Araştırma Makalesi

From Humanitarian Intervention to the Responsibility to Protect: Normative Evolution, Political Selectivity and The Crisis of Implementation

Cilt: 21 Sayı: 1 27 Nisan 2026
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From Humanitarian Intervention to the Responsibility to Protect: Normative Evolution, Political Selectivity and The Crisis of Implementation

Öz

This article examines the transformation from humanitarian intervention to the doctrine of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) by analyzing its normative evolution, political selectivity and persistent implementation crisis. It addresses the following central research question: Does R2P constitute a genuine normative advancement in international law or does it merely reproduce the structural dilemmas of humanitarian intervention under a new terminology? Drawing on an analytical and interpretive approach, the study integrates theoretical debates with a comparative assessment of three key cases - Kosovo (1999), Libya (2011) and Syria (2011- ). The article first explores the conceptual and legal foundations of humanitarian intervention, then evaluates how R2P was institutionalized through the 2001 International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) Report, the 2005 World Summit Outcome Document, UN Secretary-General reports and relevant Security Council resolutions. The empirical analysis demonstrates that Kosovo served as the moral catalyst of the R2P debate, Libya represented its first formal application but simultaneously triggered a legitimacy crisis due to the shift toward regime change and Syria constituted the most visible failure of the doctrine, revealing the paralyzing effects of geopolitical rivalries and Security Council vetoes. The findings suggest that while R2P redefined sovereignty through the lens of responsibility and sought to reconcile human rights protection with international peace and security, its implementation has remained highly selective and politically instrumentalized. The article concludes that R2P represents a partially realized normative project whose effectiveness is constrained by power politics and institutional asymmetries. Strengthening the future of the doctrine requires restoring the balance between legitimacy and effectiveness and ensuring that humanitarian imperatives are not overshadowed by strategic interests.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Etik Beyan

The author has not declared any conflict of interest or shared interest.

Kaynakça

  1. Alp, İlker. “Srebrenica Genocide (July 1995)”. Eurasian Studies, Vol. 23, No. 52, (2017): 127-171, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/422209.
  2. Annan, Kofi. “Two Concepts of Sovereignty”, The Economist, 18 September 1999, (Erişim Tarihi: 09.11.2025), https://www.tamilnet.com/img/publish/2008/01/Twoconcept sofsovereigntyAnnan.pdf.
  3. Aras, Bülent, Şule Toktaş. Güvenlik, Demokrasi ve İstikrar Sarmalında Suriye ve Afganistan. Ankara: Seta Publications, 2008, https://www.academia.edu/ 761779/G%C3%BCvenlik_ Demokrasi_ve_%C4%B0stikrar_Sarmal%C4%B1nda_Suriye_ve_Afganistan.
  4. Arsava, Füsun. “Egemenlik ve Koruma Sorumluluğu”, Gazi Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi. Vol. XV, No. 1 (2011): 101-124, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/789465.
  5. Başeren, Sertaç H. Uluslararası Hukukta Devletlerin Münferiden Kuvvet Kullanmalarının Sınırları. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2003.
  6. Bellamy, Alex J. Responsibility to Protect: The Global Effort to End Mass Atrocities. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2009.
  7. Bellamy, Alex J. The Responsibility to Protect: A Defense. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
  8. Bellamy, Alex J. “The Responsibility to Protect-Five Years On,” Ethics & International Affairs 24, No. 2 (2010): 143-169, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.2010.00254.x. Bellamy Alex J. and Paul D. Williams, “The New Politics of Protection? Cote d’Ivoire, Libya and the Responsibility to Protect”, International Affairs, 87/4 (2011): 840-842, https://www.jstor.org/stable/20869761.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Uluslararası İnsani ve İnsan Hakları Hukuku, Uluslararası Kamu Hukuku

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

27 Nisan 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

18 Aralık 2025

Kabul Tarihi

25 Mart 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 21 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA
Çeliköz, B. (2026). From Humanitarian Intervention to the Responsibility to Protect: Normative Evolution, Political Selectivity and The Crisis of Implementation. Erciyes Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(1), 473-506. https://doi.org/10.58820/eruhfd.1843977
AMA
1.Çeliköz B. From Humanitarian Intervention to the Responsibility to Protect: Normative Evolution, Political Selectivity and The Crisis of Implementation. ERÜHFD. 2026;21(1):473-506. doi:10.58820/eruhfd.1843977
Chicago
Çeliköz, Büşra. 2026. “From Humanitarian Intervention to the Responsibility to Protect: Normative Evolution, Political Selectivity and The Crisis of Implementation”. Erciyes Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 21 (1): 473-506. https://doi.org/10.58820/eruhfd.1843977.
EndNote
Çeliköz B (01 Nisan 2026) From Humanitarian Intervention to the Responsibility to Protect: Normative Evolution, Political Selectivity and The Crisis of Implementation. Erciyes Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 21 1 473–506.
IEEE
[1]B. Çeliköz, “From Humanitarian Intervention to the Responsibility to Protect: Normative Evolution, Political Selectivity and The Crisis of Implementation”, ERÜHFD, c. 21, sy 1, ss. 473–506, Nis. 2026, doi: 10.58820/eruhfd.1843977.
ISNAD
Çeliköz, Büşra. “From Humanitarian Intervention to the Responsibility to Protect: Normative Evolution, Political Selectivity and The Crisis of Implementation”. Erciyes Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 21/1 (01 Nisan 2026): 473-506. https://doi.org/10.58820/eruhfd.1843977.
JAMA
1.Çeliköz B. From Humanitarian Intervention to the Responsibility to Protect: Normative Evolution, Political Selectivity and The Crisis of Implementation. ERÜHFD. 2026;21:473–506.
MLA
Çeliköz, Büşra. “From Humanitarian Intervention to the Responsibility to Protect: Normative Evolution, Political Selectivity and The Crisis of Implementation”. Erciyes Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 21, sy 1, Nisan 2026, ss. 473-06, doi:10.58820/eruhfd.1843977.
Vancouver
1.Büşra Çeliköz. From Humanitarian Intervention to the Responsibility to Protect: Normative Evolution, Political Selectivity and The Crisis of Implementation. ERÜHFD. 01 Nisan 2026;21(1):473-506. doi:10.58820/eruhfd.1843977


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