Ergenlerde Cep Telefonu Bağımlılığı, Duygu Düzenleme, Farkındalık ve Öz Denetim: Seri Aracılık Analizi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 4, 565 - 578, 31.12.2024

Çiğdem Gülden , Kenan Polat

https://doi.org/10.17556/erziefd.1500379

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'deki ergenlerde duygu düzenleme ile cep telefonu bağımlılığı arasındaki ilişkide farkındalık ve öz denetimin aracılığının incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Buna ek olarak, bu çalışmada Beş Faktörlü Bilgece Farkındalık Ölçeği-Kısa Formu ve Öz Denetim Ölçeği'nin psikometrik özellikleri ergenler üzerinde incelenmiştir. Araştırma bulguları cep telefonu bağımlılığının işlevsel olmayan duygu düzenleme ile pozitif; öz denetim ve farkındalık ile ise negatif ilişkili olduğunu göstermiştir. Buna ek olarak, işlevsel olmayan duygu düzenlemenin öz denetim ve farkındalıkla negatif yönde ilişkili olduğu görülürken; öz denetim ve farkındalıkla pozitif yönde ilişkili olduğu görülmüştür. İşlevsel olmayan duygu düzenleme, öz denetim ve farkındalığın cep telefonu bağımlılığı üzerinde doğrudan anlamlı etkileri olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, farkındalık ve öz denetimin işlevsel olmayan duygu düzenleme ile cep telefonu bağımlılığı arasındaki ilişkiye aracılık ettiği bulunmuştur. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları, cep telefonu bağımlılığının işlevsel olmayan duygu düzenleme nedeniyle arttığını ancak bu ilişkinin farkındalık ve öz denetimle azaltılabileceğini doğrulamaktadır. Diğer bir ifade ile işlevsel olmayan duygu düzenleme, düşük öz denetim ve farkındalık yoluyla cep telefonu bağımlılığını artırmakta; ancak farkındalık ve öz denetim uygulamaları bu etkileri azaltabilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cep telefonu bağımlılığı, duygu düzenleme, farkındalık, öz denetim, ergenler, seri aracılık analizi

Mobile Phone Addiction, Emotion Regulation, Mindfulness, and Self-Control Among Adolescents: A Serial Mediation Analysis

Öz

This study aimed to examine the mediation effect of mindfulness and self-control in the relationship between emotion regulation and mobile phone addiction in Turkish adolescents. Additionally, the psychometric properties of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire-Short Form and the Self-Control Scale were investigated on adolescents in this study. Our findings indicated that mobile phone addiction is positively correlated with dysfunctional emotion regulation and negatively associated with self-control and mindfulness. Furthermore, dysfunctional emotion regulation was negatively associated with self-control, and mindfulnessand self-control were positively correlated with mindfulness. Dysfunctional emotion regulation, self-control and mindfulness had direct significant effects on mobile phone addiction. Mindfulness and self-control were found to partially mediate the association between dysfunctional emotion regulation and mobile phone addiction. Findings from this investigation confirm that the degree of mobile phone addiction is heightened by dysfunctional emotion regulation; however, these associations can be mitigated by practicing mindfulness and self-control. In other words, dysfunctional emotion regulation increases mobile phone addiction through low self-control and mindfulness; however, mindfulness and self-control practices can reduce these effects.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Mobile phone addiction, emotion regulation, mindfulness, self-control, adolescents, serial mediation analysis

Kaynakça

• Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(2), 217-37 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004
• Amendola, S., Spensieri, V., Guidetti, V., & Cerutti, R. (2019). The relationship between difficulties in emotion regulation and dysfunctional technology use among adolescents. Journal of Psychopathology, 25(1), 10–17.
• Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment m ethods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13(1), 27–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191105283504
• Bajaj, B., Gupta, R., & Pande, N. (2016). Self-esteem mediates the relationship between mindfulness and well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 94, 96–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.01.020
• Baki, D., & Yıldız, M. A. (2014). Adaptation of the Regulation of Emotions Questionnaire (REQ) for adolescents. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 5(41), 23–35.
• Baumeister, R. F., Heatherton, T. F., & Tice, D. M. (1994). Losing control: How and why people fail at self-regulation. Academic Press.
• Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., & Tice, D. M. (2007). The strength model of self-control. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(6), 351-355. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00534.x
• Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z. V., Abbey, S., Speca, M., Velting, D., & Devins, G. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11(3), 230–241. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1000109
• Bowlin, S. L., & Baer, R. A. (2012). Relationships between mindfulness, self-control, and psychological functioning. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(3), 411–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.10.050
• Brand, M., Young, K. S., Laier, C., Wölfling, K., & Potenza, M. N. (2016). Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific internet-use disorders: An Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 71, 252–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.033
• Brewer, J. A., Van Dam, N. T., & Davis, J. H. (2015). Mindfulness and the addictive process: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms. In Ostafin, B., Robinson, M., Meier, B. (Eds), Handbook of mindfulness and self-regulation. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2263-5_14
• Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 822–848. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822
• Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., & Cresswell, J. D. (2007). Mindfulness: Theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects. Psychological Inquiry, 18, 211-237.
• Chen, L., Yan, Z., Tang, W., Yang, F., Xie, X., & He, J. (2016). Mobile phone addiction levels and negative emotions among Chinese young adults: The mediating role of interpersonal problems. Computers in Human Behavior, 55(Part B), 856–866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.10.030
• Cheng S. S., Zhang C. Q., & Wu J. Q. (2020). Mindfulness and smartphone addiction before going to sleep among college students: the mediating roles of self-control and rumination. Clocks & Sleep, 2(3), 354-363. https://doi.org/10.3390/clockssleep2030026.
• Cheng, Y., & Meng, J. (2021). The association between depression and problematic smartphone behaviors through smartphone use in a clinical sample. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 3(3), 441–453. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.258
• Cho, H. Y., Kim, D. J., & Park, J. W. (2017). Stress and adult smartphone addiction: Mediation by self-control, neuroticism, and extraversion. Stress and Health, 33, 624–630. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2749
• Chóliz, M. (2012). Mobile-phone addiction in adolescence: The test of mobile phone dependence (TMD). Progress in Health Sciences, 12, 33–44.
• Compare, A., Zarbo, C., Shonin, E., Van Gordon, W., & Marconi, C. (2014). Emotional Regulation and Depression: A Potential Mediator between heart and mind. Cardiovascular Psychiatry and Neurology, 324374. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/324374
• Deniz Ayalp, H., & Hisli Şahin, N. (2018). Turkish adaptation of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire - Short Form (FFMQ-S). Journal of Clinical Psychology Research, 2(3), 117–127. https://doi.org/10.31828/kpd2602443807092018m000002
• Devcich, D. A., Rix, G., Bernay, R., & Graham, E. (2017). Effectiveness of a mindfulness-based program on school children's self-reported well-being: A pilot study comparing effects with an emotional literacy program. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 33(4), 309–330. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377903.2017.1316333
• Duy, B., & Yldız, M. A. (2014). Adaptation of the Regulation of Emotions Questionnaire (REQ) for adolescents. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 5(41), 23-35.
• Duyan, V., Gülden, Ç., & Gelbal, S. (2012). Self-Control Scale-SCS: Reliability and validity study. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 23(1), 25–38.
• Ekblad, A. G. (2009). Effects of mindfulness training on emotion regulation and attention. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Duke University.
• Elhai, J. D., Levine, J. C., Dvorak, R. D., & Hall, B. J. (2016). Fear of missing out, need for touch, anxiety and depression are related to problematic smartphone use. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 509–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.079
• Estévez, A., Jáuregui, P., Sánchez-Marcos, I., López-González, H., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). Attachment and emotion regulation in substance addictions and behavioral addictions. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 6(4), 534–544. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.6.2017.086
• Field, A. (2013). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics. SAGE Publications.
• Fitzpatrick, S., Khoury, J. E., Krantz, L., Zeifman, R. Janice R. Kuo, R. J. (2019). Next-day effects of dysfunctional and functional emotion regulation and the moderating role of experiential avoidance. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 12, 22-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2019.01.003
• Fırat, N., & Balcı Çelik, S. (2017). The adaptation of mobile phone addiction scale into Turkish: Validity and reliability study. Journal of Human Sciences, 14(3), 2875–2887. https://doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v14i3.1592
• Fırat, S., Gül, H., Sertçelik, M., Gül, A., Gürel, Y., & Kılıç, B. G. (2018). The relationship between problematic smartphone use and psychiatric symptoms among adolescents who applied to psychiatry clinics. Psychiatry Research, 270, 97-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.09.015
• Fu, L., Wang, P., Zhao, M., Xie, X., Chen, Y., Nie, J., & Lei, L. (2020). Can emotion regulation difficulty lead to adolescent problematic smartphone use? A moderated mediation model of depression and perceived social support. Children and Youth Services Review, 108, 104660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104660
• Gadassi Polack, R., Everaert, J., Uddenberg, C., Kober, H., & Joormann, J. (2021). Emotion regulation and self-criticism in children and adolescence: Longitudinal networks of transdiagnostic risk factors. Emotion (Washington, D.C.), 21(7), 1438–1451. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0001041
• Gioia, F., Rega, V., Boursier, V. (2021). Problematic Internet use and emotional dysregulation among young people: A literature review. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 18(1), 41-54. https://doi.org/10.36131/cnfioritieditore20210104
• Gülden, Ç. & Yalçın, İ. (2024). The effectiveness of a synchronous online mindfulness-based intervention on the attentional control and mindfulness of Turkish late adolescents. A mixed methods study. Journal of Adolescent Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558424129714
• Harman, H. H. (1967). Modern Factor Analysis. The University of Chicago Press.
• Hayes, A. F. (2022). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. The Guilford Press.
• Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K., Wilson, K. G., Bissett, R. T., Pistorello, J., Toarmino, D., Polusny, M. A., Dykstra, T. A., Batten, S. V., Bergan, J., Stewart, S. H., Zvolensky, M. J., Eifert, G. H., Bond, F. W., Forsyth, J. P., Karekla, M., & McCurry, S. M. (2004). Measuring experiential avoidance: A preliminary test of a working model. The Psychological Record, 54(4), 553–578. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03395492
• Huang, H., Wan, X., Lu, G., Ding, Y., & Chen, C. (2022). The relationship between alexithymia and mobile phone addiction among mainland Chinese students: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 754542. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.754542
• Huttenlocher, P. R. (2009). Neural Plasticity: The effects of environment on the development of the celebral cortex. Harvard University Press.
• Jain, S., Shapiro, S. L., Swanick, S., Roesch, S. C., Mills, P. J., Bell, I., & Schwartz, G. E. (2007). A randomized controlled trial of mindfulness meditation versus relaxation training: Effects on distress, positive states of mind, rumination, and distraction. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 33, 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324796abm3301_2
• Karaer, Y., & Akdemir, D. (2019). Parenting styles, perceived social support and emotion regulation in adolescents with internet addiction. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 92, 22–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2019.03.003
• Kardefelt-Winther, D. (2014). A conceptual and methodological critique of internet addiction research: Towards a model of compensatory internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 351–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.059
• Khang, H., Kim, J. K., & Kim, Y. (2013). Self-traits and motivations as antecedents of digital media flow and addiction: The Internet, mobile phones, and video games. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(6), 2416–2424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.05.027
• Kim, H. J, Min, J. Y., Min, K., B., Lee, T. J., & Yoo, S. (2018). Relationship among family environment, self-control, friendship quality, and adolescents’ smartphone addiction in South Korea: Findings from nationwide data. PLoS One, 13(2), e0190896. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190896
• Korkmaz, S., Göksuluk, D., & Zararsız, G. (2014). MVN: An R package for assessing multivariate normality. The R Journal, 6(2), 151–162.
• Kuss, D., Griffiths, M., Karila, L., & Billieux, J. (2014). Internet addiction: A systematic review of epidemiological research for the last decade. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 20(25), 4026-4052.
• Lani, L., Lauriola, M., Chiesa, A., & Cafaro, V. (2019). Associations between mindfulness and emotion regulation: The key role of describing and nonreactivity. Mindfulness, 10(2), 366–375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-0981-5
• Lee, H., Ahn, H., Choi, S., & Choi, W. (2014). The SAMS: Smartphone addiction management system and verification. Journal of Medical Systems, 38(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-013-0001-1
• Lee, T. Y. & Busiol, D. (2016). A review of research on phone addiction amongst children and adolescents in Hong Kong. International Journal of Child and Adolescent Health, 9(4), 433-442
• Lee, H., Ahn, H., Choi, S., & Choi, W. (2014). The SAMS: Smartphone addiction management system and verification. Journal of Medical Systems, 38(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-013-0001-1
• Lepp, A., Barkley, J. E., & Karpinski, A. C. (2014). The relationship between cell phone use, academic performance, anxiety, and satisfaction with life in college students. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 343–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.049
• Li, S., Ren, P, Chiu, M. M., Wang, C. & Lei, H. (2021). The relationship between self-control and internet addiction among students: a meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 735755. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.735755
• Li, J., Zhan, D., Zhou, Y., & Gao, X. (2021). Loneliness and problematic mobile phone use among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of escape motivation and self-control. Addictive Behaviors 118, 106857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106857.
• Lindenberg, K., Kindt, S., & Szász-Janocha, C. (2020). Internet addiction in adolescents: The PROTECT program for evidence-based prevention and treatment. Springer Nature https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43784-8
• Liu, Q. Q. , Zhang, D. J., Yang, X. J., Zhang, C. Y., Fan, C. Y., & Zhou, Z.K. (2018). Perceived stress and mobile phone addiction in Chinese adolescents: a moderated mediation model. Computers in Human Behavior, 87, 247–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.06.006
• Liu, Q., Q., Yang, X. J., Yu-Ting Hu, Y. T., Zhang, C. Y., & Nie, Y. G. (2020). How and when is family dysfunction associated with adolescent mobile phone addiction? Testing a moderated mediation model. Children and Youth Services Review, 111, 104827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.06.006
• MacKenzie, M. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (2015). Self-regulatory strength and mindfulness. In B. D. Ostafin, M. D. Robinson, & B. P. Meier (Eds.), Handbook of mindfulness and self-regulation (pp. 95–105). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2263-5_8
• Macklem, G. L. (2008). Practitioner's guide to emotion regulation in school-aged children. Springer Science, Business Media.
• Mazılı, S., & Gültekin, M. (2020). The Examination of Smart Phone Addiction in Adolescents in terms of Self Control. Kalem International Journal of Education and Human Sciences, 10(2), 705-730, https://doi.org/10.23863/kalem.2020.172
• Mi, Z., Cao, W., Diao, W., Wu, M., & Fang, X. (2023). The relationship between parental phubbing and mobile phone addiction in junior high school students: A moderated mediation model. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1117221
• Monemi, A., & Zeinali, A. (2022). The role of difficulty in emotion regulation and loneliness feeling in predicting cellphone over use in adolescents. Contemporary Psychology, 17(1), 1-11 http://dorl.net/dor/20. 1001.1.20081243.1402.16.2.1.9
• Muraven, M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000). Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: Does self-control resemble a muscle? Psychological Bulletin, 126(2), 247–259. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.126.2.247
• Muraven, M., Tice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1998). Self-control as a limited resource: Regulatory depletion patterns. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 774-789. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.74.3.774
• Müller, K. W., & Wölfling, K. (2017). Both sides of the story: Addiction is not a pastime activity: Commentary on: Scholars’ open debate paper on the World Health Organization ICD-11 Gaming Disorder proposal (Aarseth et al.). Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 6(2), 118–120. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.6.2017.038
• OFCOM (2019). Children and parents: Media use and attitudes report, 2019.
• Özdemir, Y., Kuzucu, Y., & Ak, Ş. (2014). Depression, loneliness and internet addiction: how important is low self-control? Computers in Human Behaviour, 34, 284–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.02.009
• Park, J. A., Park, M. H., Shin, J. H., Li, B., Rolfe, D., Yoo, J. Y., & Dittmore, S. (2016). Effect of sports participation on internet addiction mediated by self-control: a case of korean adolescents. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 37(3), 164-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjss.2016.08.003
• Pettorruso, M., Valle, S., Cavic, E., Martinotti, G., Di Giannantonio, M., & Grant, J. E. (2020). Problematic internet use (PIU), personality profiles and emotion dysregulation in a cohort of young adults: trajectories from risky behaviors to addiction. Psychiatry Research, 289, 113036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113036
• Phillips, K. F. V., & Power, M. J. (2007). A new self-report measure of emotion regulation in adolescents: The regulation of emotions questionnaire. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 14, 145–156. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.523
• Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2012). Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 539–569. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100452
• Reina, C. S., & Kudesia, R. S. (2020). Wherever you go, there you become: How mindfulness arises in everyday situations. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 159, 78–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2019.11.008
• Rosenbaum, M. (1980). A schedule for assessing self-control behaviors: Preliminary findings. Behavior Therapy, 11, 109–121.
• Rozgonjuk, D., & Elhai, J. D. (2021). Emotion regulation in relation to smartphone use: Process smartphone use mediates the association between expressive suppression and problematic smartphone use. Current Psychology, 40, 3246–3255, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00271-4
• Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
• Ryan, R. M., Legate, N., Niemiec, C. P., & Deci, E. L. (2012). Beyond illusions and defense: Exploring the possibilities and limits of human autonomy and responsibility through self-determination theory. In P. R. Shaver & M. Mikulincer (Eds.), Meaning, mortality, and choice (pp. 215–233). American Psychological Association.
• Sandström, M., Wilen, J., Oftedal, G., & Hansson Mild, K. (2001). Mobile phone use and subjective symptoms. Comparison of symptoms experienced by users of analogue and digital mobile phones. Occupational Medicine, 51(1), 25-35 https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/51.1.25
• Schultz, P. P., & Ryan, R. M. (2015). The "why," "what," and "how" of healthy self-regulation: Mindfulness and well-being from a self-determination theory perspective. In B. D. Ostafin, M. D. Robinson, & B. P. Meier (Eds.), Handbook of mindfulness and self-regulation (pp. 81–94). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2263-5_7
• Schwebel, F. J., Korecki, J. R. & Witkiewitz, K. (2020). Addictive behavior change and mindfulness-based ınterventions: current research and future directions. Current Addiction Reports, 7, 117–124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-020-00302-2
• Sheppes, G., Scheibe, S., Suri, G., & Gross, J. J. (2011). Emotion-regulation choice. Psychological Science, 22, 1391–1396. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611418350
• Sharma, M. & Singh, B. (2023). Human behaviour in digital bubble: Relationship between mobile phone dependency and disruptive behaviour among teens. Indian Journal of Health and Well-being 14(2), 248-251.
• Squires, L. R., Hollett, K. B., Hesson, J., & Harris, N. (2021). Psychological distress, emotion dysregulation, and coping behaviour: A theoretical perspective of problematic smartphone use. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19(4), 1284–1299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00224-0
• Song, W. J., & Park, J. W. (2019). The influence of stress on internet addiction: Mediating effects of self-control and mindfulness. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 17, 1063–1075. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-019-0051-9
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2010). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Pearson.
• Tang, Y., Y., Tang, R., & Posner, M. I. (2016). Mindfulness meditation improves emotion regulation and reduces drug abuse. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 163(Suppl 1), 13–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.11.041
• Tangney, J.P., Baumeister, R. F., & Boone, A. L. (2004). High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. Journal of Personality, 72, 272- 322. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00263.x
• Tran, U. S., Glück, T. M., & Nader, I. W. (2013). Investigating the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ): Construction of a short form and evidence of a two-factor higher order structure of mindfulness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(9), 951–965. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.219967
• Teper, R., Segal, Z. V., & Inzlicht, M. (2013). Inside the mindful mind: How mindfulness enhances emotion regulation through improvements in executive control. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(6), 449-454. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721413495869
• Tice, D. M., & Bratslavsky, E. (2000). Giving in to feel good: The place of emotion regulation in the context of general self-control. Psychological Inquiry, 11(3), 149–159. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1103_03
• Tomlinson, E.R., Yousaf, O., Vittersø, A.D. et al. (2018). Dispositional mindfulness and psychological health: a systematic review. Mindfulness 9, 23–43, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0762-6
• Tong, W. & Meng, S. (2023) Effects of physical activity on mobile phone addiction among college students: the chain-based mediating role of negative emotion and e-health literacy, psychology research and behavior management. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 16, 3647-3657. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S419799
• Turkish Statistical Institute (2021). Survey on Information and Communication Technology Usage by Children. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Cocuklarda-Bilisim-Teknolojileri-Kullanim-Arastirmasi-2021-41132
• Volkmer, S. A., & Lermer, E. (2019). Unhappy and addicted to your phone? Higer mobile phone use is associated with lower well-being. Computers in Human Behavior, 93, 210–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.12.015
• Wang, W., Li, D., Li, X., Wang, Y., Sun, W., Zhao, L., Qiu, L. (2018). Parent-adolescent relationship and adolescent internet addiction: A moderated mediation model. Addictive Behaviours, 84, 171-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.04.015
• Weinstein, N., Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2009). A multi-method examination of the effects of mindfulness on stress attribution, coping, and emotional well-being. Journal of Research in Personality, 43(3), 374–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2008.12.008
• Wisner, B. L. (2017). Mindfulness and meditation for adolescents practices and programs. Palgrave Macmillan.
• Yang, H., Huang, X., Zhao, X., & Lu, A. (2023). Trait mindfulness and cell phone addiction in adolescents: A moderated mediation model. Social Behavior and Personality, 51(2), e11984. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.11984
• Yang, H., Wang, Z., Elhai, J. D., & Montag, C. (2022). The relationship between adolescent emotion dysregulation and problematic technology use: Systematic review of the empirical literature. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 11(2), 290-304. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2022.00038
• Yıldız, M. A. (2017) Emotion regulation strategies as predictors of internet addiction and smartphone addiction in adolescents. Journal of Educational Sciences & Psychology, 7, 66-78.
• Yorulmaz, E., Civgin, U., & Yorulmaz, O. (2020). What is the role of emotional regulation and psychological rigidity in the relationship between stress and pathological Internet use? Dusunen Adam: The Journal of Psychiatry & Neurological Sciences, 33(1), 71-78. https://doi.org/10.14744/DAJPNS.2019.00062
• Young, K. S. (1996). Psychology of computer use: XL. Addictive use of the Internet: A case that breaks the stereotype. Psychological Reports, 79, 899–902. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.79.3.899
• Zeng, M., Chen, S., Zhou, X., Zhang, J., Chen, X., & Sun, J. (2022). The relationship between physical exercise and mobile phone addiction among chinese col lege students: Testing mediation and moderation effects. Frontiers in Psychology, 13:1000109. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1000109
• Zhang, A., & Zhang, Q. (2021). How could mindfulness-based intervention reduce aggression in adolescent? Mindfulness, emotion dysregulation and self-control as mediators. Curr Psychol 42, 4483–4497. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01778-5
• Zhang, Y., Shang, S., Tian, L., Zhu, L., & Zhang, W. (2023). The association between fear of missing out and mobile phone addiction: A meta-analysis. BMC Psychology, 11, 338. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-023-01376-z