New Generation Biomaterials Used in Delivery of Therapeutic Molecules

Öz

Recently, with the discovery of the RNA interference mechanism, transfection of various small nucleic acid fragments (miRNA, siRNA, shRNA and plasmid DNA etc.) has been gradually gaining importance and it is nowadays being used for silencing of the specific gene regions causing many diseases. The barriers in delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids, drug, DNA or protein vaccines, which are aimed to used in treatment of many diseases, into tissue and cells restrict the developments in this field. Consequently, polymer, inorganic and lipid-based biomaterials or composites synthetized from aforementioned biomaterials are tailored through various modification for the delivery of nucleic acids, drugs and DNA/protein vaccines. Also, nanoparticles are able to be more functionalized by optimizing or modifying them to reduce the toxic effects and to target cell being transfected. In the development of new generation therapeutics; i) new nucleic acid types, ii) surpassing biological barriers restricting transfection efficiency, iii) synthesis of more functional nano-biomaterials are being intensively studied in vitro/in vivo conditions and promising developments are being experienced. In this review article, different biomaterials are classified depending on their structures, discussed in detail and reference studies regarding therapeutic applications of these biomaterials are presented in the light of recent developments in the literature.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Biomaterials,Nanotechnology,Non-Viral Vectors,Nucleic Acid Transfection

Terapötik Moleküllerin Aktarımında Kullanılan Yeni Nesil Biyomalzemeler

Öz

Son yıllarda, RNA interferans mekanizmasının keşfedilmesiyle birlikte çeşitli ufak nükleik asit parçacıklarının (miRNA, siRNA, shRNA ve plazmid DNA vb.) transfeksiyonu giderek önem kazanmakta ve günümüzde birçok hastalığa sebep olan spesifik gen bölgelerinin susturulması için kullanılmaktadır. Birçok hastalığın tedavisinde kullanılması hedeflenen terapötik nükleik asitlerin, ilaç veya aşıların doku ve hücrelere aktarılmasındaki engeller bu alandaki gelişmeleri sınırlamaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, polimer, inorganik ve lipit bazlı çeşitli biyomalzemeler veya bu biyomalzemelerden oluşan kompozitler çeşitli modifikasyonlara uğratılarak terapötik nükleik asit, ilaç veya DNA/protein aşısı aktarımı için uygun hale getirilmektedir. Aynı zamanda, toksik etkiyi azaltmak ve aktarımın yapılacağı hücreyi hedeflemek için çeşitli optimizasyon ve modifikasyonlar yapılarak nanoparçacıklar daha fonksiyonel hale getirilebilmektedirler. Yeni nesil terapötiklerin geliştirilmesinde; i) yeni nükleik asit tipleri, ii) transfeksiyon verimini sınırlayan biyolojik bariyerlerin aşılması, iii) daha fonksiyonel nano-biyomalzemelerin sentezi in vitro/in vivo ortamlarda yoğun bir şekilde araştırılmakta ve umut vaat eden gelişmeler yaşanmaktadır. Bu derleme makalesinde, literatürdeki güncel gelişmeler göz önünde tutularak farklı biyomalzemeler yapılarına göre sınıflandırılmış, ayrıntılı bir şekilde incelenmiş ve bu biyomalzemelerin terapötik uygulamalarda kullanımıyla ilgili örnek çalışmalara yer verilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Biyomalzemeler,Nanoteknoloji,Non-Viral Vektörler,Nükleik Asit Transfeksiyonu

Kaynakça

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