DSM-5 Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu Belirti Ölçeği Özbildirim Çocuk Formu' nun Türk Ergenlerde Geçerlik ve Güvenirliğinin Değerlendirilmesi

Öz

Bu çalışmada travmatik olaylar sonrasında ortaya çıkan ve çeşitli duygusal ve davranışsal sorunlarla ilişkilendirilen travma sonrası stres bozukluğu incelenmiştir. Çalışmada çocuklar için Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu Belirti Ölçeği-Öz Bildirim Formu'nun (CPSS-5) Türk kültürüne uyarlanmasını amaçlamıştır. Düşük sosyoekonomik düzeye sahip 11-14 yaş arası 348 ergene ulaşılmıştır. Araştırmada CPSS-5, Güçler ve Güçlükler Anketi'nin duygusal sorunlar alt ölçeği ve Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Analizler, CPSS-5'in güçlü geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik sonuçları ortaya koyduğunu göstermiştir. Belirlenen kesme puanı doğrultusunda, ergenler travma sonrası stres bozukluğu puanlarına göre "travmatize" ve "travmatize olmayan" olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Buna göre, travmatize olan ergenlerin sosyal destek düzeyleri travmatize olmayanlardan daha düşük ve duygusal sorun puanları daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Bulgular, CPSS-5'in 11-14 yaş arası Türk ergenler için kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Travma sonrası stress bozukluğu
• Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu Belirti Ölçeği
• uyarlama

Assessing reliability and validity of the Child PTSD Symptom Scale for DSM-5-Self Report in Turkish Adolescents

Öz

This study examined post-traumatic stress disorder, which emerges following traumatic events and is associated with various emotional and behavioral problems. This study aimed to adapt the Child Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Scale-Self-Report (CPSS-5) to Turkish culture. In the study, 348 adolescents aged 11-14 from a low socioeconomic background were reached. The CPSS-5, the emotional problems subscale of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and the Perceived Social Support Scale were used. Analyses revealed strong validity and reliability results for CPSS-5. By setting a cut-off score, adolescents were classified as “traumatized” and “non-traumatized” based on their post-traumatic stress disorder scores. Accordingly, traumatized adolescents had lower social support and higher emotional problem scores. Findings indicated that the CPSS-5 can be used for Turkish adolescents aged 11-14.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Post-traumatic stress disorder
• Child PTSD Symptom Scale-Self-Report
• adaptation

Kaynakça

1. Abraham, E. H., Antl, S. M., & McAuley, T. (2022). Trauma exposure and mental health in a community sample of children and youth. Psychological trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 14(4), 624. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001035
2. Agbaria, N., Petzold, S., Deckert, A., Henschke, N., Veronese, G., Dambach, P., ... & Winkler, V. (2021). Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder among Palestinian children and adolescents exposed to political violence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 16(8), e0256426. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256426
3. al-Ammar, F. K., Attal, B. A., & Ismail, K. (2024). The Child PTSD Symptom Scale among Yemeni School children: Factorial Validity. European Journal of Social Science Education and Research, 11(3), 72-93. https://doi.org/10.26417/ejss.v3i1.p119-132
4. Alisic, E., Zalta, A. K., Van Wesel, F., Larsen, S. E., Hafstad, G. S., Hassanpour, K., & Smid, G. E. (2014). Rates of post-traumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed children and adolescents: meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 204(5), 335-340. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.113.131227
5. Allen, L., Jones, C., Fox, A., Copello, A., Jones, N., & Meiser-Stedman, R. (2021). The correlation between social support and post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 294, 543-557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.07.028
6. American Psychiatric Association (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder. American Psychiatric Association Publishing
7. Birkeland, M. S., Skar, A. M. S., & Jensen, T. K. (2022). Understanding the relationships between trauma type and individual posttraumatic stress symptoms: a cross‐sectional study of a clinical sample of children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 63(12), 1496-1504. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13602
8. Boumpa, V., Papatoukaki, A., Kourti, A., Mintzia, S., Panagouli, E., Bacopoulou, F., & Tsitsika, A. (2024). Sexual abuse and post-traumatic stress disorder in childhood, adolescence and young adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(6), 1653–1673. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-022-02015-5

9. Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (2016). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. In A. E. Kazdin (Ed.), Methodological issues and strategies in clinical research (4th ed., pp. 187–203). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14805-012
10. Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 310. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310
11. Cortina, J. M. (1993). What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(1), 98.
12. Eker, D., & Arkar, H. (1995). Perceived social support: psychometric properties of the mspss in normal and pathological groups in a developing country. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 30, 121-126.
13. Foa, E. B., Hembree, E. A., Rothbaum, B. O., & Rauch, S. (2007). Prolonged exposure therapy for PTSD: Emotional processing of traumatic experiences: Therapist guide. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195308501.001.0001
14. Foa, E. B., Asnaani, A., Zang, Y., Capaldi, S., & Yeh, R. (2018). Psychometrics of the child PTSD symptom scale for DSM-5 for trauma-exposed children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 47(1), 38-46. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2017.1350962
15. Frederick, C., Pynoos, R. S., & Nader, K. (1992). Child Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index (CPTSD-RI). University of California at Los Angeles Department of Psychiatry
16. Geisinger, K. F., & McCormick, C. (2013). Testing and assessment in cross-cultural psychology. Handbook of Psychology: Assessment Psychology, 114-139.
17. Goodman, R. (1997). The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: a research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38(5), 581-586. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x
18. Grüning Parache, L., Vogel, M., Meigen, C., Kiess, W., & Poulain, T. (2024). Family structure, socioeconomic status, and mental health in childhood. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(7), 2377-2386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-023-02329-y
19. Güvenir, T., Özbek, A., Baykara, B., Arkar, H., Şentürk, B., & İncekaş, S. (2008). Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Turkish Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 15(2), 65-74.
20. Hagborg, J. M., Kalin, T., & Gerdner, A. (2022). The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire—Short Form (CTQ-SF) used with adolescents–methodological report from clinical and community samples. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 15(4), 1199-1213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-022-00443-8
21. Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
22. Hulin, C., Netemeyer, R., and Cudeck, R. (2001). Can a reliability coefficient be too high? Journal of Consumer Psychology, 10(1), 55-69. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327663JCP1001&2_05.
23. International Organization for Migration (2024). Migrants’ presence monitoring. https://dtm.iom.int/reports/turkiye-migrant-presence-monitoring-situation-report-january-2024
24. Kar, N., & Bastia, B. K. (2006). Post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and generalised anxiety disorder in adolescents after a natural disaster: a study of comorbidity. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 2, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-0179-2-17
25. McKay, M. T., Cannon, M., Chambers, D., Conroy, R. M., Coughlan, H., Dodd, P., ... & Clarke, M. C. (2021). Childhood trauma and adult mental disorder: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of longitudinal cohort studies. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 143(3), 189-205. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13268
26. Messman-Moore, T. L., & Bhuptani, P. H. (2017). A review of the long‐term impact of child maltreatment on posttraumatic stress disorder and its comorbidities: An emotion dysregulation perspective. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 24(2), 154. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpsp.12193
27. Ministry of Interior Disaster and Emergency Manangement Presidency (2017) Türkiye’deki Suriyelilerin demografik görünümü, yaşam koşulları ve gelecek beklentilerine yönelik saha araştırması. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.afad.gov.tr/kurumlar/afad.gov.tr/25337/xfiles/17a-Turkiye_deki_Suriyelilerin_Demografik_Gorunumu_Yasam_Kosullari_ve_Gelecek_Beklentilerine_Yonelik_Saha_Arastirmasi_2017.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwipsZier8yJAxX0VvEDHWjcFYUQFnoECB0QAQ&usg=AOvVaw3Zgiid44F-4leCcOrpISRF
28. Muysewinkel, E., Vesentini, L., Van Deynse, H., Gisle, L., Smith, P., Bruggeman, H., Bilsen, J., & Van Overmeire, R. (2024). Trauma exposure, social support and mental health in the general population in Belgium. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 14(7), 2047-2056. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14070136
29. Muthen, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2019). Mplus version 8.3: User’s guide. Los Angeles: Muthén & Muthén.
30. National Center for PTSD (2024). How Common is PTSD in Children and Teens? https://www.ptsd.va.gov/understand/common/common_children_teens.asp
31. Orçan, F. (2023). Comparison of cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s omega for ordinal data: Are they different?. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, 10(4), 709-722.
32. Paulus, F. W., Ohmann, S., Möhler, E., Plener, P., & Popow, C. (2021). Emotional dysregulation in children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders. A narrative review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 628252. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.628252
33. Peterson, R. A. (1994). A meta-analysis of Cronbach’s coefficient alpha. Journal of Consumer Research, 21(2), 381–391.https://doi.org/10.1086/209405
34. Poudel, A., Gurung, B., & Khanal, G. P. (2020). Perceived social support and psychological wellbeing among Nepalese adolescents: the mediating role of self-esteem. BMC Psychology, 8, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-020-00409-1
35. Pynoos, R. S., Frederick, C., Nader, K., Arroyo, W., Steinberg, A., Eth, S., Nunez, F., & Fairbanks, L. (1987). Life threat and posttraumatic stress in school-age children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44(12), 1057-1063. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800240031005
36. Rezayat, A. A., Sahebdel, S., Jafari, S., Kabirian, A., Rahnejat, A. M., Farahani, R. H., & Nour, M. G. (2020). Evaluating the prevalence of PTSD among children and adolescents after earthquakes and floods: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatric Quarterly, 91, 1265-1290. doi: 10.1007/s11126-020-09840-4
37. Scardera, S., Perret, L. C., Ouellet-Morin, I., Gariépy, G., Juster, R. P., Boivin, M., Séguin, J. R., Tremblay, R. E., & Geoffroy, M. C. (2020). Association of social support during adolescence with depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation in young adults. JAMA Network Open, 3(12), e2027491-e2027491. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.27491
38. Selçuk, E. B., Demir, A. Ç., Erbay, L. G., Özcan, Ö. Ö., Gürer, H., & Dönmez, Y. E. (2021). Anxiety, depression and post‐traumatic stress disorder symptoms in adolescents during the COVID‐19 outbreak and associated factors. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 75(11), e14880. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.14880
39. Shi, C., Ren, Z., Zhao, C., Zhang, T., & Chan, S. H. W. (2021). Shame, guilt, and posttraumatic stress symptoms: A three-level meta-analysis. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 82, 102443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102443
40. Spinazzola, J., Hodgdon, H., Liang, L. J., Ford, J. D., Layne, C. M., Pynoos, R., Briggs, E. C., Stolbach, B., & Kisiel, C. (2014). Unseen wounds: The contribution of psychological maltreatment to child and adolescent mental health and risk outcomes. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 6(S1), S18. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037766
41. Stice, E., Ragan, J., & Randall, P. (2004). Prospective relations between social support and depression: Differential direction of effects for parent and peer support?. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113(1), 155. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.113.1.155
42. Vibhakar, V., Allen, L. R., Gee, B., & Meiser-Stedman, R. (2019). A systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence of depression in children and adolescents after exposure to trauma. Journal of Affective Disorders, 255, 77-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.05.005
43. Wang, Y., Chung, M. C., Wang, N., Yu, X., & Kenardy, J. (2021). Social support and posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 85, 101998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2021.101998
44. Wang, J., & Wang, X. (2019). Structural equation modeling: Applications using Mplus. John Wiley & Sons. World Health Organization. (2020, September). ICD-11 for mortality and morbidity statistics. https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en
45. Yakşi, N., & Eroğlu, M. (2024). Determinants of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among children and adolescents in the subacute stage of Kahramanmaras earthquake, Turkey. Archives of Public Health, 82(1), 199. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-024-01434-x
46. Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30-41. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2