Tekstil Eserlerin Konservasyonunda Arkeometrik Verilerin Önleyici Koruma Açısından Önemi

Öz

Tarihî tekstil eserler, selüloz ve protein temelli liflerden oluşan organik yapıları nedeniyle kültür varlıkları arasında çevresel koşullara en duyarlı malzeme gruplarından birini oluşturur ve malzeme bilimi yaklaşımıyla çok katmanlı polimer sistemler olarak ele alınır; bu organik yapı zaman içinde fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik bozunma süreçlerinin etkisi altında kalırken ışık, sıcaklık, bağıl nem ile atmosferik kirleticiler tekstil liflerinin yapısal stabilitesini doğrudan etkileyen başlıca çevresel faktörler arasında yer alır. Tekstil eserlerin korunması günümüzde restorasyon müdahalelerinin ötesine geçen bir yaklaşımla ele alınmakta; bozunma süreçlerinin ortaya çıkmasını önlemeye yönelik önleyici koruma uygulamaları konservasyon çalışmalarının temel bileşenlerinden biri olarak kabul edilmektedir. Arkeometrik analiz yöntemleri tekstil malzemelerinin lif yapısını, boya bileşimini ve bozunma mekanizmalarını ortaya koyarak konservasyon süreçlerinde kullanılabilecek bilimsel verilerin elde edilmesini mümkün kılar. Bu çalışmada, tekstil eserlerin korunmasında kullanılan arkeometrik analiz yöntemleri sistematik ve analitik bir yaklaşımla ele alınmış, bu yöntemlerden elde edilen verilerin önleyici koruma stratejilerinin belirlenmesindeki işlevi değerlendirilmiştir. Lif türünün, boya bileşiminin ve bozunma mekanizmalarının analitik yöntemlerle tanımlanması çevresel koşulların belirlenmesine yönelik bilimsel bir temel oluştururken aynı veriler risk faktörlerinin değerlendirilmesine ve konservasyon kararlarının nesnel verilere dayandırılmasına imkân tanımaktadır. Bu sayede arkeometrik analizlerden elde edilen bulgular tekstil eserlerin korunmasına yönelik veri temelli yaklaşımların geliştirilmesine katkı sağlamakta ve kültürel mirasın uzun dönemli sürdürülebilir korunmasına yönelik bilimsel bir bağlam sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Tarihî tekstil malzemeleri
• Arkeometri
• Tekstil Konservasyonu
• Lif Bozunması
• Önleyici Koruma

The Role of Archaeometric Data in the Preventive Conservation of Textile Artifacts

Öz

Historical textile artefacts constitute one of the most environmentally sensitive groups of cultural heritage materials due to their organic structure, composed of cellulose- and protein-based fibres, and are therefore approached as multilayered polymer systems within the framework of materials science. This organic composition is subject over time to physical, chemical, and biological degradation processes, while light, temperature, relative humidity, and atmospheric pollutants represent the principal environmental factors directly affecting the structural stability of textile fibres. The conservation of textile artefacts is now addressed through an approach that extends beyond interventive restoration; preventive conservation practices aimed at mitigating the onset of deterioration processes are widely recognised as a fundamental component of conservation. Archaeometric analytical methods enable the acquisition of scientific data applicable to conservation processes by revealing the fibre structure, dye composition, and degradation mechanisms of textile materials. In this study, archaeometric analytical methods employed in the conservation of textile artefacts are examined through a systematic and analytical approach, and the role of the data obtained from these methods in determining preventive conservation strategies is evaluated. The analytical identification of fibre type, dye composition, and degradation mechanisms provides a scientific basis for defining appropriate environmental conditions, while the same data facilitate the assessment of risk factors and support the grounding of conservation decisions in objective evidence. Accordingly, the findings derived from archaeometric analyses contribute to the development of data-driven approaches for the conservation of textile artefacts and provide a scientific context for the long-term sustainable preservation of cultural heritage.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Historic textile materials
• Archaeometry
• Textile Conservation
• Fiber Degradation
• Preventive Conservation

Kaynakça

1. Abidin, A. F. (2025). Kocaeli Arkeoloji ve Etnografya Müzesi’ndeki keseler üzerinden tekstil eserlerin korumaya yönelik belgelenmesi. Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi.
2. Adriaens, A. (2005). Non-destructive analysis and testing of museum objects: An overview of 5 years of research. Spectrochimica Acta Part B, 60(10–11), 1503–1516.
3. Appelbaum, B. (2007). Conservation Treatment Methodology. Butterworth-Heinemann.
4. Artioli, G. (2010). Scientific methods and cultural heritage: An introduction to the application of materials science to archaeometry and conservation science. Oxford University Press.
5. Ashley-Smith, J. (2011). Risk Assessment for Object Conservation. Butterworth-Heinemann.
6. Bitossi, G., Giorgi, R., Mauro, M., Salvadori, B., & Dei, L. (2005). Spectroscopic techniques in cultural heritage conservation: A survey. Applied Spectroscopy Reviews, 40(3), 187–228.
7. Bresee, R. R. (1986). General effects of ageing on textiles. Journal of the American Institute for Conservation, 25(1), 39–48.
8. Caple, C. & Williams, E. (2023). Conservation Skills for the 21st Century. Routledge.

9. Cardon, D. (2016). Natural dyes: Sources, tradition, technology and science (Ancient Textile Series Vol.26). Archetype Publications.
10. CCI (Canadian Conservation Institute). (2017). Environmental guidelines for the preservation of textiles. Temperature and relative humidity. CCI.
11. CIE (Commission Internationale de l’Éclairage). (2004). Control of Damage to Museum Objects by Optical Radiation. CIE.
12. Cook, J. G. (2001). Handbook of textile fibres. Volume 1: Natural fibres. Woodhead Publishing.
13. Ćosić, N., & Cohen, D. (2025). Do we care, or simply measure? Reflections on preventive conservation through the idea of care. Journal of the Institute of Conservation, 48(3), 206–220.
14. Cybulska, M., Jedraszek-Bomba, A., Kuberski, S., & Wrzosek, H. (2008). Methods of chemical and physicochemical analysis in the identification of archaeological and historical textiles. Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe, 16(67), 67–71.
15. Cybulska, M., & Maik, J. (2007). Archaeological textiles – A need for new methods of analysis and reconstruction. Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe, 15(5–6), 185–188.
16. Derrick, M. R., Stulik, D., & Landry, J. M. (1999). Infrared Spectroscopy in Conservation Science. The Getty Conservation Institute.
17. Di Valentin, C., Botti, S., & Cococcioni, M. (Eds.). (2014). First Principles Approaches to Spectroscopic Properties of Complex Materials. Springer.
18. Edwards, H. G. M., & Vandenabeele, P. (Eds.). (2012). Analytical archaeometry: Selected topics. Royal Society of Chemistry.
19. Feller, R. L. (1994). Accelerated aging: Photochemical and thermal aspects. The Getty Conservation Institute.
20. Florian, M.-L. E., Kronkright, D. P., & Norton, R. E. (1990). The conservation of artifacts made from plant materials. Getty Conservation Institute.
21. Groeneveld, I., Kanelli, M., Ariese, F., & van Bommel, M. R. (2023). Parameters that affect the photodegradation of dyes and pigments in solution and on substrate – An overview. Dyes and Pigments, 210, 110999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2022.110999
22. Hacke, A.-M., Carr, C. M., Brown, A. & Howell, D. (2003). Investigation into the nature of metal threads in a Renaissance tapestry and the cleaning of tarnished silver by UV/Ozone (UVO) treatment. Journal of Materials Science, 38, 3307–3314.
23. Hearle, J. W. S., Lomas, B., & Cooke, W. D. (1998). Atlas of fibre fracture and damage to textiles (2nd ed.). Woodhead Publishing.
24. Henderson, J., & Lingle, A. (2025). Visualising care: representing decision models for conservation. Journal of the Institute of Conservation, 48(3), 312–326.
25. Houck, M. M. (2009). Identification of Textile Fibers. Woodhead Publishing.
26. Hueck, H. J. (1972) . Textile Pests and Their Control In J. E. Leene (Ed.), Textile Conservation (pp. 76-97). Smithsonian Institution Press.
27. ICOM (2008). Terminology to characterize the conservation of tangible cultural heritage. ICOM-CC.
28. Janssens, K., & Van Grieken, R. (Eds.). (2004). Non-destructive microanalysis of cultural heritage materials (Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 42). Elsevier.
29. Jenkins, R. (1999). X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Wiley.
30. Jose, S., Thomas, S., Pandit, P., Pandey, R., & Gupta, V. (Eds.). (2023a). Handbook of museum textiles: Volume 1 – Conservation and cultural research. Wiley-Scrivener.
31. Jose, S., Thomas, S., Pandit, P., & Pandey, R. (Eds.). (2023b). Handbook of museum textiles: Volume 2 – Scientific and technological research. Wiley-Scrivener.
32. Kadolph, S. J. (Ed.). (2007). Textiles (10th ed.). Pearson.
33. Karadağ, R. (2007). Doğal Boyamacılık. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Yayınları.
34. Karadağ, R. (2014). Some Non-Destructive and Micro-Analytical Methods for the Conservation on Textiles from Cultural Heritage. International Conference on Cultural Heritage and New Technologies, 233-236.
35. Landi, S. (1998). The Textile Conservator’s Manual (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann.
36. Leene, J. E. (1972). Textile Conservation. Smithsonian Institution Press
37. Lennard, F., Ewer, P., & Mina, L. (Eds.). (2024). Textile Conservation: Advances in Practice (2nd Ed.). Routledge.
38. Mazzeo, R. (Ed.). (2017). Analytical chemistry for cultural heritage. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52804-5
39. Michalski, S. (1994). A systematic approach to preservation: Description and integration with other museum activities. In G. Thomson (Ed.), Studies in Conservation (pp. 8–15). IIC.
40. Michalski, S. (2016). The ABC Method: A risk management approach to the preservation of cultural heritage. CCCI & ICCROM.
41. National Park Service (NPS). (2009). Museum Handbook, Part I: Museum Collections. Department of the Interior.
42. Needles, H. L. & Zeronian S. H.(1986). Historic Textile and Paper Materials Conservation and Characterization (Advances in Chemistry Series No.212). American Chemical Society.
43. Özer, A. M., Demirci, Ş., & Akyol, A. A. (1998). Arkeometrinin arkeolojideki yeri ve uygulamaları. VII. Milli Selçuklu Kültür ve Medeniyeti Semineri Bildirileri, 317–331.
44. Perles, A., Fuster-López, L., & Bosco, E. (2024). Preventive conservation, predictive analysis and environmental monitoring. Heritage Science, 12, 1–4.
45. Pollard, A. M., Batt, C. M., Stern, B., & Young, S. M. M. (2007). Analytical Chemistry in Archaeology. Cambridge University Press.
46. Prown, J. D. (1982). Mind in Matter: An Introduction to Material Culture Theory and Method. Winterthur Portfolio, 17(1), 1–19.
47. Schreiner, M. (1990). Microanalysis for the study of materials and objects of art and archaeology, Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 337,715-720.
48. Shahani, C. J. (1995). Accelerated aging of paper: Can it really foretell the permanence of paper? (Preservation Research and Testing Series No. 9503). Library of Congress.
49. Smith, A. E., & Clark, R. J. H. (2004). Raman microscopy in archaeological science. Journal of Archaeological Science, 31(8), 1137–1160.
50. Stuart, B. H. (2007). Analytical techniques in materials conservation. John Wiley & Sons.
51. Thickett, D., Emmerson, N., Larsen, R., Odlyha, M., & Watkinson, D. (2023). Analysing objects to tailor environmental preventive conservation. Heritage, 6, 212–235.
52. Thomson, G. (1972) . Textiles in the Museum Environment In J. E. Leene, Textile Conservation (pp. 98-112), Smithsonian Instituton Press.
53. Tímár-Balázsy, Á., & Eastop, D. (1998). Chemical Principles of Textile Conservation. Butterworth-Heinemann.
54. Vanden Berghe, I., Van Bos, M., Vandorpe, M., & Coudray, A. (2023). Non-invasive analysis of heritage textiles with MA-XRF mapping—Exploring the possibilities: The study of Bishop Jacques de Vitry’s mitres and fragile medieval reliquary purses from Namur (Belgium). Heritage Science, 11, 183. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-023-00977-6
55. Wouters, J. (1985). High performance liquid chromatography of anthraquinones: Analysis of plant and insect extracts and dyed textiles. Studies in Conservation, 30(3), 119–128.
56. Zemaityte, R., Jonaitiene, V., Milasius, R., Stanys, S. & Ulozaite, R. (2006). Analysis and Identification of Fibre Constitution of Archaeological Textiles. Material Science, 12(3), 258-261.