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The Zagwe Dynasty in the Context of Their Lineage, Kingdoms, and Relations with the Church

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 47, 713 - 742, 25.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.37697/eskiyeni.1126155

Öz

According to Kebra Nagast, which is the subject of the Ethiopian national legend, the Zagwe Dynasty seized the throne of Israel by violating God's law and created an interim period between the Aksum Kingdom and the Solomon Dynasty. In these conditions, where the legitimacy of the throne completely preceded the lineage, ancestral stories also emerged for the Zagwe Dynasty lineage. There are stories among the people that add to the narrative of Kebra Nagast, that they, too, are descendants of King Solomon. However, there is a rumor in Arabic sources that the Zagwe Dynasty was descended from Moses and Aaron. Beyond that, the Negus of that period was defined as a priest. Looking at the members of the Zagwe Dynasty, it is seen that they have a close relationship with religion, supporting the rumors. Yemrehanna Kristos is called “Kıssis King” reminiscent of Presbyter John, and Harbay, Lalibela, and Nakuto Laab, who follow him, are among the saints of the Ethiopian church. In our study, it is analyzed the discourses about the lineage of the Zagwe Dynasty and their religious figures. It has been seen in the sources that a story like the union of Solomon-Makeda is told about Moses and a woman from Kush. According to this, the prophet Moses came to Ethiopia and married a woman from Kush. However, the lineage of the prophet Moses is not related to the Zagwe Dynasty. At this point, the mention of Moses, Aaron, and Tabot together in the source where the genealogical discourse takes place reveals the possibility of this being inspired by the 248th verse of Surat al-Baqara. Because in this verse, Tabot is presented as a sign of sovereignty, and there are remains of Al-i Musa and Al-i Harun (family of Moses and the family of Aaron). Therefore, we have expressed that this discourse may be a modeling effort to legitimize the dynasty as a style frequently used in this period. The information we have about the Zagwe Dynasty does not give precise details on the number of kings, when they came to power, and how they were destroyed. However, looking at the Gadls (hagiography) written during an anti-Zagwe government after this dynasty, it can be seen that they were canonized - while keeping their usurpation secret. At this point, in our study, information about the dynasty will be given by making use of their gadls and modern studies on them, and the saints of the members of the dynasty, especially Yemrehanna Kristos, who is the King of Kissis, will be mentioned. The life of the king, who gave the name to the city known as Lalibela today, will be discussed, and information will be given about the churches he had built in this region. I will try to describe the status of the abuna authority, which is accepted as the head of the Ethiopian church, during the dynasty and, therefore, the relationship of the Zagwe dynasty with the Coptic church in Egypt and Islamic administration. it has been argued in our study that one of the most critical factors in their acceptance as saints is their position in the face of political and religious authority, and conditions in Egypt. These kings, who conducted rites in the church, tried to make the Ethiopian Church independent and build the "New Zion" by carving the rocks, were not the successors of Moses and Aaron lineage, but still, like them, they were the people who brought together the power of religion and politics in one person.

Kaynakça

  • Abu Salih, The Armenian. Churches and Monasteries of Egypt and Some Neighbouring Countries. Trans. Basil Thomas Alfred Evetts. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1895.
  • Altınel, Tolga Savaş. “Kuran’daki Ruhban ve Kıssisin Kavramlarının Dinler Tarihi Açısından Değerlendirilmesi”. Milel ve Nihal 18 (2021), 147-179. https://doi.org/10.17131/milel.1016817
  • Altınel, Tolga Savaş - Kürşad Demirci. “Erken Dönem İsrailoğulları Tarihinde Rahipliğin Gelişim Sürecine Alternatif Bir Bakış”, Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 58/2 (2017), 31-61. https://doi.org/10.1501/Ilhfak_0000001471
  • Atiya, A. Suryal vd. History of the Patriarchs of the Egyptian church, known as the History of the Holy Church by Sawirus ibn al-Mukaffa, Bishop of al-Asmunin. Le Caire : Publications de la société d’archéologie copte, 1948.
  • Aykıt, Dursun Ali. Etiyopya Kilisesi. İstanbul: Ayışığı Kitapları, 2013.
  • Bausi, Alessandro. “Kings and Saints: Founders of Dynasties, Monasteries and Churches in Christian Ethiopia”. Stifter und Mäzene und ihre Rolle in der Religion Von Königen, ed. Barbara Schuler, 161-187. Harrassowitz Verlag-Wiedenbaden, 2013.
  • Beckingham, C. Fraser - Huntingford G. W.Bernard. The Prester John of the Indies. A true relation of the lands of the Prester John is the narrative of the Portuguese Embassy to Ethiopia in 1520 written by Francisco Alvares. Cambridge University Press, 1961.
  • Belaynesh Michael. “Nä'akweto-Lä'Ab”, Dictionary of African Christian Biography. Erişim 15 Haziran 2022. http://www.dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/naakweto_laab.html
  • Budge, E.A.W Wallis. The Book of the Saints of the Ethiopian Church. Cambridge: University Press, 1928.
  • Budge, E. A.W Wallis. A History of Ethiopia, Nubia & Abyssinia. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd.
  • Binns, John. The Orthodox Church Of Ethiopia A History. London-New York: I.B.Tauris & Co. Ltd, 2017.
  • Den Heijer, Johannes. “History of the churches and monasteries of Egypt Al-Shaykh al-Muʾtaman Abū l-Makārim Saʿd Allāh ibn Jirjis ibn Masʻūd”. Christian- Muslim Relations A Bibliographical History (1200- 1350) ed. David Thomas-Alex Mallett. Brill Academic Publishers, 2012, 4 /983-988.
  • Derat, Marie-Laure. “The Zāgʷē dynasty (11-13th centuries) and King Yemreḥanna Krestos”. Annales d'Ethiopie 25 (2010), 157-196. https://doi.org/10.3406/ethio.2010.1412
  • Filler, Elad. “Moses and the Kushite Woman: Classic Interpretations and Philo’s Allegory”. The Torah. Erişim 15 Haziran 2022. https://www.thetorah.com/article/moses-and-the-kushite-woman-classic- interpretations-and-philos-allegory.
  • Frantsouzoff, Serge A. “The Acts of Lalibäla: a Collection of Fables or an Underestimated Historical Source?”. Scrnium 15/1 (2019), 338. https://doi.org/10.1163/18177565-00151P22
  • Ginzberg, Louis. Legends of the Jews. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 2003.
  • Grierson, Roderick (ed.). African Zion, the sacred art of Ethiopia. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1993.
  • Haile, Getatchew. “Lalibala (Lalibela)”, The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization. ed. George Thomas Kurian, Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 2011.
  • Hassen, Ibsa Ahmed. “Etiyopya Müslüman-Hıristiyan Savaşları (13-16. Yüzyıllar)”. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi İslâmî İlimler Fakültesi Dergisi 3/5 (2018), 71-92.
  • Hassen, Ibsa Ahmed. Etiyopya Harar Bölgesinde Yeniden İslamlaşma. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, 2018.
  • Henze, Paul B. Layers of Time A History of Ethiopia. New York: Palgrave, 2012.
  • Huntingford, G.W.Bernard. “The Wealth of Kings and the End of the Zagwe Dynasty”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 28 (1965), 1-23.
  • Josephus, Flavius. The Antiquties of the Jews. trans. William Whiston, 1737.
  • Kitabı Mukaddes. İstanbul: Kitabı Mukaddes Şirketi, 2003.
  • Kaplan, Steven. “The Ethiopian Cult of the Saints: A Preliminary Investigation”. Paideuma: Mitteilungen zur Kulturkunde 1986, 32 (1986), 1-13.
  • Kaplan, Steven. “Hagiographies and the History of Medieval Ethiopia”. History in Africa 8 (1981), 107-123.
  • Krawczuk, Marcin. Gadla Yemrehanna Krestos (the life of Yemrehanna Krestos, emperor of Ethiopia, Zagwe dynasty, 11-12th Century [?]). scribd. Erişim 15 Haziran 2022. https://www.scribd.com/document/54427782/Gadla-Yemrehanna-Krestos-the-life-of-Yemrehanna-Krestos-emperor-of-Ethiopia-Zagwe-dynasty-11-12th-Century
  • Kur, Stanslaw. “Iyasus-Moa (‘Iyäsus-Mo’a)”. Dictionary of African Christian Biography. Erişim 15 Haziran 2022. https://dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/iyasus-moa/
  • Lapchik, Mauricio. “Kingship Between History and Hagiography: The Ethiopian Monk-King Ideal”. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Humanities Department of Comparative Religion, Jerusalem (2016), 1-17.
  • Marrassini, Paulo. “Il Gädlä Yemrehanna Krestos. Introduzione, testo critico, traduzione”. Supplément au n°85 des Annali del Istituto Universitario Orientale Naples 55 (1995), 1-94.
  • El Mekin, Circis b. Amik. Historia Saracenica, Erpenius. trans. Thomas Erpenius. Leiden: Erpenian 1625.
  • Moawad, Samule. “Al-Makin Jirjis ibn al- ‘Amid) (the elder)”. Christian-Muslim Relations A Bibliographical History (1200-1350). ed. David Thomas, Alex Mallett. 566-571. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 2012.
  • Munro-Hay, Stuart C. Ethiopia and Alexandria. The Metropolitan Episcopacy of Ethiopia. Varsovie: Zas Pan, 1997.
  • Negash, Tekeste. “The Zagwe Period and the Zenith of Urban Culture in Ethiopia, Ca. 930-1270”. Africa: Rivista trimestrale di studi e documentazione dell'Istituto italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente 61/1 (2006), 120-137.
  • Oliver, Roland. (ed.) The Cambridge History of Africa from c. 1050 to c. 1600. Cambridge University Press, 1977.
  • Pankhurst Richard, Pankhurst Rita. “King Lalibela: His supposed travels, tribulations and achievements”. Annales d'Ethiopie 22 (2006), 45-71.
  • Petrus Ibn Rahib. Chronicon Orientale. nşr. Louis Cheikho. Beyrut, 1903.
  • Phillipson, David W. Foundations of an African Civilisation Aksum & the northern Horn 1000 BC - AD 1300. Adis Ababa: University Press, 2012.
  • The Queen of Sheba and Her Son Menyelek. Budge. trans. E. A. Wallis Budge. London, Boston, Mass. [etc.]: The Medici Society Limited, 1922.
  • Rossini, Conti. “Studi su popolazioni dell’Etiopia”. Rivista di Studi Orientali 4 (1911-12), 599-651.
  • Rossini, Conti. “Gli Atti di Re Na’akueto La-‘Ab”. Annali dell’Istituto Universitario Orientale di Napoli, N. S. 2 (1943), 105-232.
  • Runnalls, Donna. “Moses’ Ethiopian Campign”. Journal for the study of Judaism, Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Period 14/2 (1983), 135-156.
  • Sefer Hayovelim. trans. James VanderKam. opensiddur. Erişim 15 Haziran 2022. https://opensiddur.org/readings-and-sourcetexts/festival-and-fast-day-readings/jewish/shavuot-readings/sefer-hayovelim- jubilees-preserved-in-geez/
  • Sellassie, Sergew Hable. Ancient and Medieval Ethiopian History to 1270. Addis Ababa, 1972.
  • Uhlig, Siegbert. vd. (ed.) Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2003-2014.
  • Uhlig, Siegbert. vd. (ed.) Ethiopia: History, Culture and Challenges. Michigan State University Press, 2017.
  • Tamrat, Taddesse. Church and state in Ethiopia, 1270-1527. London: London University, Doktora Tezi, 1968.
  • Valieva, Nafisa. The ‘Gadla Lalibala collection of textual units’. Tradition and documentation. Hamburg: Universitat Hamburg, Faculty of Humanities, Doktora Tezi, 2021.
  • Vie de Lalibäla, roi d'Éthiopie. ed. Perruchon, Jules. Paris: Publications De L'ecole Des Lettres D'Alger Bulletin De Correspondance Africaine, 1892.
  • Wolf, Leslau. Comparative Dictionary of Geʿez. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1991.
  • Woldeyes, Yirga Gelaw.“Lalibela: Spiritual Genealogy beyond Epistemic Violence in Ethiopia”. Genealogy (2019), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.3390/genealogy3040066
  • Yohannes, Alula. “Historical Insights on the Hagiographic Accounts of Gäbrä Maryam/Harbäy (ca.1093-1133 A.D)”. Abstracts of the 1st International Conference on Ethiopia’s Manuscripts 8 & 9 Adis Ababa, 1-24, 2018. https://www.aai.uni-hamburg.de/en/ethiostudies/news/2018-10-08/2018-10-08-conference-addis.pdf
  • Zerabiruk, Yikunnoamlak Mezgebu. “Lalibela and Gädlä Lalibela”. International Journal of Ethiopian Studies 12/2 (2018), 43-60.
  • Zelleke, Kinefe-Rıgb “Bibliography of the Ethiopic Hagiographical Traditions”. Journal of Ethiopian Studies 13/2 (1975), 57-102.

Soy İddiaları, Kralları ve Kilise ile İlişkileri Bağlamında Zagwe Hanedanlığı

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 47, 713 - 742, 25.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.37697/eskiyeni.1126155

Öz

Etiyopya ulusal efsanesinin konu edildiği Kebra Nagast’a göre Zagwe Hanedanlığı, Tanrı’nın yasasını çiğnemek suretiyle İsrail soyuna ait olan tahtı ele geçirmiş, Aksum Krallığı ve Süleyman Hanedanlığı arasında ara bir dönem oluşturmuştur. Taht meşruiyetinin tamamen soyu öncelediği bu koşullarda Zagwe Hanedanlık soyu için de ata hikayeleri ortaya çıkmıştır. Nitekim halk arasında Kebra Nagast’ın anlatısına ekleme bir tarzda onların da Kral Süleyman’ın soyundan geldiğini konu eden hikayeler bulunmaktadır. Bununla birlikte Zagwe Hanedanlığının da Musa ve Harun soyundan geldiklerine dair bir söylenti Arapça kaynaklarda yer bulmuş, bunun ötesinde o dönemdeki Necaşîler din adamı olarak tanımlanmışlardır. Zagwe Hanedanlığının üyelerine bakıldığında rivayetleri destekler mahiyette onların din ile yakın bir ilişki içinde olduğu görülmektedir. Yemrehanna Kristos, Presbyter John’u anımsatırcasına “Kıssis Kral” unvanıyla anılmakta, onun ardından gelen Harbay, Lalibela ve Nakuto Laab ise Etiyopya kilisesinin azizleri arasına girmektedirler. Çalışmamızda Zagwe Hanedanlığı’nın soylarına dair söylemler ve onların birer dini figür olmaları analiz edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Süleyman-Makeda birlikteliğine benzer bir hikâyenin de Musa ve Kuşlu bir kadın için anlatıldığı kaynaklarda görülmüştür. Buna göre Musa peygamber Mısır’ın güneyine gitmiş ve Kuşlu bir kadınla evlenmiştir. Ancak Musa peygamberin soyunun Zagwe Hanedanlığıyla bağlantısı bulunmamaktadır. Bu noktada soy söyleminin yer aldığı kaynakta Musa, Harun ve Tabot’un bir arada zikredilmesi bunun Bakara Suresi’nin 248. ayetinden esinlenme ihtimalini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Zira bu ayette Tabot, hükümdarlık alameti olarak sunulmakta ve onun içinde Al-i Musa ve Al-i Harun’a ait kalıntılar bulunmaktadır. Dolayısıyla bu söylemin, bu dönemde sıklıkla başvurulan bir tarz olarak hanedanlığa meşruiyet kazandırma amacıyla yapılmış bir modelleme çabası olabileceği tarafımızca dile getirilmiştir. Zagwe Hanedanlığına dair elimizdeki bilgiler, kralların sayısı, ne zaman iktidara geldikleri, nasıl yıkıldıklarına dair kesin bilgiler vermemektedir. Bununla birlikte bu hanedanlıktan sonra, hatta Zagwe karşıtı bir iktidar zamanında yazılmış olan Gadl’lere bakıldığında onların -taht gaspçılıklarını saklı tutmakla beraber- azizleştirildikleri görülmektedir. Bu noktada çalışmamızda onların gadlerinden ve onlara dair yapılan modern çalışmalardan yararlanarak hanedanlığa dair -olası hükümdarları çerçevesinde- bilgi verilecek, Kissis- Kral olan Yemrehanna Kristos başta olmak üzere hanedan üyelerinin aziz kabul edilmelerine değinilecektir. Günümüzde Lalibela adıyla bilinen şehre isim veren kralın hayatı ele alınarak onun bu bölgede yaptırdığı kiliseler hakkında bilgiler verilecektir. Etiyopya kilisenin başı kabul edilen abunalık makamının hanedanlık zamanındaki durumu ve dolayısıyla Zagwe hanedanlığın Mısır’daki Kıpti kilisesi ve İslam yönetimiyle ilişkisi tasvir edilmeye çalışacaktır. Ayrıca onların aziz kabul edilmelerindeki en önemli etkenlerden birisinin Mısır’daki siyasi, dini otorite ve koşullar karşısında almış oldukları pozisyon olduğu öne sürülmüştür. Nitekim kilisede ayin yöneten, Etiyopya Kilisesi’ni bağımsızlaştırmaya çalışan ve kayaları oyarak “Yeni Siyon”u inşa etmeye çalışan bu krallar, soy olarak Musa ve Harun’un halefleri olmasa da icraat olarak onlar gibi din ve siyaset erkini tek kişide buluşturan kişiler olmuşlardır.

Kaynakça

  • Abu Salih, The Armenian. Churches and Monasteries of Egypt and Some Neighbouring Countries. Trans. Basil Thomas Alfred Evetts. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1895.
  • Altınel, Tolga Savaş. “Kuran’daki Ruhban ve Kıssisin Kavramlarının Dinler Tarihi Açısından Değerlendirilmesi”. Milel ve Nihal 18 (2021), 147-179. https://doi.org/10.17131/milel.1016817
  • Altınel, Tolga Savaş - Kürşad Demirci. “Erken Dönem İsrailoğulları Tarihinde Rahipliğin Gelişim Sürecine Alternatif Bir Bakış”, Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 58/2 (2017), 31-61. https://doi.org/10.1501/Ilhfak_0000001471
  • Atiya, A. Suryal vd. History of the Patriarchs of the Egyptian church, known as the History of the Holy Church by Sawirus ibn al-Mukaffa, Bishop of al-Asmunin. Le Caire : Publications de la société d’archéologie copte, 1948.
  • Aykıt, Dursun Ali. Etiyopya Kilisesi. İstanbul: Ayışığı Kitapları, 2013.
  • Bausi, Alessandro. “Kings and Saints: Founders of Dynasties, Monasteries and Churches in Christian Ethiopia”. Stifter und Mäzene und ihre Rolle in der Religion Von Königen, ed. Barbara Schuler, 161-187. Harrassowitz Verlag-Wiedenbaden, 2013.
  • Beckingham, C. Fraser - Huntingford G. W.Bernard. The Prester John of the Indies. A true relation of the lands of the Prester John is the narrative of the Portuguese Embassy to Ethiopia in 1520 written by Francisco Alvares. Cambridge University Press, 1961.
  • Belaynesh Michael. “Nä'akweto-Lä'Ab”, Dictionary of African Christian Biography. Erişim 15 Haziran 2022. http://www.dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/naakweto_laab.html
  • Budge, E.A.W Wallis. The Book of the Saints of the Ethiopian Church. Cambridge: University Press, 1928.
  • Budge, E. A.W Wallis. A History of Ethiopia, Nubia & Abyssinia. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd.
  • Binns, John. The Orthodox Church Of Ethiopia A History. London-New York: I.B.Tauris & Co. Ltd, 2017.
  • Den Heijer, Johannes. “History of the churches and monasteries of Egypt Al-Shaykh al-Muʾtaman Abū l-Makārim Saʿd Allāh ibn Jirjis ibn Masʻūd”. Christian- Muslim Relations A Bibliographical History (1200- 1350) ed. David Thomas-Alex Mallett. Brill Academic Publishers, 2012, 4 /983-988.
  • Derat, Marie-Laure. “The Zāgʷē dynasty (11-13th centuries) and King Yemreḥanna Krestos”. Annales d'Ethiopie 25 (2010), 157-196. https://doi.org/10.3406/ethio.2010.1412
  • Filler, Elad. “Moses and the Kushite Woman: Classic Interpretations and Philo’s Allegory”. The Torah. Erişim 15 Haziran 2022. https://www.thetorah.com/article/moses-and-the-kushite-woman-classic- interpretations-and-philos-allegory.
  • Frantsouzoff, Serge A. “The Acts of Lalibäla: a Collection of Fables or an Underestimated Historical Source?”. Scrnium 15/1 (2019), 338. https://doi.org/10.1163/18177565-00151P22
  • Ginzberg, Louis. Legends of the Jews. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 2003.
  • Grierson, Roderick (ed.). African Zion, the sacred art of Ethiopia. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1993.
  • Haile, Getatchew. “Lalibala (Lalibela)”, The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization. ed. George Thomas Kurian, Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 2011.
  • Hassen, Ibsa Ahmed. “Etiyopya Müslüman-Hıristiyan Savaşları (13-16. Yüzyıllar)”. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi İslâmî İlimler Fakültesi Dergisi 3/5 (2018), 71-92.
  • Hassen, Ibsa Ahmed. Etiyopya Harar Bölgesinde Yeniden İslamlaşma. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, 2018.
  • Henze, Paul B. Layers of Time A History of Ethiopia. New York: Palgrave, 2012.
  • Huntingford, G.W.Bernard. “The Wealth of Kings and the End of the Zagwe Dynasty”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 28 (1965), 1-23.
  • Josephus, Flavius. The Antiquties of the Jews. trans. William Whiston, 1737.
  • Kitabı Mukaddes. İstanbul: Kitabı Mukaddes Şirketi, 2003.
  • Kaplan, Steven. “The Ethiopian Cult of the Saints: A Preliminary Investigation”. Paideuma: Mitteilungen zur Kulturkunde 1986, 32 (1986), 1-13.
  • Kaplan, Steven. “Hagiographies and the History of Medieval Ethiopia”. History in Africa 8 (1981), 107-123.
  • Krawczuk, Marcin. Gadla Yemrehanna Krestos (the life of Yemrehanna Krestos, emperor of Ethiopia, Zagwe dynasty, 11-12th Century [?]). scribd. Erişim 15 Haziran 2022. https://www.scribd.com/document/54427782/Gadla-Yemrehanna-Krestos-the-life-of-Yemrehanna-Krestos-emperor-of-Ethiopia-Zagwe-dynasty-11-12th-Century
  • Kur, Stanslaw. “Iyasus-Moa (‘Iyäsus-Mo’a)”. Dictionary of African Christian Biography. Erişim 15 Haziran 2022. https://dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/iyasus-moa/
  • Lapchik, Mauricio. “Kingship Between History and Hagiography: The Ethiopian Monk-King Ideal”. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Humanities Department of Comparative Religion, Jerusalem (2016), 1-17.
  • Marrassini, Paulo. “Il Gädlä Yemrehanna Krestos. Introduzione, testo critico, traduzione”. Supplément au n°85 des Annali del Istituto Universitario Orientale Naples 55 (1995), 1-94.
  • El Mekin, Circis b. Amik. Historia Saracenica, Erpenius. trans. Thomas Erpenius. Leiden: Erpenian 1625.
  • Moawad, Samule. “Al-Makin Jirjis ibn al- ‘Amid) (the elder)”. Christian-Muslim Relations A Bibliographical History (1200-1350). ed. David Thomas, Alex Mallett. 566-571. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 2012.
  • Munro-Hay, Stuart C. Ethiopia and Alexandria. The Metropolitan Episcopacy of Ethiopia. Varsovie: Zas Pan, 1997.
  • Negash, Tekeste. “The Zagwe Period and the Zenith of Urban Culture in Ethiopia, Ca. 930-1270”. Africa: Rivista trimestrale di studi e documentazione dell'Istituto italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente 61/1 (2006), 120-137.
  • Oliver, Roland. (ed.) The Cambridge History of Africa from c. 1050 to c. 1600. Cambridge University Press, 1977.
  • Pankhurst Richard, Pankhurst Rita. “King Lalibela: His supposed travels, tribulations and achievements”. Annales d'Ethiopie 22 (2006), 45-71.
  • Petrus Ibn Rahib. Chronicon Orientale. nşr. Louis Cheikho. Beyrut, 1903.
  • Phillipson, David W. Foundations of an African Civilisation Aksum & the northern Horn 1000 BC - AD 1300. Adis Ababa: University Press, 2012.
  • The Queen of Sheba and Her Son Menyelek. Budge. trans. E. A. Wallis Budge. London, Boston, Mass. [etc.]: The Medici Society Limited, 1922.
  • Rossini, Conti. “Studi su popolazioni dell’Etiopia”. Rivista di Studi Orientali 4 (1911-12), 599-651.
  • Rossini, Conti. “Gli Atti di Re Na’akueto La-‘Ab”. Annali dell’Istituto Universitario Orientale di Napoli, N. S. 2 (1943), 105-232.
  • Runnalls, Donna. “Moses’ Ethiopian Campign”. Journal for the study of Judaism, Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Period 14/2 (1983), 135-156.
  • Sefer Hayovelim. trans. James VanderKam. opensiddur. Erişim 15 Haziran 2022. https://opensiddur.org/readings-and-sourcetexts/festival-and-fast-day-readings/jewish/shavuot-readings/sefer-hayovelim- jubilees-preserved-in-geez/
  • Sellassie, Sergew Hable. Ancient and Medieval Ethiopian History to 1270. Addis Ababa, 1972.
  • Uhlig, Siegbert. vd. (ed.) Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2003-2014.
  • Uhlig, Siegbert. vd. (ed.) Ethiopia: History, Culture and Challenges. Michigan State University Press, 2017.
  • Tamrat, Taddesse. Church and state in Ethiopia, 1270-1527. London: London University, Doktora Tezi, 1968.
  • Valieva, Nafisa. The ‘Gadla Lalibala collection of textual units’. Tradition and documentation. Hamburg: Universitat Hamburg, Faculty of Humanities, Doktora Tezi, 2021.
  • Vie de Lalibäla, roi d'Éthiopie. ed. Perruchon, Jules. Paris: Publications De L'ecole Des Lettres D'Alger Bulletin De Correspondance Africaine, 1892.
  • Wolf, Leslau. Comparative Dictionary of Geʿez. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1991.
  • Woldeyes, Yirga Gelaw.“Lalibela: Spiritual Genealogy beyond Epistemic Violence in Ethiopia”. Genealogy (2019), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.3390/genealogy3040066
  • Yohannes, Alula. “Historical Insights on the Hagiographic Accounts of Gäbrä Maryam/Harbäy (ca.1093-1133 A.D)”. Abstracts of the 1st International Conference on Ethiopia’s Manuscripts 8 & 9 Adis Ababa, 1-24, 2018. https://www.aai.uni-hamburg.de/en/ethiostudies/news/2018-10-08/2018-10-08-conference-addis.pdf
  • Zerabiruk, Yikunnoamlak Mezgebu. “Lalibela and Gädlä Lalibela”. International Journal of Ethiopian Studies 12/2 (2018), 43-60.
  • Zelleke, Kinefe-Rıgb “Bibliography of the Ethiopic Hagiographical Traditions”. Journal of Ethiopian Studies 13/2 (1975), 57-102.
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Din Araştırmaları
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Tolga Savaş Altınel 0000-0002-6383-6484

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Eylül 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 4 Haziran 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Sayı: 47

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Altınel, Tolga Savaş. “Soy İddiaları, Kralları Ve Kilise Ile İlişkileri Bağlamında Zagwe Hanedanlığı”. Eskiyeni 47 (Eylül 2022), 713-742. https://doi.org/10.37697/eskiyeni.1126155.
Eskiyeni  Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır. | Sherpa Romeo