The Role of Exposure to Occupational Toxic Substances in the Ethiology of Chronic Myeloproliferative Diseases

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 3, 312 - 315, 30.11.2022

Bilge Üzmezoğlu Anıl Uçan

https://doi.org/10.48176/esmj.2022.92

Öz

In recent years, when technology and industrialization have progressed rapidly, it has been reported that more than 700 of the more than 100 thousand chemicals used today are carcinogenic. The harm of many toxic substances to the human organism has not been determined. Although the association of hematological diseases with some environmental and occupational toxic substances such as benzene has been proven, the unknowns are much more. Chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms are associated with some genetic mutations, but the factor causing this mutation has not been determined yet. It is stated that toxic substances such as benzene, solvents, electromagnetic radiation, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may be associated with the disease.

The inability to conduct studies examining the effects of toxic substances on human health for ethical reasons causes the causeeffect relationship to not be determined. As in pneumoconiosis, which is the best-known occupational disease, it is necessary to establish a direct causal link between the disease and the exposure agent in order to diagnose an occupational disease in hematological diseases. Occupational diseases are diseases that can be prevented by eliminating exposure. The relationship of hematological diseases with work and environmental exposures is usually overlooked by clinicians.

This review aims to discuss the relationship between chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms, a group of hematological diseases whose frequency has been reported to increase recently in the society, with occupational toxins, and to emphasize the importance of occupational history when evaluating these patients in our clinical practice, although the occupational causality has not been proven.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Occupational disease, cause effect relationship, chronic myeloproliferative disease, toxic substance

Destekleyen Kurum

non

Proje Numarası

non

Kronik Myeloproliferatif Hastalıkların Etiyolojisinde Mesleksel Toksik Maddelere Maruziyetin Rolü

Öz

Teknolojinin ve endüstrileşmenin hızla ilerlediği son yıllarda, günümüzde kullanılan 100 binden fazla kimyasalın 700’den fazlasının kanserojen olduğu bildirilmektedir. Pek çok toksik maddenin ise insan organizmasına zararı belirlenememiştir. Hematolojik hastalıkların çevresel ve mesleksel toksik maddelerden benzen gibi bazıları ile ilişkisi kanıtlanmış olsa da, bilinmezler çok daha fazladır. Kronik myeloproliferatif neoplazilar bazı genetik mutasyonlarla ilişkilendirilmektedir, ancak bu mutasyona neden olan etmen halen saptanmış değildir. Benzen, solventler, elektromanyetik radyasyon, polisiklik aromatik hidrokarbonlar gibi toksik maddelerin hastalık ile ilişkili olabileceği belirtilmektedir.

Toksik maddelerin etik nedenlerle insan sağlığı üzerine etkilerini inceleyen çalışmaların yapılamaması, neden-sonuç ilişkisinin de net olarak belirlenememesine neden olmaktadır. En iyi bilinen meslek hastalığı olan pnömokonyozda olduğu gibi hematolojik hastalıklarda da mesleksel hastalık tanısının konulabilmesi için doğrudan hastalık ile maruziyet ajanı arasında illiyet bağının kurulabilmesi gereklidir. Meslek hastalıkları maruziyetin ortadan kaldırılması ile önlenebilir hastalıklardandır. Hematolojik hastalıkların iş ile ilişkisi ise tüm dünyada olduğu gibi ülkemizde de klinisyenler tarafından gözden kaçırılabilmektedir.

Bu derlemede amaç toplumda son zamanlarda sıklığında artış rapor edilen hematolojik hastalık grubunda yer alan kronik myeloproliferatif neoplaziların mesleksel toksinlerle ilişkilerini mevcut araştırmaların sonuçları ile tartışmak ve mesleksel illiyeti kanıtlanmamış olsa da klinik pratiğimizde bu hastaları değerlendirirken meslek öyküsünün önemini vurgulayabilmektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Meslek hastalığı, neden-sonuç ilişkisi, kronik myeloproliferatif hastalık, toksik madde

Proje Numarası

non

Kaynakça

• 1. Roundtable on Environmental Health Sciences, Research, and Medicine; Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice; Institute of Medicine. Identifying and Reducing Environmental Health Risks of Chemicals in Our Society: Workshop Summary. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2014 Oct 2. 2, The Challenge: Chemicals in Today's Society. Erişim adresi: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK268889/
• 2. Chris Winder, Neill Stacey; Occupational Toxicology 2 th edition; CRC Press LLC, Florida; 2004. p. 3-7
• 3. Rim KT, Lim CH. Biologically hazardous agents at work and efforts to protect workers' health: a review of recent reports. Saf Health Work. 2014;5(2):43-52. doi:10.1016/j.shaw.2014.03.006
• 4. Boedeker W, Watts M, Clausing P, Marquez E. The global distribution of acute unintentional pesticide poisoning: estimations based on a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2020 Dec 7;20(1):1875.
• 5. Yaris F, Dikici M, Akbulut T, Yaris E, Sabuncu H. Story of benzene and leukemia: epidemiologic approach of Muzaffer Aksoy. J Occup Health. 2004 May;46(3):244-7.
• 6. Çağlıyan GA, Bilgir O. Kronik myeloproliferatif neoplazili hastalarda JAK2V617F mutasyon ve tromboemboli durumlarının değerlendirilmesi;tek Merkez deneyimi. Pam Tıp Derg 2014;7(3):196-200.
• 7. Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, et al. WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. Lyon, France: IARC Press; 2008. 8. Ali R. Akut lösemiler WHO sınıflaması ve nadir akut lösemi tipleri. Erişim Adresi: https://www.thd.org.tr/thdData/userfiles/file/08_04_2006_ridvan_ali_08-45_09-10.pdf
• 9. Baxter EJ, Scott LM, Campbell PJ, East C, Fourouclas N, Swanton S, Vassiliou GS, Bench AJ, Boyd EM, Curtin N, Scott MA, Erber WN, Green AR; Cancer Genome Project. Acquired mutation of the tyrosine kinase JAK2 in human myeloproliferative disorders. Lancet. 2005 Mar 19-25;365(9464):1054-61.
• 10. Milanesi C, Casetti IC, Sant'Antonio E, Ferretti V, Elena C, Schischlik F, Cleary C, Six M, Schalling M, Schönegger A, Bock C, Malcovati L, Pascutto C, Superti-Furga G, Cazzola M, Kralovics R. Somatic mutations of calreticulin in myeloproliferative neoplasms. N Engl J Med. 2013 Dec 19;369(25):2379-90.
• 11. Moulard O, Mehta J, Fryzek J, Olivares R, Iqbal U, Mesa RA. Epidemiology of myelofibrosis, essential thrombocythemia, and polycythemia vera in the European Union. Eur J Haematol. 2014 Apr;92(4):289-97.
• 12. Schnatter AR, Glass DC, Tang G, Irons RD, Rushton L. Myelodysplastic syndrome and benzene exposure among petroleum workers: an international pooled analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2012 Nov 21;104(22):1724-37.
• 13. Burgaz S, Erdem O, Cakmak G, Erdem N, Karakaya A, Karakaya AE. Cytogenetic analysis of buccal cells from shoe-workers and pathology and anatomy laboratory workers exposed to n-hexane, toluene, methyl ethyl ketone and formaldehyde. Biomarkers. 2002 Mar-Apr;7(2):151-61.
• 14. Ren JC, Liu H, Zhang GH, Wang T, Li J, Dong T, Wu H, Xia ZL. Interaction effects of environmental response gene polymorphisms and benzene exposure on telomere length in shoe-making workers. Chemosphere. 2020 Sep;255:126841.
• 15. Mele A, Szklo M, Visani G, Stazi MA, Castelli G, Pasquini P, Mandelli F. Hair dye use and other risk factors for leukemia and pre-leukemia: a case-control study. Italian Leukemia Study Group. Am J Epidemiol. 1994 Mar 15;139(6):609-19.
• 16. Cantor KP, Blair A, Everett G, VanLier S, Burmeister L, Dick FR, Gibson RW, Schuman L. Hair dye use and risk of leukemia and lymphoma. Am J Public Health. 1988 May;78(5):570-1.
• 17. Khalade A, Jaakkola MS, Pukkala E, Jaakkola JJ. Exposure to benzene at work and the risk of leukemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Health. 2010 Jun 28;9:31.
• 18. Anderson LA, Duncombe AS, Hughes M, Mills ME, Wilson JC, McMullin MF. Environmental, lifestyle, and familial/ethnic factors associated with myeloproliferative neoplasms. Am J Hematol. 2012 Feb;87(2):175-82.
• 19. Pasqualetti P, Casale R, Colantonio D, Collacciani A. Occupational risk for hematological malignancies. Am J Hematol. 1991 Oct;38(2):147-9.
• 20. Terreros MC, Apezteguia M, Slavutsky IR, Guimarey LM. Exposure to occupational and environmental risk factors in hematologic disorders. Neoplasia 1997;14:133–136.
• 21. Quiroga Micheo E, Calcagno EJ, Calabria SI, et al. Retrospective epidemiological study of hemopoietic system neoplasms in Argentina. Medicina 1981;41:187–200.
• 22. Falcetta R, Sacerdote C, Bazzan M, et al. Occupational and lifestyle risk factors for essential thrombocytemia: A case–control study. G Ital Med Lav Ergon 2003;25:9–12.
• 23. Chintapatla R, Battini R, Wiernik PH. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia with essential thrombocythemia: asbestos exposure association? Clin Adv Hematol Oncol. 2012 Nov;10(11):752-5.
• 24. Rom WN, Travis WD, Brody AR. Cellular and molecular basis of the asbestos-related diseases. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991 Feb;143(2):408-22.
• 25. Øvrevik J, Refsnes M, Låg M, Holme JA, Schwarze PE. Activation of Proinflammatory Responses in Cells of the Airway Mucosa by Particulate Matter: Oxidant- and Non-Oxidant-Mediated Triggering Mechanisms. Biomolecules. 2015 Jul 2;5(3):1399-440.
• 26. Marczynski B, Czuppon AB, Marek W, et al. Increased incidence of DNA double-strand breaks and anti-ds DNA antibodies in blood of workers occupationally exposed to asbestos. Hum Exp Toxicol. 1994;13:3-9. 23.
• 27. Kagan E, Jacobson RJ, Yeung KY, et al. Asbestos-associated neoplasms of B cell lineage. Am J Med. 1979;67:325-330.
• 28. Schwartz DA, Vaughan TL, Heyer NJ, et al. B cell neoplasms and occupational asbestos exposure. Am J Ind Med. 1988;14:661-671.
• 29. Bianchi C, Bianchi T, Ramani L. Malignant mesothelioma of the pleura and other malignancies in the same patient. Tumori. 2007;93:19-22. 26.
• 30. Heavner K, Gross-Davis CA, Frank AL, Newschaffer C, Klotz J, Burstyn I. Working environment and myeloproliferative neoplasm: A population-based case-control study following a cluster investigation. Am J Ind Med. 2015 Jun;58(6):595-604.
• 31. Gross-Davis CA, Heavner K, Frank AL, Newschaffer C, Klotz J, Santella RM, Burstyn I. The role of genotypes that modify the toxicity of chemical mutagens in the risk for myeloproliferative neoplasms. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015 Feb 24;12(3):2465-85.