Araştırma Makalesi
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Yıl 2024, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 1, 377 - 412, 30.04.2024

Baransel Mızrak

https://doi.org/10.58820/eruhfd.1475683

Öz

Jus ad bellum is a vitally important concept that determines whether the use of force conforms to international law. This concept guides researchers in determining the legality of an intervention and in this aspect, can be deemed as synonymous with the law of intervention. This concept depends on the delicate balance between Article 51 of the UN Charter, which deals with the right of self-defence, and Article 2/4 of the same Charter, which prohibits the use of force. These articles are crucial sources of jus ad bellum and form the fundamental basis for states’ use of force within the contexts of intervention by invitation and the right to self-defense. While the key criterion in the doctrine of intervention by invitation is the boundaries set by the host country, the fundamental conditions for the use of force in self-defence rely on the criteria of “urgency, necessity and proportionality”, which have been recognized as customary rules since the Caroline Incident. In intervention by invitation, it is seen that not only states, but also non-state actors can be invited by host country. On the other side, inviting states in non-international conflicts by a non-state actor under the claim of self-defence is not an adopted practice in international law. Indeed, the legal basis for states that intervened in Syrian territory without Damascus’s invitation is primarily based on the right to self-defence rather than the invitation from Syrian oppositions. In Libya, several states objected to Turkish intervention on the grounds that it was not in accordance with international law despite the fact that the intervention was conducted upon the request of the Government of National Accord of Libya. Most of the objections are stemmed from the argument that the Libyan Government of National Accord is not qualified to issue such an invitation and that Türkiye has no legitimate right respond to it. Furthermore, the nature of the intervention has altered, due to the violation of Turkish essential interests amidst the geopolitical conflicts in the Mediterranean. Therefore, this paper will assess the Turkish intervention by considering the premise that it was an action grounded in collective self-defence for Türkiye and Libya. On the other hand, interventions that are not based on an invitation, but are justified by the right of self-defence, remain a contentious issue in jus ad bellum. Given that Türkiye’s interventions in Syria based on the right to self-defence instead of invitation, it will be vitally important to evaluate these interventions within the context of “necessity, urgency and proportionality” criteria of the right to self-defence. Thus, during our assessments regarding Turkish interventions in Syria, we will consider various factors such as ungoverned territories, the substantial presence and terror attacks of illegal non-state actors as well as the documented and egregious violation of humanitarian law by the Syrian regime. Beyond these factors, Turkish interventions in the north of Syria are primarily justified by mass exodus of migration and the statehood ambitions of illegal non-state actors. However, Turkish interventions in Syria have sparked significant debate within the international community. Criticism has predominantly centered on their proportionality, rather than their necessity and urgency. In a nutshell, Turkish interventions in Libya and Syria serve as exceptional examples for discussing the comparative aspects of jus ad bellum. Therefore, this article aims to analyze Turkish interventions in Syria, based on the right of self-defence, and its intervention in Libya, relying on the invitation of the Government of National Accord comparatively within the context of jus ad bellum. This article is also to interpret the subject by giving precedence to the main sources of international law as much as possible and to reach a conclusion regarding Türkiye’s responsibility as a state.

Anahtar Kelimeler

jus ad bellum self-defence right intervention by invitation Libya in-tervention

Kaynakça

  • A/74/628, Note verbale from the Permanent Mission of Egypt to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General, (23 December 2019), https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3841139 .
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  • A/74/831, Letter from the Permanent Representative of the Syrian Arab Republic to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General, (29 April 2020), https://digitallibrary.un. org/record/3862113.
  • A/RES/2131(XX), UN General Assembly, Declaration on the Inadmissibility of Intervention in the Domestic Affairs of States and the Protection of Their Independence and Sovereignty, (21 December 1965), https://legal.un.org/avl/ha/ga_2131-xx/ga_2131-xx.html.
  • Acer, Yücel. “5 Soru: Türk Ticaret Gemisine Müdahale ve Uluslararası Hukuk”. SETA, 26 Kasım 2020. (Erişim tarihi: 18.09.2023). https://www.setav.org/5-soru-turk-ticaret-gemisine-mudahale-ve-uluslararasi- hukuk/.
  • Acer, Yücel. “Türkiye-Libya Deniz Sınırı Antlaşması’nın Birleşmiş Milletler Tarafından Tescilinin Önemi”, SETA Perspektif, 298, (2020): 1-5.
  • Acer, Yücel. “Türkiye-Libya Hidrokarbon Mutabakatı – Önemi ve Hukuki Yansımaları”, SETA Perspektif, 346, (Ekim 2022): 1-2.
  • Adalet Bakanlığı İnsan Hakları Dairesi Başkanlığı, (Erişim: 25.01.2024), https://inhak.adalet.gov.tr/Resimler/SayfaDokuman/2212020141836bm_01.pdf.
  • Albayrak, G. (2013). Uluslararası Hukukta Davetle Müdahale: Mali Örneği, (Erişim Tarihi: 2.01.2024), http://acm.klu.edu.tr/ dosya-lar/birimler/acm/dosyalar/dosya_ve_belgeler/24407633.pdf.
  • Arend Anthony C. ve Robert J. Beck. International Law and the Use of Force: Beyond the UN Charter Paradigm, London: Routledge 1993. 13.
  • Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2005, p 92-104. https://www.icj-cij.org/case/116.
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  • Atalayar, “The Arab League delegitimizes Turkey's intervention in Libya” 24 June 2020, (Erişim tarihi: 02.5.2023), https://www.atalayar.com/en/articulo/politics/arab-league-delegitimizes-turkeys-intervention- libya/20200624105457146318.html.
  • Bethlehem, Daniel. “Principles Relevant to the Scope of a State’s right of Self-Defence Against an Imminent or Actual Armed Attack by Non-State Actors, AJIL! 769, 775–77 (2012): 1-3.
  • Bowett, Derek. “Reprisals Involving Recourse to Armed Force”, The American Journal of Internatonal Law, 66, 1, (1972): 1-36.
  • Commission, (Erişim tarihi: 06.11.207), 2005, http:// legal.un.org/ ilc/texts/instruments/english/draft_articles/9_6_2001.pdf.
  • Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations (Erişim tarihi: 22.01.2024), https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/202170
  • Dinstein, Yoram. War, Agression and Self Defence, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2003.
  • Erkiner, Hakkı Hakan, “Devletin Uluslararası Sorumluluğu Maddeleri” Responsibility of States - Responsabilité de l’État, (Erişim tarihi: 02.4.2023), https://marmara.academia.edu/Hakk%C4%B1HakanErkiner.
  • Foreign Ministry: Turkish regime’s aggressive threats pose violation of international law, sovereignty and safety of Syrian territories, SA-NA, 4 June 2022, (Erişim tarihi: 19.03.2024), https://sana.sy/en/?p=273614.
  • Galatasaray Üniversitesi ve ICRC, 12 Ağustos 1949 Tarihli Cenevre Sözleşmeleri ve Ek Protokolleri, (Erişim: 22.08.2023), https://www.icrc.org/en/download/.../sozlesmeleri-protokolleri-conventions-protocols.pdf.
  • Hasar, Seyfullah. “Turkish Intervention by Invitation in Libya: Intervention in Civil Wars, the Violation of Ineffective Arms Embargoes and Noncompliance with Domestic Law”, Dicle Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 26/45, (2021): 237-238.
  • Hasar, Seyfullah. Foreign Military Intervention during Civil Wars, Leiden & Boston: Brill Nijhoff, 2022.
  • İnsan Hakları Ortak Platformu Etkiniz AB Programı, Viyana Antlaşmalar Hukuku Sözleşmesi, (Erişim tarihi: 22.09.2023) https://insanhaklariizleme.org/vt/yayin_view.php?editid1=438.
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  • Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v United States of America) ICJ Report 1986, para. 242.
  • Mon, C. Le. “Unilateral Intervention By Invitation In Civil Wars: The Effective Control Test Tested”, New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, 35, (2003): 741-793.
  • Nolte, George. “Intervention by Invitation”, Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, (Erişim: 15.08.2023), http:// opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e1702.
  • Note Verbale from the Permanent Mission of Egypt to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General. A/74/628. Website of the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea. (23 December 2019).
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DAVETLE MÜDAHALE DOKTRİNİ VE MEŞRU MÜDAFAA HAKKI’NIN JUS AD BELLUM AÇISINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ: TÜRKİYE’NİN LİBYA VE SURİYE MÜDAHALELERİ

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 1, 377 - 412, 30.04.2024

Baransel Mızrak

https://doi.org/10.58820/eruhfd.1475683

Öz

Jus ad bellum kavramı, kuvvet kullanımının uluslararası hukuka uygunluğunu yorumlayan önemli bir kavramdır. Müdahale hukukunun eş anlamlısı olarak ele alınabilecek olan bu kavram, bir müdahalenin hukuka uygun olup olmadığı konusunda araştırmacılara yol göstermektedir. Mezkûr kavram, BM Andlaşması’nın meşru müdafaa hakkından bahseden 51. maddesi ile aynı andlaşmanın kuvvet kullanım yasağından söz eden 2/4. maddesi arasındaki hassas dengeler üzerine kurulu olup gerçekleştirilen müdahalelerin hukuki analizi olabildiğince bu iki önemli maddeye göre şekillendirilmektedir. Devletler egemenlik hakkına dayanarak bir devleti veya devlet dışı aktörü ülkesine davet edebilmekte ve bu yolla meşru müdafaa hakkına başvurabilmektedir. Ancak davete dayanmamakla birlikte meşru müdafaa hakkına dayandığı ifade edilen müdahaleler, jus ad bellum açısından önemli bir tartışma konusudur. Türkiye’nin Libya ve Suriye müdahaleleri ise davetle müdahale doktrini ve meşru müdafaa hakkının karşılaştırmalı olarak ele alınabileceği müstesna örneklerdendir. Bu çalışma da Türkiye’nin davete değil müdafaa hakkına dayanan Suriye müdahaleleri ile davete dayanan Libya müdahalelerini jus ad bellum açısından karşılaştırmalı olarak ele almayı amaçlamaktadır. Söz konusu çalışmada konuya ilişkin mümkün olduğu ölçüde uluslararası hukukun temel kaynakları öncelenerek bir yorum getirilmesi ve Türkiye’nin olası sorumluluğuna ilişkin bir kanaate varılması hedeflenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

jus ad bellum meşru müdafaa hakkı davetle müdahale doktrini Libya müdahalesi ve Suriye müdahalesi

Kaynakça

  • A/74/628, Note verbale from the Permanent Mission of Egypt to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General, (23 December 2019), https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3841139 .
  • A/74/706, Letter from the Permanent Representative of Greece to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General, (14 February 2020), https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3853066.
  • A/74/831, Letter from the Permanent Representative of the Syrian Arab Republic to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General, (29 April 2020), https://digitallibrary.un. org/record/3862113.
  • A/RES/2131(XX), UN General Assembly, Declaration on the Inadmissibility of Intervention in the Domestic Affairs of States and the Protection of Their Independence and Sovereignty, (21 December 1965), https://legal.un.org/avl/ha/ga_2131-xx/ga_2131-xx.html.
  • Acer, Yücel. “5 Soru: Türk Ticaret Gemisine Müdahale ve Uluslararası Hukuk”. SETA, 26 Kasım 2020. (Erişim tarihi: 18.09.2023). https://www.setav.org/5-soru-turk-ticaret-gemisine-mudahale-ve-uluslararasi- hukuk/.
  • Acer, Yücel. “Türkiye-Libya Deniz Sınırı Antlaşması’nın Birleşmiş Milletler Tarafından Tescilinin Önemi”, SETA Perspektif, 298, (2020): 1-5.
  • Acer, Yücel. “Türkiye-Libya Hidrokarbon Mutabakatı – Önemi ve Hukuki Yansımaları”, SETA Perspektif, 346, (Ekim 2022): 1-2.
  • Adalet Bakanlığı İnsan Hakları Dairesi Başkanlığı, (Erişim: 25.01.2024), https://inhak.adalet.gov.tr/Resimler/SayfaDokuman/2212020141836bm_01.pdf.
  • Albayrak, G. (2013). Uluslararası Hukukta Davetle Müdahale: Mali Örneği, (Erişim Tarihi: 2.01.2024), http://acm.klu.edu.tr/ dosya-lar/birimler/acm/dosyalar/dosya_ve_belgeler/24407633.pdf.
  • Arend Anthony C. ve Robert J. Beck. International Law and the Use of Force: Beyond the UN Charter Paradigm, London: Routledge 1993. 13.
  • Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2005, p 92-104. https://www.icj-cij.org/case/116.
  • Aslan, Murat. “Yeniden Yapılandırma: Türkiye’nin Suriye’deki Modeli”, SETA Rapor, Ankara, (2019): 37-48.
  • Atalayar, “The Arab League delegitimizes Turkey's intervention in Libya” 24 June 2020, (Erişim tarihi: 02.5.2023), https://www.atalayar.com/en/articulo/politics/arab-league-delegitimizes-turkeys-intervention- libya/20200624105457146318.html.
  • Bethlehem, Daniel. “Principles Relevant to the Scope of a State’s right of Self-Defence Against an Imminent or Actual Armed Attack by Non-State Actors, AJIL! 769, 775–77 (2012): 1-3.
  • Bowett, Derek. “Reprisals Involving Recourse to Armed Force”, The American Journal of Internatonal Law, 66, 1, (1972): 1-36.
  • Commission, (Erişim tarihi: 06.11.207), 2005, http:// legal.un.org/ ilc/texts/instruments/english/draft_articles/9_6_2001.pdf.
  • Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations (Erişim tarihi: 22.01.2024), https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/202170
  • Dinstein, Yoram. War, Agression and Self Defence, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2003.
  • Erkiner, Hakkı Hakan, “Devletin Uluslararası Sorumluluğu Maddeleri” Responsibility of States - Responsabilité de l’État, (Erişim tarihi: 02.4.2023), https://marmara.academia.edu/Hakk%C4%B1HakanErkiner.
  • Foreign Ministry: Turkish regime’s aggressive threats pose violation of international law, sovereignty and safety of Syrian territories, SA-NA, 4 June 2022, (Erişim tarihi: 19.03.2024), https://sana.sy/en/?p=273614.
  • Galatasaray Üniversitesi ve ICRC, 12 Ağustos 1949 Tarihli Cenevre Sözleşmeleri ve Ek Protokolleri, (Erişim: 22.08.2023), https://www.icrc.org/en/download/.../sozlesmeleri-protokolleri-conventions-protocols.pdf.
  • Hasar, Seyfullah. “Turkish Intervention by Invitation in Libya: Intervention in Civil Wars, the Violation of Ineffective Arms Embargoes and Noncompliance with Domestic Law”, Dicle Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 26/45, (2021): 237-238.
  • Hasar, Seyfullah. Foreign Military Intervention during Civil Wars, Leiden & Boston: Brill Nijhoff, 2022.
  • İnsan Hakları Ortak Platformu Etkiniz AB Programı, Viyana Antlaşmalar Hukuku Sözleşmesi, (Erişim tarihi: 22.09.2023) https://insanhaklariizleme.org/vt/yayin_view.php?editid1=438.
  • Libya'nın Siyasi Görünümü, T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı, (Erişim tarihi: 11.09.2023) https://www.mfa.gov.tr/libya-siyasi-gorunumu. tr.mfa.
  • Memorandum of Understanding Between the Government of the Republic of Turkey and the Government of National Accord-State of Libya on Security and Military Cooperation, (26.12.2014), https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2019/12/20191226-3.pdf.
  • Mızrak, Baransel. Türkiye’nin Irak ve Suriye’deki Müdahaleleri ve Uluslararası Hukuk, Ankara: Akçağ Yayınları, 2022.
  • Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v United States of America) ICJ Report 1986, para. 242.
  • Mon, C. Le. “Unilateral Intervention By Invitation In Civil Wars: The Effective Control Test Tested”, New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, 35, (2003): 741-793.
  • Nolte, George. “Intervention by Invitation”, Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, (Erişim: 15.08.2023), http:// opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e1702.
  • Note Verbale from the Permanent Mission of Egypt to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General. A/74/628. Website of the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea. (23 December 2019).
  • OPCW Official Website, OPCW Releases First Report by Investigation and Identification Team, https://www.opcw.org/media-centre/news/2020/04/opcw-releases-first-report-investigation-and-identification- team.
  • Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, International Law
  • Reuters, Greece, Israel and Cyprus call Turkey's planned Libya deployment 'dangerous escalation', 3 January 2023, (Erişim tarihi: 02.09.2023) https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-turkey-reaction- idCAKBN1Z20CI.
  • S/2020/269, Letter dated 1 April 2020 from the Permanent Representative of Libya to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council, (Erişim tarihi: 17.10.2023), https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3856400.
  • S/RES/1368 (2001), UN Security Council, 12 September 2001, (Erişim tarihi: 22.01.2024), https://www.ilsa.org/jessup/ jes-sup08/basicmats/sc1368.pdf.
  • S/RES/2259, Unanimously Adopting Resolution 2259 (2015), Security Council Welcomes Signing of Libyan Political Agreement on New Government for Strife-Torn Country, (Erişim tarihi: 11.09.2023), https://press.un.org/en/2015/sc12185.doc.htm.
  • S/2019/804, Letter dated 9 October 2019 from the Permanent Representative of Turkey to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council, 9 October 2019.
  • Saldırı’nın (Tecavüzün) Tanımı: Birleşmiş Milletler Genel Kurulu’nun 3814 (XXIX) sayılı ve 1974 Tarihli Kararı, BM Enformasyon Merkezi, Ankara, (Erişim tarihi: 11.09.2023), https://inhak.adalet. gov.tr/Resimler/Dokuman/2312020095336bm_31.pdf.
  • SC-115, 23 Kasım 2020, Dışişleri Bakanlığı Sözcüsü Hami Aksoy’un, Türk Bayraklı bir Ticari Geminin Irini Harekâtı Kapsamında Ülkemizin Rızası Olmadan Denetime Tabi Tutulması Hakkındaki So-ruya Cevabı, (Erişim tarihi: 08.09.2023), https:// shor-turl.at/qBCEO.
  • Steenberghe, Raphael, Van. “The Alleged Prohibition on Intervening in Civil Wars Is Still Alive after the Airstrikes against Islamic State in Iraq: A Response to Dapo Akande and Zachary Vermeer”, Ejil:Talks!, February 12, 2015, (Erişim tarihi: 02.09.2023), www.ejiltalk.org/the-alleged-prohibition-on-intervening-in-civil-wars-is-still-alive-after-the-airstrikes-against-islamic-state-in-iraq-a-response-to-dapo-akande-and- zachary-vermeer/.
  • Talmon, Stefan. Difficulties in Assessing the illegality of the Turkish intervention in Syria, GPIL-German Practice in International Law, (Erişim tarihi: 24.01.2024), https://gpil.jura.uni-bonn.de/2018/01/ difficulties- assessing-illegality-turkish-intervention-syria/.
  • Talmon, Stefan and Mary Lobo. The intricacies of maritime boundary delimitation: Germany’s one-sided response to the Turkey-Libya MoU on delimitation of the maritime jurisdiction areas in the Mediterranean, GPIL – German Practice in International Law, 09 March 2020, (Erişim tarihi: 19.03.2024), https://gpil.jura.uni-bonn.de/2020/03/the-intricacies-of-maritime-boundary-delimitation-germanys-one- sided-response-to-the-turkey-libya-mou-on-delimitation-of-the-maritime-jurisdiction-areas-in-the-mediterranean/
  • Taşdemir, Fatma. Uluslararası Nitelikte Olmayan Silahlı Çatışmalar Hukuku, Ankara: Adalet Yayınları, 2009, 5-14.
  • TBMM Tutanak Dergisi, 41. Birleşim, 2 Ocak 2020, (Erişim tarihi: 02.09.2023) https://www5.tbmm.gov.tr/tutanak/donem27/yil3/ham/b04101h.htm.
  • The Caroline Case, The Avolon Project, Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy, (Erişim: 15.08.2023), http://avalon.law.yale.edu /19th_century/br-1842d.asp#ash1.
  • The Guardian, General accused of war crimes courted by west in Libya, 25 September 2017, (Erişim tarihi: 02.5.2023), https:// www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/25/khalifa-haftar-libyan-general-accused- of-human-rights-abuses.
  • TRT Haber, Libya'yla yeni muhtıra: Türk şirketlere hidrokarbon yetkisi, 04.11.2022, https://www.trthaber.com/haber/ dunya/ lib-yayla-yeni-muhtira-turk-sirketlere-hidrokarbon-yetkisi-713376.html.
  • TRT Haber, ÖSO’dan Afrin’de yağma suçu işleyenlere yaptırım, 19 Mart 2018, (Erişim tarihi: 12.09.2023), https:// www. trthaber.com/haber/dunya/osodan-afrinde-yagma-sucu-isleyenlere-yaptirim-356083.html.
  • United Nations International Law Commission. (2022). Draft Articles on Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Humanity. (Erişim tarihi: 02.4.2023), https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/ instruments/english/draft_articles/1_14_2022.pdf.
  • United Nations, Charter of the United Nations, 24 October 1945, (Erişim: 15.08.2023), https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication /ctc/uncharter.pdf.
  • Williams, Gareth D. “Piercing The Shield of Sovereignty: An Assesment of the Legal Status of the ‘Unwilling or Unable’ Test”, The University of New South Wales Law Journal, 36, 2, (2013): 619-641.
  • Yalçınkaya, Alaeddin “AB’nin Türkiye Gemisine Müdahalesi”, Turkish Forum, 2 Aralık 2020, (Erişim Tarihi: 20.02.2024), https://www.turkishnews.com/tr/content/2020/12/02/abnin-turkiye-gemisine-mudahalesi/
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası Kamu Hukuku
Bölüm Kamu Hukuku
Yazarlar

Baransel Mızrak 0000-0001-7671-2504

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 23 Aralık 2023
Kabul Tarihi 20 Mart 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 19 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Mızrak, Baransel. “DAVETLE MÜDAHALE DOKTRİNİ VE MEŞRU MÜDAFAA HAKKI’NIN JUS AD BELLUM AÇISINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ: TÜRKİYE’NİN LİBYA VE SURİYE MÜDAHALELERİ”. Erciyes Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 19, sy. 1 (Nisan 2024): 377-412. https://doi.org/10.58820/eruhfd.1475683.
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