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The Nature of the Burden of Evidence Concerning the Existence of God

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 58, 913 - 936, 30.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.37697/eskiyeni.1674573

Öz

Onus probandi, or the burden of proof is defined as the responsibility of providing justification to support any claim. This topic, which is well known in its legal context, actually has many different contexts ranging from social life to mathematics, from religious beliefs to scientific hypotheses. Within the domain of philosophy of religion, this notion manifests in the context debates concerning the existence or nonexistence of God. The onus of substantiating religious beliefs through rational justifications is predicated on the notion that a belief can be deemed rational in so far as justified. From this standpoint, it is posited that for a belief to be considered both rational and moral, there is a necessity for it to be supported by sufficient evidence or justification. Although there are many studies on the burden of evidence, in-depth analyses of the source and nature of the burden are quite limited. These studies contain some presuppositions on which the burden of evidence exists or not, and focus on the side of the burden. They also seek to answers to questions such as what kind of evidence is needed and and what evidence can be deemed sufficient? However, the lack of analyses on the basis of the burden of evidence makes it difficult to provide a common ground and to achieve convincing results on this issue. Contrary to the common approach, this study does not contain any presuppositions, but it questions this approach and subjects the source, nature and boundaries of the burden to philosophical analysis. In this way, it is aimed to develop an original, rational, objective, and strong perspective on the burden of evidence. To achieve this goal, discussions are held to determine the boundaries of evidence, the nature of the claim and the plaintiffs. In order to determine the boundaries of evidence , attention is drawn to the differences between evidence, proof, argument and justification, and thus the boundaries of burden is determined. The source of the burden and the reasons why it is expressed as a burden are examined through the investigation into the nature of the claim. By questioning who the plaintiff is, the positions that bring up the burden are examined. Thus, the possibility of talking about a burden in the real sense can be discussed comparatively. The results show that rational discussions can be carried out on the burden of evidence if a consensus is reached on the plaintiffs, claims and burden.

Kaynakça

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Tanrı’nın Varlığına Dair Kanıt Yükünün Mahiyeti

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 58, 913 - 936, 30.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.37697/eskiyeni.1674573

Öz

İspat yükü, herhangi bir iddiayı desteklemek için gerekçe sunma sorumluluğudur. Hukuki bağlamına aşina olduğumuz bu konu aslında sosyal yaşamdan matematiğe, dini inançtan bilimsel bir hipoteze veya teoriye kadar pek çok farklı bağlama sahiptir. Din felsefesinde ise Tanrı’nın varlığı veya yokluğu konusundaki tartışmalarda kanıt yükü şeklinde gündeme gelmektedir. Dini inanca dair doğruluk iddiasında bulunmanın getirdiği bu yük, gerekçelendirildiği ölçüde bir inancın rasyonel sayılabileceği düşüncesini temel almaktadır. Bu bakış açısına göre, bir inancın rasyonel ve ahlaki olabilmesinin zorunlu koşulu, yeterli kanıta veya gerekçeye sahip olmaktır. Kanıt yükünü konu edinen birçok çalışma mevcut olmasına rağmen yükün kaynağına ve mahiyetine ilişkin derinlemesine analizler oldukça sınırlıdır. Mevcut çalışmalar kanıt yükünün varlığına veya yokluğuna dair bir ön kabul içermekte ve genellikle yükün kimin omuzlarında olduğuna odaklanmaktadır. Ayrıca ne türden kanıtlara gerek olduğu ve hangi şartları taşıdığında kanıtların yeterli görülebileceği sorularına yanıtlar aramaktadır. Fakat kanıt yükünün temeline dair analizlerin eksikliği, bu konuda ortak bir zemin sağlamayı ve ikna edici sonuçlara ulaşmayı engellemektedir. Bu çalışma, literatürdeki yaygın kanaatin aksine kanıt yükü konusunda herhangi bir ön kabul içermemekte, bilakis bu ön kabulü sorgulayarak yükün kaynağını, mahiyetini, sınırlarını, taraflarını ve yöntemini felsefi analize tâbi tutmaktadır. Bu sayede kanıt yüküne dair özgün, rasyonel, objektif ve güçlü bir bakış açısı geliştirmek hedeflenmektedir. Bu hedefe ulaşmak için bu çalışmada kanıtın sınırlarını, iddianın mahiyetini ve müddeilerin pozisyonlarını tespit etmeye yönelik tartışmalar ortaya konmaktadır. Kanıtın sınırlarını belirlemek üzere kanıt, ispat, delil, argüman ve gerekçelendirme kavramları arasındaki farklılıklara dikkat çekilmekte ve böylece yükün sınırları belirlenmektedir. İddianın mahiyeti üzerine soruşturmayla yükün kaynağı ve neden bir yük olarak ifade edildiğine ilişkin gerekçeler incelenmektedir. Müddeinin kim olduğu sorgulanarak, kanıt yükünü gündemine alan pozisyonlar irdelenmektedir. Böylece gerçek anlamda bir yükten bahsetmenin imkânı karşılaştırmalı olarak tartışılabilmektedir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, müddeiler, iddialar ve yük konusunda fikir birliği sağlandığı takdirde kanıt yükü konusunda rasyonel tartışmalar sürdürülebileceğini göstermektedir.

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışmanın hazırlanma sürecinde etik ilkelere uyulmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Akalın, Şükrü Halûk. Türkçe Sözlük. Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları. Ankara: TDK Yayınları, 11. Baskı, 2011.
  • Armstrong, David Malet. Belief, Truth and Knowledge. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1973.
  • Audi, Robert. Epistemology: A Contemporary Introduction to the Theory of Knowledge. London: Routledge, 1998.
  • Aydın, Mehmet S. Din Felsefesi. İzmir: İzmir İlahiyat Vakfı Yayınları, 12. Baskı, 2010.
  • Baggini, Julian. Atheism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
  • Bardakoğlu, Ali. “İsbât”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 22/492-495. İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 2000.
  • Benjamin, Abaraham Cornelius. Dictionary of Philosophy. ed. Dagobert D. Runes. New York: Philosophical Library, 1942.
  • Bird, Graham. William James. London: Routledge, 1986.
  • Bishop, John. Believing by Faith: An Essay in the Epistemology and Ethics of Religious Belief. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2007.
  • Black, John A. - Randall, John. “Proof”. The Encyclopædia Britannica (11. Edition). 22/437-438. New York: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 1911.
  • Brown, Robert. “The Burden of Proof”. American Philosophical Quarterly 7/1 (1970), 74-82.
  • Bullivant, Stephen. “Defining ‘Atheism’”. The Oxford Handbook of Atheism. 11-21. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.
  • Cargile, James. “On the Burden of Proof”. Philosophy 72 (1997), 59-83. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0031819100056655
  • Cevizci, Ahmet. Büyük Felsefe Sözlüğü. İstanbul: Say Yayınları, 2017.
  • Clack, Beverley - Clack, Brian R. The Philosophy of Religion: A Critical Introduction. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2000.
  • Clark, Kelly James. Return to Reason. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2001.
  • Clifford, William K. “The Ethics of Belief”. The Rationality of Belief in God. ed. George I. Mavrodes. 152-160. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1970.
  • Copan, Paul. “Atheism and The Burden of Proof”. Enrichment, 26-29.
  • Corlett, J. Angelo. The Errors of Atheism. New York: Continuum, 2010.
  • Corlett, J. Angelo - Cangelosi, Josh. “Atheism and Epistemic Justification”. International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 78/1 (2015), 91-106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11153-014-9484-z
  • Craig, William Lane. “Theistic Critiques of Atheism”. The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. ed. Michael Martin. 69-85. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
  • Çubukçu, İbrahim Agâh. İslâm Felsefesinde Allah’ın Varlığının Delilleri. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi Yayınları, 1971.
  • Daly, Chris. “Agnosticism and the Balance of Evidence”. Ontology of Theistic Beliefs. ed. Miroslaw Szatkowski. 1-17. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2018.
  • Davies, Brian. An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982.
  • Davis, Stephen T. Faith, Skepticism, and Evidence. Cranbury, New Jersey: Associated University Press, 1978.
  • Dawkins, Richard. The God Delusion. London: Bantam Press, 2006.
  • Deniz, Osman Murat. Fideizm Nedir? İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2020.
  • Develioğlu, Ferit. Osmanlıca-Türkçe Ansiklopedik Lûgat. Ankara: Aydın Kitabevi, 2010.
  • Draper, Paul. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ed. Edward N. Zalta, 2017. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2022/entries/atheism-agnosticism/
  • Edwards, Paul. “Atheism”. The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ed. Paul Edwards. 1/174-189. New York: Macmillan Company & Free Press, 1972.
  • Erdem, Hüsameddin. “Allah’ın Varlığının Delillerinin Kur’anî Temelleri”. Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 40 (1999), 147-155.
  • Erdoğan, Mehmet. Fıkıh ve Hukuk Terimleri Sözlüğü. İstanbul: Ensar Yayınları, 2010.
  • Evans, C. Stephen. Philosophy of Religion: Thinking about Faith. Illinois: Intervarsity Press, 1985.
  • Feldman, Richard. “Clifford’s Principle and James’s Option”. Social Epistemology 20/1 (2006), 19-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/02691720600631645
  • Feldman, Richard. Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy. ed. Robert Audi. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2. Edition, 1999.
  • Flew, Antony. The Presumption of Atheism & Other Essays. London: Elek/Pemberton, 1976.
  • Gale, Richard. M. The Philosophy of William James. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
  • Garvey, Brian. “Absence of Evidence, Evidence of Absence, and the Atheist’s Teapot”. Ars Disputandi 10/1 (2010), 9-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/15665399.2010.10820011
  • Harold I. Brown. “Rationality”. The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. ed. Ted Honderich. 785-786. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
  • Hepburn, Ronald W. “Agnosticism”. The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ed. Paul Edwards. 56-59. Macmillan Company & Free Press, 1972.
  • Huff, Peter A. Atheism and Agnosticism: Exploring the Issues. USA: ABC-Clio, 2021.
  • Ilbert, Sir Courtenay Peregrine. “Evidence”. The Encyclopædia Britannica (11. Edition). 10/11-21. New York: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 1911.
  • James, William. The Will to Believe and Other Essays in Popular Philosophy. New York: Dover Publications, 1960.
  • Konyndyk, Kenneth. “Evidentialist Agnosticism”. Religious Studies 3 (1991), 319-332. https://doi.org/10.2307/20019485
  • Koons, Robert C. “A New Look at the Cosmological Argument”. American Philosophical Quarterly 34/2 (1997), 193-211. https://doi.org/10.2307/20009892
  • Locke, John. İnsan Anlığı Üzerine Bir Deneme. çev. Vehbi Hacıkadiroğlu. İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınları, 2. Basım, 1996.
  • Lovering, Rob. God and Evidence: Problems for Theistic Philosophers. New York & London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2013.
  • Mackie, John Leslie. The Miracle of Theism: Argument for and againist the Existence of God. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988.
  • Malik, Shoaib Ahmed. “Defining Atheism and the Burden of Proof”. Philosophy 93/2 (2018), 279-301. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031819118000074
  • Martin, Michael. Atheism: A Philosophical Justification. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990.
  • Martin, Michael. “General Introduction”. The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. ed. Michael Martin. 1-7. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
  • McGrath, Patrick. J. “Atheism or Agnosticism”. Analysis 54 (1987), 54-57.
  • McGrew, Timothy. The Routledge Companion to Epistemology. ed. Sven Bernecker - Duncan Pritchard. London & New York: Routledge, 2011.
  • Mehdiyev, Nebi. Çağdaş Din Felsefesinde Epistemolojik Yaklaşımlar ve Tanrı İnancının Rasyonelliği. İstanbul: İSAM Yayınları, 2008.
  • Mitchell, Basil. Faith and Criticism. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994.
  • Nagel, Ernest. “A Defense of Atheism”. A Modern Introduction to Philosophy: Readings from Classical and Contemporary Sources. ed. Paul Edwards - Arthur Pap. 460-472. New York: The Free Press, 1966.
  • Nagel, Ernest. “Philosophical Concepts of Atheism”. Critiques of God. ed. Peter Angeles. 3-18. New York: Prometheus Books, 1976.
  • Nash, Ronald H. Faith and Reason: Searching for a Rational Faith. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1988.
  • Norwood, Hanson Russell. “What I Don’t Believe, and Other Essays”. ed. Matthew D. Lund. 311-327. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer, 2020.
  • Oppy, Graham. Atheism and Agnosticism Cambridge Elements: Philosophy of Religion. ed. Yujin Nagasawa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
  • Oppy, Graham. Atheism: The Basics. New York: Routledge, 2019.
  • Özcan, Hüseyin. Ansiklopedik Hukuk Sözlüğü. Ankara: Yeni Desen Matbaası, 1975.
  • Özervarlı, M. Sait. “İsbât-ı Vâcib”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 495-497. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 2000.
  • Parsons, Keith. God and the Burden of Proof. New York: Prometheus Books, 1989.
  • Parsons, Keith. “Some Contemporary Theistic Arguments”. The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. ed. Michael Martin. 102-117. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
  • Pearce, Kenneth L. “Classical Theism An Exposition and Defense”. Is There a God? A Debate. ed. Helen De Cruz. 11-91. New York and London: Routledge, 2022a.
  • Pigliucci, Massimo - Boudry, Maarten. “Prove it! The Burden of Proof Game in Science vs. Pseudoscience Disputes”. Philosophia 42/2 (2014), 487-502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11406-013-9500-z
  • Plantinga, Alvin. “Coherentism and the Evidentialist Objection to Belief in God”. Rationality, Religious Belief, and Moral Commitment. ed. Robert Audi - William J. Wainwright. 109-138. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986.
  • Plantinga, Alvin. “Reason and Belief in God”. Faith and Rationality: Reason and Belief in God. ed. Alvin Plantinga - Nicholas Wolterstorff. 16-93. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1983.
  • Plantinga, Alvin. Warrant: The Current Debate. New York: Oxford University Pres, 1993.
  • Poidevin, Robin Le. Agnosticism: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
  • Pojman, Louis P. - Rea, Michael. Philosophy of Religion: An Anthology. USA: Thomson Wadsworth Publishing, 2007.
  • Popkin, Richard H. “Fideism”. The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ed. Paul Edwards. New York: Macmillan Company & Free Press, 1972.
  • R. Douglas, Geivett - Sweetman, Brendan. Contemporary Perspectives on Religious Epistemology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
  • Reçber, Mehmet Sait. Tanrı’yı Bilmenin İmkânı ve Mahiyeti. Ankara: Kitabiyat, 2004.
  • Rowe, William. “Atheism”. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ed. Edward Craig. 1/530-534. Routledge, 1998.
  • Rowe, William L. “The Problem of Evil and Some Varieties of Atheism”. Contemporary Perspectives on Religious Epistemology. ed. Douglas Geivett - Brendan Sweetman. 33-42. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
  • Russell, Bertrand. Philosophical Essays. New York: Simon & Schuster Inc., 1984.
  • Schellenberg, John L. Divine Hiddenness and Human Reason. Ithaca & London: Cornell University Press, 1993.
  • Scriven, Michael. “God and Reason”. Critiques of God. ed. Peter Angeles. 95-114. New York: Prometheus Books, 1976.
  • Scriven, Michael. Primary Philosophy. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1966.
  • Shalkowski, Scott A. “Atheological Apologetics”. American Philosophical Quarterly 26/1 (1989), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.2307/20014263
  • Sieg, Wilfried. Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy. ed. Robert Audi. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2. Edition, 1999.
  • Smith, George H. Atheism, Ayn Rand, and Other Heresies. USA: Globe Pequot, 1990.
  • Smith, George H. Atheism: The Case Against God. New York: Prometheus Books, 1989.
  • Smith, George H. Why Atheism. New York: Prometheus Books, 2000.
  • Sosa, Ernest. The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy. ed. Robert Audi. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2. Basım, 1999.
  • Stein, Gordon. “The Meaning of Atheism and Agnosticism”. An Anthology of Atheism and Rationalism. ed. Gordon Stein. 3-6. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books, 1980.
  • Steup, Matthias - Neta, Ram. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ed. Uri Nodelman - Edward N. Zalta, 2024. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2024/entries/epistemology/
  • Stone, Martin William Francis. “Philosophy of Religion”. Philosophy 2: Further Through the Subject. ed. A. C. Grayling. 267-350. Oxford University Press, 1998.
  • Suckiel, Ellen Kappy. William James’in Pragmatik Felsefesi. çev. Celal Türer. İstanbul: Paradigma Yayınları, 2003.
  • Swinburne, Richard. Faith and Reason. Oxford, 2005.
  • Swinburne, Richard. The Coherence of Theism. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989.
  • Swinburne, Richard. The Existence of God. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2. Basım, 2004.
  • Taliaferro, Charles. Contemporary Philosophy of Religion. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1998.
  • Toktaş, Fatih. İslam Düşüncesinde Felsefe Eleştirileri. İstanbul: Klasik Yayınları, 2018.
  • Tooley, Michael. “Does God Exist?” Knowledge of God. ed. Alvin Plantinga - Michael Tooley. 70-150. Malden, MA & Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2008.
  • Topaloğlu, Bekir. İslam Kelamcılarına ve Filozoflarına Göre Allah’ın Varlığı. Ankara: Diyanet İşler Başkanlığı Yayınları, 1983.
  • Vilenkin, Alexander. Many Worlds in One: The Search for Other Universes. New York: Hill and Wang, 2006.
  • Walton, Douglas. “Burden of Proof”. Argumentation 2/2 (1988), 233-254. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00178024
  • Walton, Douglas. Burden of Proof, Presumption and Argumentation. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
  • Waters, Amos. “The God Problem- Criticism of an Agnostic- with an Editorial Reply, Is Dr. Carus a Theist?” The Monist 9/4 (1899), 624-626. https://doi.org/10.2307/27899081
  • Weston, Anthony. A Rulebook for Arguments. Indianapolis/Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company, 2017.
  • William Lane Craig. “Graham Oppy on the Kalām Cosmological Argument”. Sophia 32/1 (1993), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02773076
  • Wolterstorff, Nicholas. “Can Belief in God Be Rational?” Faith and Rationality: Reason and Belief in God. ed. Alvin Plantinga - Nicholas Wolterstorff. 135-186. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2004.
  • Wolterstorff, Nicholas. John Locke and Ethics of Belief. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
  • Wolterstorff, Nicholas. “Reformed Epistemology”. Philosophy of Religion in the 21st Century. ed. D. Z. Phillips - T. Tessin. 39-63. Hampshire: Palgrave, 2001.
  • Yavuz, Yusuf Şevki. “Delil”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 9/136-138. İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 2000.
  • Yenipınar, Filiz Berberoğlu. “İspat ve Deliller”. Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu. 117-293. İstanbul: Aristo Yayınları, 2022.
  • Yıldırım, Tamer. “Pascal’ın Paradoksal İnsan Görüşü”. Sakarya Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 25/48 (2023), 317-330. https://doi.org/10.17335/sakaifd.1335893
  • Yılmaz, Ejder. Hukuk Sözlüğü. Ankara: Yetkin Yayınları, 2002.
Toplam 111 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Din Felsefesi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Süleyman Altın 0000-0001-7907-4763

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 12 Nisan 2025
Kabul Tarihi 10 Eylül 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Sayı: 58

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Altın, Süleyman. “Tanrı’nın Varlığına Dair Kanıt Yükünün Mahiyeti”. Eskiyeni 58 (Eylül2025), 913-936. https://doi.org/10.37697/eskiyeni.1674573.
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