible failure of the doctrine, revealing the paralyzing effects of geopolitical rivalries and Security Council vetoes. The findings suggest that while R2P redefined sovereignty through the lens of responsibility and sought to reconcile human rights protection with international peace and security, its implementation has remained highly selective and politically instrumentalized. The article concludes that R2P represents a partially realized normative project whose effectiveness is constrained by power politics and institutional asymmetries. Strengthening the future of the doctrine requires restoring the balance between legitimacy and effectiveness and ensuring that humanitarian imperatives are not overshadowed by strategic interests.

Etik Beyan

The author has not declared any conflict of interest or shared interest.

Kaynakça

  • Alp, İlker. “Srebrenica Genocide (July 1995)”. Eurasian Studies, Vol. 23, No. 52, (2017): 127-171, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/422209.
  • Annan, Kofi. “Two Concepts of Sovereignty”, The Economist, 18 September 1999, (Erişim Tarihi: 09.11.2025), https://www.tamilnet.com/img/publish/2008/01/Twoconcept sofsovereigntyAnnan.pdf.
  • Aras, Bülent, Şule Toktaş. Güvenlik, Demokrasi ve İstikrar Sarmalında Suriye ve Afganistan. Ankara: Seta Publications, 2008, https://www.academia.edu/ 761779/G%C3%BCvenlik_ Demokrasi_ve_%C4%B0stikrar_Sarmal%C4%B1nda_Suriye_ve_Afganistan.
  • Arsava, Füsun. “Egemenlik ve Koruma Sorumluluğu”, Gazi Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi. Vol. XV, No. 1 (2011): 101-124, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/789465.
  • Başeren, Sertaç H. Uluslararası Hukukta Devletlerin Münferiden Kuvvet Kullanmalarının Sınırları. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2003.
  • Bellamy, Alex J. Responsibility to Protect: The Global Effort to End Mass Atrocities. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2009.
  • Bellamy, Alex J. The Responsibility to Protect: A Defense. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
  • Bellamy, Alex J. “The Responsibility to Protect-Five Years On,” Ethics & International Affairs 24, No. 2 (2010): 143-169, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.2010.00254.x. Bellamy Alex J. and Paul D. Williams, “The New Politics of Protection? Cote d’Ivoire, Libya and the Responsibility to Protect”, International Affairs, 87/4 (2011): 840-842, https://www.jstor.org/stable/20869761.
  • Bellamy, Alex J. and Ivan Simonovic, “Introduction: Towards Evidence Based Atrocity Prevention,” Journal of International Peacekeeping 24, (2020): 285-304, https://brill.com/view/journals/joup/24/3-4/article-p285_285.xml?rskey=l7q2QQ&result=3.
  • Buchanan, Allen. “Reforming the International Law of Humanitarian Intervention”, in Humanitarian Intervention: Ethical, Legal and Political Dilemmas, Ed. J. L. Holzgrefe and R. O. Keohane, 130-174, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
  • Çeliköz, Büşra. “İnsan Hakları: Üçüncü Dünya’nın Sorunu mu?”, in Dünya’nın Kayıp Halkası: Üçüncü Dünya, Ed. Ali Ayata and Hasan H. Akkaş, 241-260, İstanbul: Efe Akademi Yayınları, 2020.
  • Deitelhoff, Nicole and Lisbeth Zimmermann. “Norms under Challenge: Unpacking the Dynamics of Norm Robustness”, Journal of Global Security Studies, 4/1 (2019): 2-6, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345549721_Norms_under_Challenge_Unpacking_the_Dynamics_of_Norm_Robustness.
  • Demirel, Naim. “Uluslararası Hukukta İnsani Müdahale ve Hukuki Meşruiyet Sorunu.” FSM İlmî Araştırmalar İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi, 1 (2013): 152-172, https://acikerisim.fsm.edu.tr/xmlui;/handle/11352/97.
  • Duran, Hasan. “Yeni Bir Müdahale Şekli “İnsani Müdahale”. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1) (2001): 87-94, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/195134.
  • Elçin Ertuğrul, Ümmühan. “Humanitarian Intervention(!)”, Kuzey Afrika ve Asya Çalışmaları Uluslararası Sempozyumu Bildirileri, C. 38 (2007): 657-673, https://www.ayk.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/ULUSLARARASI-%C4%B0L%C4%B0%C5%9EK%C4%B0LER-2.-C%C4%B0LT.pdf.
  • Evans, Gareth. The Responsibility to Protect: Ending Mass Atrocity Crimes Once and for All, Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2008.
  • Evans, Gareth and Mohamed Sahnoun. “The Responsibility to Protect”, Foreign Affairs, 81/6 (2002): 99-110, https://www.jstor.org/stable/20033347.
  • Gürbüz, Mücahid. “Koruma Sorumluluğu (R2P) Bağlamında Fransa’nın Mali Müdahalesi (2013) Örneği.” Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (2020): 65-83, https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1066082.
  • Hancılar, Özhan. “Uluslararası Hukukta İnsani Müdahale”. Çankaya University Journal of Law, 7(2) (2011): 97-124, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/45446.
  • Hehir, Aidan. “The Permanence of Inconsistency: Libya, the Security Council and the Responsibility to Protect”, International Security, 38/1 (2013): 150-152, https://www.jstor.org/stable/24480572.
  • Hehir, Aidan. The Responsibility to Protect: Rhetoric, Reality and the Future of Humanitarian Intervention, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
  • Hinnebusch, Raymond. Syria: From Reform to Revolt, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
  • Independent International Commission on Kosovo, The Kosovo Report, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
  • International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS), The Responsibility to Protect, Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 2001.
  • Judah, Tim. Kosovo: War and Revenge, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000.
  • Keskin, Funda. Humanitarian Intervention: The Situation after Kosovo in 1999 and Iraq in 2003. Journal of International Relations, No. 12, Winter (2006): 49-70.
  • Kurt, Selim. “İnsani Müdahale ve Suriye Örneği.” Karadeniz Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(10), 2014: 39-65, https://www.academia.edu/11123364/%C4%B0nsani_M%C3%BCdahale_ve_Suriye_ %C3%96rne%C4%9Fi.
  • Nahlawi, Yasmine. “Accountability Pursuits in the Syrian Context: An R2P Success?,” Global Responsibility to Protect 17 (2025), 160-186. https://brill.com/view/journals/gr2p/17/02-03/article-p160_004.xml.
  • Nasir, Memoona. “Assessing the inaction of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) in Myanmar and Gaza Amidst Atrocity Crimes,” NUST Journal of International Peace and Stability 7(2) (2024): 74-79 https://doi.org/10.37540/njips.v7i2.176.
  • Nowak, Manfred. “Ban on Violence and Responsibility to Protect”, in Just Intervention?: Between Ban on Violence and Responsibility to Protect, Ed. Stephanie Fenkart, Heinz Gartner ve Hannes Swoboda, Wien: Lit Verlag, 2017.
  • Orford, Anne. Reading Humanitarian Intervention: Human Rights and the Use of Force in International Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
  • Orford, Anne. “The Responsibility to Protect and the Responsibility to Punish: A Post-Colonial Critique,” in The Responsibility to Protect: Challenges & Opportunities, Ed. Joachim J. Savarino, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
  • Paris, Roland. At War’s End: Building Peace After Civil Conflict, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
  • Paris, Roland. “The ‘Responsibility to Protect’ and the Structural Problems of Preventive Humanitarian Intervention”, International Peacekeeping, 21/5 (2014): 569-603, https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2014.963322.
  • Permanent Mission of Brazil to the United Nations, Responsibility While Protecting: Elements for the Development and Promotion of a Concept, UN Doc. A/66/551–S/2011/701 (2011).
  • Peter, Rudolf. Responsibility to Protect and Humanitarian Intervention: An Ethical Evaluation of the ‘Responsibility to Protect’ in Light of the Libya Mission, Berlin: German Institute for International and Security Affairs - SWP, 2013.
  • Summary of the UN Secretary General’s 2025 Report on R2P, Responsibility to Protect: 20 years of commitment to principled and collective action, https://www.globalr2p.org/publications/summary-2025-report/.
  • Telli, Azime. “İnsani Müdahaleden Koruma Sorumluluğuna Geçiş: Eski Sorun, Yeni Kavram”, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, S. 1 (2012): 206-220, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/184880.
  • Teson, Fernando. “The Liberal Case for Humanitarian Intervention”, in Humanitarian Intervention: Ethical, Legal and Political Dilemmas, Ed. J. L. Holzgrefe ve R. O. Keohane, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
  • Thakur, Ramesh. The Responsibility to Protect: Norms, Laws and the Use of Force in International Politics, London: Routledge, 2011.
  • United Nations Security Council, Resolution 1264, UN Doc. S/RES/1264, 1999.
  • United Nations, 2005 World Summit Outcome, UN Doc. A/RES/60/1, 2005.
  • United Nations Secretary-General, Implementing the Responsibility to Protect, UN Doc. A/63/677, 2009.
  • United Nations Security Council, Resolution 1674, UN Doc. S/RES/1674, 2006.
  • United Nations Security Council, Resolution 1973, UN Doc. S/RES/1973, 2011.
  • Weiss, Thomas G. Humanitarian Intervention: Ideas in Action, Cambridge: Polity Press, 2007.
  • Welsh, Jennifer M. Norm Contestation and the Responsibility to Protect, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.
  • Welsh, Jennifer M. “The Responsibility to Protect after Libya and Syria”, Daedalus 147, No. 1 (2018): 75-87, https://www.amacad.org/publication/daedalus/responsibility-protect-after-libya-syria.
  • Wheeler, Nicholas J. Saving Strangers: Humanitarian Intervention in International Society, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 1 , 473 - 506 , 27.04.2026
https://doi.org/10.58820/eruhfd.1843977
https://izlik.org/JA79RN75JN

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Alp, İlker. “Srebrenica Genocide (July 1995)”. Eurasian Studies, Vol. 23, No. 52, (2017): 127-171, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/422209.
  • Annan, Kofi. “Two Concepts of Sovereignty”, The Economist, 18 September 1999, (Erişim Tarihi: 09.11.2025), https://www.tamilnet.com/img/publish/2008/01/Twoconcept sofsovereigntyAnnan.pdf.
  • Aras, Bülent, Şule Toktaş. Güvenlik, Demokrasi ve İstikrar Sarmalında Suriye ve Afganistan. Ankara: Seta Publications, 2008, https://www.academia.edu/ 761779/G%C3%BCvenlik_ Demokrasi_ve_%C4%B0stikrar_Sarmal%C4%B1nda_Suriye_ve_Afganistan.
  • Arsava, Füsun. “Egemenlik ve Koruma Sorumluluğu”, Gazi Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi. Vol. XV, No. 1 (2011): 101-124, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/789465.
  • Başeren, Sertaç H. Uluslararası Hukukta Devletlerin Münferiden Kuvvet Kullanmalarının Sınırları. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2003.
  • Bellamy, Alex J. Responsibility to Protect: The Global Effort to End Mass Atrocities. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2009.
  • Bellamy, Alex J. The Responsibility to Protect: A Defense. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
  • Bellamy, Alex J. “The Responsibility to Protect-Five Years On,” Ethics & International Affairs 24, No. 2 (2010): 143-169, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.2010.00254.x. Bellamy Alex J. and Paul D. Williams, “The New Politics of Protection? Cote d’Ivoire, Libya and the Responsibility to Protect”, International Affairs, 87/4 (2011): 840-842, https://www.jstor.org/stable/20869761.
  • Bellamy, Alex J. and Ivan Simonovic, “Introduction: Towards Evidence Based Atrocity Prevention,” Journal of International Peacekeeping 24, (2020): 285-304, https://brill.com/view/journals/joup/24/3-4/article-p285_285.xml?rskey=l7q2QQ&result=3.
  • Buchanan, Allen. “Reforming the International Law of Humanitarian Intervention”, in Humanitarian Intervention: Ethical, Legal and Political Dilemmas, Ed. J. L. Holzgrefe and R. O. Keohane, 130-174, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
  • Çeliköz, Büşra. “İnsan Hakları: Üçüncü Dünya’nın Sorunu mu?”, in Dünya’nın Kayıp Halkası: Üçüncü Dünya, Ed. Ali Ayata and Hasan H. Akkaş, 241-260, İstanbul: Efe Akademi Yayınları, 2020.
  • Deitelhoff, Nicole and Lisbeth Zimmermann. “Norms under Challenge: Unpacking the Dynamics of Norm Robustness”, Journal of Global Security Studies, 4/1 (2019): 2-6, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345549721_Norms_under_Challenge_Unpacking_the_Dynamics_of_Norm_Robustness.
  • Demirel, Naim. “Uluslararası Hukukta İnsani Müdahale ve Hukuki Meşruiyet Sorunu.” FSM İlmî Araştırmalar İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi, 1 (2013): 152-172, https://acikerisim.fsm.edu.tr/xmlui;/handle/11352/97.
  • Duran, Hasan. “Yeni Bir Müdahale Şekli “İnsani Müdahale”. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1) (2001): 87-94, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/195134.
  • Elçin Ertuğrul, Ümmühan. “Humanitarian Intervention(!)”, Kuzey Afrika ve Asya Çalışmaları Uluslararası Sempozyumu Bildirileri, C. 38 (2007): 657-673, https://www.ayk.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/ULUSLARARASI-%C4%B0L%C4%B0%C5%9EK%C4%B0LER-2.-C%C4%B0LT.pdf.
  • Evans, Gareth. The Responsibility to Protect: Ending Mass Atrocity Crimes Once and for All, Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2008.
  • Evans, Gareth and Mohamed Sahnoun. “The Responsibility to Protect”, Foreign Affairs, 81/6 (2002): 99-110, https://www.jstor.org/stable/20033347.
  • Gürbüz, Mücahid. “Koruma Sorumluluğu (R2P) Bağlamında Fransa’nın Mali Müdahalesi (2013) Örneği.” Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (2020): 65-83, https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1066082.
  • Hancılar, Özhan. “Uluslararası Hukukta İnsani Müdahale”. Çankaya University Journal of Law, 7(2) (2011): 97-124, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/45446.
  • Hehir, Aidan. “The Permanence of Inconsistency: Libya, the Security Council and the Responsibility to Protect”, International Security, 38/1 (2013): 150-152, https://www.jstor.org/stable/24480572.
  • Hehir, Aidan. The Responsibility to Protect: Rhetoric, Reality and the Future of Humanitarian Intervention, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
  • Hinnebusch, Raymond. Syria: From Reform to Revolt, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
  • Independent International Commission on Kosovo, The Kosovo Report, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
  • International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS), The Responsibility to Protect, Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 2001.
  • Judah, Tim. Kosovo: War and Revenge, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000.
  • Keskin, Funda. Humanitarian Intervention: The Situation after Kosovo in 1999 and Iraq in 2003. Journal of International Relations, No. 12, Winter (2006): 49-70.
  • Kurt, Selim. “İnsani Müdahale ve Suriye Örneği.” Karadeniz Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(10), 2014: 39-65, https://www.academia.edu/11123364/%C4%B0nsani_M%C3%BCdahale_ve_Suriye_ %C3%96rne%C4%9Fi.
  • Nahlawi, Yasmine. “Accountability Pursuits in the Syrian Context: An R2P Success?,” Global Responsibility to Protect 17 (2025), 160-186. https://brill.com/view/journals/gr2p/17/02-03/article-p160_004.xml.
  • Nasir, Memoona. “Assessing the inaction of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) in Myanmar and Gaza Amidst Atrocity Crimes,” NUST Journal of International Peace and Stability 7(2) (2024): 74-79 https://doi.org/10.37540/njips.v7i2.176.
  • Nowak, Manfred. “Ban on Violence and Responsibility to Protect”, in Just Intervention?: Between Ban on Violence and Responsibility to Protect, Ed. Stephanie Fenkart, Heinz Gartner ve Hannes Swoboda, Wien: Lit Verlag, 2017.
  • Orford, Anne. Reading Humanitarian Intervention: Human Rights and the Use of Force in International Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
  • Orford, Anne. “The Responsibility to Protect and the Responsibility to Punish: A Post-Colonial Critique,” in The Responsibility to Protect: Challenges & Opportunities, Ed. Joachim J. Savarino, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
  • Paris, Roland. At War’s End: Building Peace After Civil Conflict, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
  • Paris, Roland. “The ‘Responsibility to Protect’ and the Structural Problems of Preventive Humanitarian Intervention”, International Peacekeeping, 21/5 (2014): 569-603, https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2014.963322.
  • Permanent Mission of Brazil to the United Nations, Responsibility While Protecting: Elements for the Development and Promotion of a Concept, UN Doc. A/66/551–S/2011/701 (2011).
  • Peter, Rudolf. Responsibility to Protect and Humanitarian Intervention: An Ethical Evaluation of the ‘Responsibility to Protect’ in Light of the Libya Mission, Berlin: German Institute for International and Security Affairs - SWP, 2013.
  • Summary of the UN Secretary General’s 2025 Report on R2P, Responsibility to Protect: 20 years of commitment to principled and collective action, https://www.globalr2p.org/publications/summary-2025-report/.
  • Telli, Azime. “İnsani Müdahaleden Koruma Sorumluluğuna Geçiş: Eski Sorun, Yeni Kavram”, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, S. 1 (2012): 206-220, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/184880.
  • Teson, Fernando. “The Liberal Case for Humanitarian Intervention”, in Humanitarian Intervention: Ethical, Legal and Political Dilemmas, Ed. J. L. Holzgrefe ve R. O. Keohane, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
  • Thakur, Ramesh. The Responsibility to Protect: Norms, Laws and the Use of Force in International Politics, London: Routledge, 2011.
  • United Nations Security Council, Resolution 1264, UN Doc. S/RES/1264, 1999.
  • United Nations, 2005 World Summit Outcome, UN Doc. A/RES/60/1, 2005.
  • United Nations Secretary-General, Implementing the Responsibility to Protect, UN Doc. A/63/677, 2009.
  • United Nations Security Council, Resolution 1674, UN Doc. S/RES/1674, 2006.
  • United Nations Security Council, Resolution 1973, UN Doc. S/RES/1973, 2011.
  • Weiss, Thomas G. Humanitarian Intervention: Ideas in Action, Cambridge: Polity Press, 2007.
  • Welsh, Jennifer M. Norm Contestation and the Responsibility to Protect, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.
  • Welsh, Jennifer M. “The Responsibility to Protect after Libya and Syria”, Daedalus 147, No. 1 (2018): 75-87, https://www.amacad.org/publication/daedalus/responsibility-protect-after-libya-syria.
  • Wheeler, Nicholas J. Saving Strangers: Humanitarian Intervention in International Society, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Uluslararası İnsani ve İnsan Hakları Hukuku, Uluslararası Kamu Hukuku
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Büşra Çeliköz 0000-0003-2720-5260

Gönderilme Tarihi 18 Aralık 2025
Kabul Tarihi 25 Mart 2026
Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Nisan 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.58820/eruhfd.1843977
IZ https://izlik.org/JA79RN75JN
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 21 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Çeliköz, Büşra. 2026. “From Humanitarian Intervention to the Responsibility to Protect: Normative Evolution, Political Selectivity and The Crisis of Implementation”. Erciyes Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 21 (1): 473-506. https://doi.org/10.58820/eruhfd.1843977.


Erciyes Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.