Sigara Kullanan ve Kullanmayan Ergen Bireylerde Psikolojik Belirti Şiddetlerinin Karşılaştırılması

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, sigara kullanan ve kullanmayan ergenlerde psikolojik belirti şiddetlerinin karşılaştırılması, ve ergenlerde nikotin bağımlılık şiddeti ile psikolojik belirti şiddeti arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Araştırmanın örneklemini, İstanbul’daki bir lise okulunda eğitimine devam eden 14-18 yaş arası 230 lise öğrencisi oluşturdu. Her bir öğrenci bir sosyodemografik veri formu ile beraber Fagerstrom Nikotin Bağımlılık Testi ve SCL 90-R Psikolojik Belirti Tarama Testi’ni doldurdu. Katılımcıların 36.5%’i (n=84) sigara kullanıyordu. Sigara kullanan 84 öğrencinin 18.8%’i (n=42) düşük bağımlı, 11.7%’si (n=27) orta derece bağımlı, 6.5%’i (n=15) şiddetli bağımlı idi. Sigara kullanan öğrencilerin somatizasyon, obsesif-kompulsif, depresyon, anksiyete, düşmanlık, paranoid düşünce ve pbimokizm alt boyut skorları kullanmayanlara göre istatistiksel olarak yüksek saptandı. Öğrencilerin Fagerstrom Nikotin Bağımlılık testi skorları ile somatizasyon, düşmanlık ve pbimokizm alt boyut skorları arasında orta düzeyde güçlü bir ilişki saptanırken; Fagerstrom Nikotin Bağımlılık testi skorları ile obsesif-kompulsif, depresyon, anksiyete ve paranoid düşünce arasında zayıf düzeyde bir ilişki saptandı. Bulgularımıza göre, sigara kullanan ergenlerde psikolojik belirti şiddetleri daha yüksektir ve ergenlerde yüksek nikotin bağımlılık şiddeti yüksek psikolojik belirti şiddetleri ile ilişkilidir. The aim of the present study is to compare the severity of psychological symptoms in adolescents who smoke and do not smoke, and to examine the relationship between nicotine addiction severity and psychological symptoms severities in adolescents. The sample of the study consisted of 230 high school students between the ages of 14 and 18 who were continuing their education at a high school. Each student completed the Fagerstrom Nicotine Dependence Test and the SCL 90-R Psychological Symptom Screening Test, along with a sociodemographic data form. 36.5% (n=84) of the participants were smokers. Of the 84 students who smoked, and 18.8% (n=42) were low addicted, 11.7% (n=27) were moderately addicted, and 6.5% (n=15) were severely addicted. The somatization, obsessive-compulsive, depression, anxiety, hostility, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism subscale scores of adolescents who smoke were found to be statistically higher than those who did not smoke. While a moderately strong relationship was found between the students' Fagerstrom Nicotine Dependence Test scores and somatization, hostility and psychoticism subscale scores; a weak relationship was found between Fagerstrom Nicotine Dependence test scores and obsessive-compulsive, depression, anxiety and paranoid ideation in the students. According to our findings, psychological symptoms severities is higher in adolescents who smoke, and high nicotine addiction severity in adolescents is associated with high psychological symptom severities.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• ergen
• sigara kullanımı
• nikotin bağımlılığı
• psikolojik belirtiler

Comparison of Psychological Symptoms Severities in Adolescents Who Smoke and Do Not Smoke

Öz

Kaynakça

1. Agaku, I. T., Sulentic, R., Dragicevic, A., Njie, G., Jones, C. K., Odani, S., ... & Ayo-Yusuf, O. (2024). Gender differences in use of cigarette and non-cigarette tobacco products among adolescents aged 13–15 years in 20 African countries. Tobacco Induced Diseases, 22. https://doi.org/10.18332/tid/169753
2. Akkuş, D., Karaca, A., Şener, D. K., & Ankaralı, H. (2017). Lise öğrencileri arasında sigara ve alkol kullanma sıklığı ve etkileyen faktörler. Anadolu Kliniği, 22(1), 36-45. DOI: 10.21673/anadoluklin.245632
3. Alasqah, I., Mahmud, I., East, L., & Usher, K. (2019). A systematic review of the prevalence and risk factors of smoking among Saudi adolescents. Saudi medical journal, 40(9), 867. https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2019.9.24477
4. Becker, T. D., Arnold, M. K., Ro, V., Martin, L., & Rice, T. R. (2021). Systematic review of electronic cigarette use (vaping) and mental health comorbidity among adolescents and young adults. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 23(3), 415-425. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaa171
5. Bozzini, A. B., Bauer, A., Maruyama, J., Simões, R., & Matijasevich, A. (2020). Factors associated with risk behaviors in adolescence: a systematic review. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 43, 210-221. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2019-0835
6. Cammack, A. L., Haardörfer, R., & Suglia, S. F. (2019). Associations between child maltreatment, cigarette smoking, and nicotine dependence in young adults with a history of regular smoking. Annals of epidemiology, 40, 13-20.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2019.10.003
7. Ciranka, S., & van den Bos, W. (2021). Adolescent risk-taking in the context of exploration and social influence. Developmental Review, 61, 100979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2021.100979
8. Chung, S. S., & Joung, K. H. (2014). Risk factors for smoking behaviors among adolescents. The Journal of School Nursing, 30(4), 262-271. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059840513505222

9. Dağ, I. (1991). Belirti tarama listesi (SCL-90-R)’nin üniversite öğrencileri için güvenirliği ve geçerliliği [Symptom Check List (SCL-90-R): A reliability and validity study]. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 2(1), 5–12. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1997-86097-001
10. DeHay, T., Morris, C., May, M. G., Devine, K., & Waxmonsky, J. (2012). Tobacco use in youth with mental illnesses. Journal of behavioral medicine, 35, 139-148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-011-9336-6
11. Derogatis, L. R., Rickels, K., & Rock, A. F. (1977). SCL-90: Administration, scoring and procedure manual-I for the revised version. John Hopkin University.
12. Dierker, L., Rose, J., Selya, A., Piasecki, T. M., Hedeker, D., & Mermelstein, R. (2015). Depression and nicotine dependence from adolescence to young adulthood. Addictive Behaviors, 41, 124-128. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.10.004.
13. Ertuğrul, B., Tekinyıldız, E., & Çelik Yavuz, S. (2024). The Relationship Between Exam Anxiety and Risky Behaviors in Late Adolescents: A Descriptive Study. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Nursing Sciences, 16(1). doi: 10.5336/nurses.2023-99195
14. Eslava, D., Martínez-Vispo, C., Villanueva-Blasco, V. J., Errasti-Pérez, J. M., & Al-Halabí, S. (2023). Family conflict and the use of conventional and electronic cigarettes in adolescence: The role of impulsivity traits. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 21(6), 3885-3896. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-022-00828-8
15. Feng, Y. H. (2016). Stress and adolescent's smoking: The mediating effect of coping style. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2016-23700-018
16. Gilley, M., Brent, J., Calello, D. P., Wax, P., Finkelstein, Y., & Toxicology Investigators Consortium. (2021). Synthetic cannabinoid exposure in adolescents presenting for emergency care. Pediatric emergency care, 37(1), e13-e16.https://doi.org/10.1097/pec.0000000000001454
17. Gorfinkel, L., Hasin, D., Miech, R., & Keyes, K. M. (2022). The link between depressive symptoms and vaping nicotine in US adolescents, 2017–2019. Journal of Adolescent Health, 70(1), 133-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.07.003.
18. Halladay, J., Woock, R., El-Khechen, H., Munn, C., MacKillop, J., Amlung, M., ... & Georgiades, K. (2020). Patterns of substance use among adolescents: A systematic review. Drug and alcohol dependence, 216, 108222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108222
19. Haspolat, Y. K., Karabel, M., Karabel, D., Kelekci, S., Tuncel, T., Şen, V., ... & Tan, İ. (2016). Ergen Polikliniğine Başvuran Olguların Sosyodemografik Özelliklerinin Değerlendirilmesi. Dicle Medical Journal/Dicle Tip Dergisi, 43(1). doi: 10.5798/diclemedj.0921.2016.01.0639
20. Heatherton, T. F., Kozlowski, L. T., Frecker, R. C., & Fagerström, K. O. (1991). The Fagerström test for nicotine dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire. British journal of addiction, 86(9), 1119-1127. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x
21. Icmeli, Ö. S., Türker, H., Gündoğuş, B., Çiftci, M., & Aka Aktürk, Ü. (2016). Behaviours and opinions of adolescent students on smoking. Tuberk Toraks, 64(3), 217-222. Doi: 10.5578/tt.20925
22. Ingram, K. M., Espelage, D. L., Davis, J. P., & Merrin, G. J. (2020). Family violence, sibling, and peer aggression during adolescence: Associations with behavioral health outcomes. Frontiers in psychiatry, 11, 472213. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00026
23. Itanyi, I. U., Onwasigwe, C. N., Ossip, D., Uzochukwu, B. S., McIntosh, S., Aguwa, E. N., ... & Ezeanolue, E. E. (2020). Predictors of current tobacco smoking by adolescents in Nigeria: Interaction between school location and socioeconomic status. Tobacco induced diseases, 18. https://doi.org/10.18332/tid/117959
24. Kardaş, Ö., & Kardaş, B. (2023). Çocuk ve ergen madde bağımlılığı tedavi merkezine başvuran olguların sosyodemografik ve madde kullanım özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Bağımlılık dergisi, 24(2), 174-185. DOI: 10.51982/bagimli.1112645
25. Khalil, G. E., McLean, D., Ramirez, E., Mihaj, P. P., Zhao, B., Dhar, B., & Khan, M. (2024). Developing a text-message library for tobacco prevention among adolescents: A qualitative study. Plos one, 19(1), e0296503. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0296503
26. Khalil, G. E., Calabro, K. S., & Prokhorov, A. V. (2018). Development and initial testing of the brief adolescent smoking curiosity scale (ASCOS). Addictive behaviors, 78, 67-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.11.008
27. Küçükşen, K., Yılmaz, Bölükbaş,. B., Gökkaya, F.,Yılmaz, İ., & Toros, N. (2020). Ergenlerin Sigara Kullanımına Yönelmesinde Algılanan Anne-Baba Tutumları Ve Aile İletişiminin Rolü. The Journal Of Social Sciences, 18(18), 347-358. DOI : 10.16990/SOBIDER.3927
28. Lawrence, D., Johnson, S. E., Mitrou, F., Lawn, S., & Sawyer, M. (2022). Tobacco smoking and mental disorders in Australian adolescents. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 56(2), 164-177. https://doi.org/10.1177/00048674211009617
29. Ma, C., Xi, B., Li, Z., Wu, H., Zhao, M., Liang, Y., & Bovet, P. (2021). Prevalence and trends in tobacco use among adolescents aged 13–15 years in 143 countries, 1999–2018: findings from the Global Youth Tobacco Surveys. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 5(4), 245-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2352-4642(20)30390-4
30. Mallol, J., Urrutia-Pereira, M., Mallol-Simmonds, M. J., Calderón-Rodríguez, L., Osses-Vergara, F., & Matamala-Bezmalinovic, A. (2021). Prevalence and determinants of tobacco smoking among low-income urban adolescents. Pediatric allergy, immunology, and pulmonology, 34(2), 60-67. https://doi.org/10.1089/ped.2021.0018
31. Mantey, D. S., Case, K. R., Omega-Njemnobi, O., Springer, A. E., & Kelder, S. H. (2021). Use frequency and symptoms of nicotine dependence among adolescent E-cigarette users: Comparison of JUUL and Non-JUUL users. Drug and alcohol dependence, 228, 109078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109078
32. Meeus, W. (2016). Adolescent psychosocial development: A review of longitudinal models and research. Developmental Psychology, 52(12), 1969. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000243
33. Mete, B., Söyiler, V., & Pehlivan, E. (2020). Adölesanlarda sigara içme ve madde kullanma prevalansı. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 21(1), 64-71. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/985953
34. Mitrou, F., Nguyen, H. T., Le, H. T., & Zubrick, S. R. (2024). The causal impact of mental health on tobacco and alcohol consumption: an instrumental variables approach. Empirical Economics, 66(3), 1287-1310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-023-02483-x
35. Moustafa, A. F., Testa, S., Rodriguez, D., Pianin, S., & Audrain-McGovern, J. (2021). Adolescent depression symptoms and e-cigarette progression. Drug and alcohol dependence, 228, 109072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109072
36. Niermann, H. C., Voss, C., Pieper, L., Venz, J., Ollmann, T. M., & Beesdo-Baum, K. (2021). Anxiety disorders among adolescents and young adults: Prevalence and mental health care service utilization in a regional epidemiological study in Germany. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 83, 102453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102453
37. Nodora, J., Hartman, S. J., Strong, D. R., Messer, K., Vera, L. E., White, M. M., ... & Pierce, J. P. (2014). Curiosity predicts smoking experimentation independent of susceptibility in a US national sample. Addictive behaviors, 39(12), 1695-1700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.06.002
38. O’Brien, D., Long, J., Quigley, J., Lee, C., McCarthy, A., & Kavanagh, P. (2021). Association between electronic cigarette use and tobacco cigarette smoking initiation in adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 954. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10935-1
39. Pan, Y. C., Chiu, Y. C., & Lin, Y. H. (2020). Systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiology of internet addiction. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 118, 612-622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.08.013
40. Peltzer, K., & Pengpid, S. (2020). Tobacco use and associated mental symptoms and health risk behaviours amongst individuals 15 years or older in South Africa. South African Journal of Psychiatry, 26. doi: 10.1080/17437199.2024.2330896
41. Quam, A., Biernacki, K., Ross, T. J., Salmeron, B. J., & Janes, A. C. (2024). Childhood Trauma, Emotional Awareness, and Neural Correlates of Long-Term Nicotine Smoking. JAMA Network Open, 7(1), e2351132-e2351132. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.51132
42. Ranjit, A., Korhonen, T., Buchwald, J., Heikkilä, K., Tuulio-Henriksson, A., Rose, R. J., ... & Latvala, A. (2019). Testing the reciprocal association between smoking and depressive symptoms from adolescence to adulthood: a longitudinal twin study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 200, 64-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.03.012
43. Sawyer, S. M., Azzopardi, P. S., Wickremarathne, D., & Patton, G. C. (2018). The age of adolescence. The lancet child & adolescent health, 2(3), 223-228. DOI: 10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30022-1
44. Seva, O., Aktaş, H., & Ekinci, Ö. (2019). Mersin Üniversitesindeki ergenlerde madde kullanımı ve ilişkili faktörlerin değerlendirilmesi. Mersin Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(3), 515-524. https://doi.org/10.26559/mersinsbd.618567
45. Shorey, S., Ng, E. D., & Wong, C. H. (2022). Global prevalence of depression and elevated depressive symptoms among adolescents: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61(2), 287-305. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12333
46. Steinberg, L. (2014b). Age of opportunity: Lessons from the New Science of Adolescence. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
47. Stevenson, J., Miller, C. L., Martin, K., Mohammadi, L., & Lawn, S. (2022). Investigating the reciprocal temporal relationships between tobacco consumption and psychological disorders for youth: an international review. BMJ open, 12(6), e055499. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055499
48. Tolan, Ö. Ç. (2023). Boşanma ve Etkileri: Çocuklar ve Ergenler Üzerindeki Psikolojik Sonuçları. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (50), 321-338. https://doi.org/10.52642/susbed.1221560
49. Trucco, E. M. (2020). A review of psychosocial factors linked to adolescent substance use. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 196, 172969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172969
50. Tunç, Z., & Kolburan, Ş. G. (2019). Ergenlik döneminde benlik saygısı ile sigara bağımlılığı arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Aydın İnsan ve Toplum Dergisi, 5(1), 55-70. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/736881
51. Uysal, M. A., Kadakal, F., Karşidağ, C., Bayram, N. G., Uysal, O., & Yilmaz, V. (2004). Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence: reliability in a Turkish sample and factor analysis. Tuberk Toraks, 52(2), 115-21. http://www.tuberktoraks.org/managete/fu_folder/2004-02/2004-52-2-115-121.pdf
52. World Health Organization. (2024). WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco use 2000–2030.
53. WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco use 2000-2025, fourth edition. WHO, Geneva, 2021.
54. World Health Organization. (2020). Adolescent health.
55. Yiğit, Ü., & Öncü, E. (2019). Çalışan Gençlerde Sigara, Alkol, Uyuşturucu/Uyarıcı Madde Kullanımı ve Risk Faktörleri. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/addicta.2020.19081
56. Yoon, S., Calabrese, J. R., Yang, J., Logan, J. A., Maguire-Jack, K., Min, M. O., ... & Hamby, S. (2024). Association between longitudinal patterns of child maltreatment experiences and adolescent substance use. Child Abuse & Neglect, 147, 106533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106533