KALKOLİTİK GÜLPINAR ÖĞÜTME TAŞLARININ KALINTI ANALİZLERİ

Öz

Bu çalışma Kuzeybatı Anadolu Biga Yarımadası (Antik Troas Bölgesi) güneybatı ucunda bulunan Apollon Smintheus Kutsal Alanı (Smintheion) kazıları sırasında ortaya çıkan Erken Kalkolitik 2 ve Orta Kalkolitik dönem yerleşimleri buluntusu (Gülpınar II ve Gülpınar III) öğütme taşlarının öncül kalıntı analiz sonuçlarını sunmaktadır. Erken Kalkolitik 2 dönemine ait Gülpınar II yerleşimi radyokarbon tarihlemesine göre M.Ö. 5320-4940 tarihlerine sahipken bunun üzerine kurulan Orta Kalkolitik dönemine ait Gülpınar III yerleşimi M.Ö. 4930 ve 4450 arası radyokarbon tarihlerine sahiptir. Gülpınar’da 2004 ve 2014 yılları arasında gerçekleştirilen 11 yıllık kazı sezonunda toplam 453 adet sürtme taş alet ve obje gün ışığına çıkarılmıştır. Bu çalışma ise Erken Kalkolitik 2 ve Orta Kalkolitik döneme ait 28 adet öğütme taşının kalıntı izi analizinden oluşmaktadır.

Son yıllarda arkeoloji biliminde taş aletler üzerinde kimyasal kalıntı izi analizleri yapılması yaygın bir uygulama olarak görülmektedir. Prehistorik Gülpınar öğütme taşlarının analizinde yaygın olarak kullanılan Gaz Kromatografisi/Kütle Spektro-metresi (GC-MS) kalıntı analizi metodu tercih edilmiştir. Kalkolitik Gülpınar örneklerinden elde edilen analiz ve ön değerlendirme sonuçları bu çalışmanın ana hatlarını oluşturmaktadır. Analiz sonuçları yenilebilir tohum ve tahılların içeriğinde eser miktarda bulunan pentakosan ve heptakosan gibi esansiyel yağlar ile ana yağ asitlerinden olan oktadekanoik (stearik) ve palmitik (oleik) lipit organik kalıntıları belirgin ölçüde tespit edilmiştir. Palmitik asit süt ürünleri ve hayvansal kökenli yağlarda bolca bulunan ana bileşenlerinden biridir. Analiz sonuçlarının prehistorik toplumların organik ve inorganik ham maddeleri nasıl bir öğütme işlemine tabi tuttuklarını açıklamayı amaçlayan yaklaşımlara katkı sunması beklenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kalkolitik,Gülpınar,Öğütme Taşı,Kalıntı Analizi,GC-MS

RESIDUE ANALYSIS OF GRINDING STONES FROM CHALCOLITHIC GÜLPINAR

Öz

This study presents the preliminary results of residue analysis of grinding stones recovered from the Early Chalcolithic 2 and Middle Chalcolithic period settlements (Gülpınar II and Gülpınar III) in the Sanctuary of Apollo Smintheus (Smintheion), located in the southwestern corner of the modern Biga Peninsula (Ancient Troad) in north-western Anatolia. The Early Chalcolithic 2 period settlement at Gülpınar II has been dated to 5320-4940 BC, while the Middle Chalcolithic period settlement at Gülpınar III superimposing it has radiocarbon dates ranging between 4930 and 4450 BC. Excavations at Chalcolithic Gülpınar between 2004 and 2014 revealed a total of 453 ground stone tools. This work in this context residue analyze of total of 28 grinding stones that were uncovered from these two Early Chalcolithic 2 and Middle Chalcolithic cultural levels.

Chemical analysis of residue on stone tools has become a common research technique used in archaeology science. Chemical residues in and on the working surface of used grinding tools lead us to consider the context of the tool usage. The widely-used Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) method was selected for analyses of the grinding stones from Chalcolithic Gülpınar. The chemical analysis and preliminary results obtained from Gülpınar samples are outlined in this study. Results show evidence of the distinctive lipid organic residues pentacosane and heptacosane as minor and trace constituents in some of the essential oils of edible crops and the major fatty acids of octadecanoic (stearic) and palmitic (oleic). Palmitic acid is also a major component of the oil found in dairy products and abundant in animal fat. These results may contribute to approaches that aim to explain how prehistoric societies carried out processing of organic and inorganic raw materials.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Chalcolithic,Gülpınar,Ground stone,Residue Analysis,GC-MS

Kaynakça

1. Akpınar, N., Akpınar, M. A. & Türkoğlu, Ş. 2001, Total lipid content and fatty acid composition of the seeds of some Vicia L. species. Food Chemistry, 74(4): 449-453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0308-8146(01)00162-5
2. Bağcı, E. & Şahin, A. 2004, Fatty acid patterns of the seed oils of some Lathyrus species L.(Papilionideae) from Turkey, a chemotaxonomic approach. Pakistan Journal of Botanics, 36: 403-413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10600-014-1088-4
3. Barber, E. J. W. 1991, Prehistoric Textiles: The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean. Princeton University Press,
4. Baysal, A. & Wright, K. I. 2005, Cooking, Crafts and Curation:Ground-stone Artefacts from Çatalhöyük. In: Changing materialities at Çatalhöyük: reports from the 1995-99 seasons, (Hodder, I.,Ed.), Monographs of the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge; British Institute for Archaeology at Ankara, Cambridge: p. 307-332.
5. Bean, J. L. & Saubel, K. S. 1972, Temalpakh: Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage ofPlants. Malki Museum Press, Banning, California.
6. Biers, W. R. & Mcgovern, P. E. 1990, Organic contents of ancient vessels: materials analysis and archaeological investigation. MASCA, the University Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania,
7. Buonasera, T. 2005, Fatty acid analysis of prehistoric burned rocks: a case study from central California. Journal of Archaeological Science, 32(6): 957-965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2005.01.012
8. Buonasera, T. 2007, Investigating the presence of ancient absorbed organic residues in groundstone using GC–MS and other analytical techniques: a residue study of several prehistoric milling tools from central California. Journal of Archaeological Science, 34(9): 1379-1390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2006.10.028

9. Burton, M. 2003, Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of organic residues in ceramic and ground stone artifacts from INY-1317 and INY- 1991. . In: Lacustrian Lifestyles Along Owens Lake: NRHP Evaluation of 15 Prehistoric Sites for the Olancha/Cartago Four-Lane Project, U.S. Route 395. Department of Transportation, Central California Cultural Resources Branch, Inyo County, (Byrd, B. F. & Hale, M.Eds.), California: p. 515-535.
10. Charters, S., Evershed, R., Goad, L., Leyden, A., Blinkhorn, P. & Denham, V. 1993, Quantification and distribution of lipid in archaeological ceramics: implications for sampling potsherds for organic residue analysis and the classification of vessel use. Archaeometry, 35(2): 211-223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.1993.tb01036.x
11. Christie, W. W. 1973, Lipid analysis. Pergamon Press Oxford,
12. Colombini, M. P., Modugno, F. & Ribechini, E. 2009, GC/MS in the Characterization of Lipids. In: Organic Mass Spectrometry in Art and Archaeology, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, p. 189-213. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470741917.ch7
13. Condamin, J. & Formenti, F. 1978, Detection du contenu d'amphores antiques (huiles, vin) etude methodologique. Revue d'archéométrie, 2(1): 43-58. https://doi.org/10.3406/arsci.1978.1092
14. Condamin, J., Formenti, F., Metais, M. O., Michel, M. & Blond, P. 1976, The application of gas chromatography to the tracing of oil in ancient amphorae. Archaeometry, 18(2): 195-201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.1976.tb00160.xCraig, O. E. 2002, The development of dairying in Europe: potential evidence from food residues on ceramics. Documenta Praehistorica, 29: 97-107. https://doi.org/10.4312/dp.29.8
15. Ertuǧ, F. 2000, Linseed Oil and Oil Mills in Central Turkey Flax/Linum and Eruca, Important Oil Plants of Anatolia. Anatolian Studies, 50: 171-185. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3643022
16. Evans, J. 1990, Come back King Alfred, all is forgiven! In: Organic contents of ancient vessels: materials analysis and archaeological investigation: MASCA research papers in science and archaeology, the University Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania., (Biers, W. R. & McGovern, P. E.Eds.), p. 7-9.
17. Evershed, R. P., Heron, C., Charters, S. & Goad, L. J. 1992, The Survival of Food Residues: New Methods of Analysis, Interpretation and Application. New Developments in Archaeological Science. Proceedings of the British Academy, 77: 187-208.
18. Evershed, R. P., Heron, C. & Goad., L. J. 1990, Analysis of organic residues of archaeological origin by high temperature gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Analyst, 115: 1339-1342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/an9901501339
19. Formenti, F. & Procopiou, H. 1998, Analyse chromatographique des acides gras sur l’outillage de mouture et de broyage : apport et limites. Cahiers de l’Euphrate 8: 151-176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anthro.2004.05.010
20. Fullagar, R., Furby, J. & Hardy, B. 1996, Residues on stone artefacts: state of a scientific art. Antiquity, 70(270): 740-745. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00084027
21. Fullagar, R. & Matheson, C. 2014, Stone Tool Usewear and Residue Analysis. In: Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, (Smith, C.,Ed.), Springer New York, p. 7062-7065. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_842
22. Gallasch, B. A. & Spiteller, G. 2000, Synthesis of 9,12-Dioxo-10(Z)-dodecenoic acid, a new fatty acid metabolite derived from 9-hydroperoxy-10,12-octadecadienoic acid in lentil seed (Lens culinaris medik.). Lipids, 35(9): 953-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11745-000-0605-z
23. Gatade, A. A., Ranveer, R. C. & Sahoo, A. K. 2013, Nutritional Analysis, Total Phenolic Content, Free Radical Scavenging Activity And Phytochemical Analysis Of Leaves Powder Of Moringa Oleifera (Drumstick) And Cicer Arietinum (Chick Pea). International Journal of Pharma & Bio Sciences, 4(3): 922-933.
24. Gunstone, F. D. 1999, Fatty Acid and Lipid Chemistry Aspen Publishers, Maryland.
25. Halstead, P. & Jones, G. 1980, Early Neolithic Economy in Thessaly-Some Evidence from Excavations at Prodhromos. Anthropoloyika, 1: 93-117.
26. Harwood, J. L. & Russell, N. J. 1984, Lipids in Plants and Microbes. George Allen&Unwin, London.
27. Hillman, G., Wales, S., Mclaren, F., Evans, J. & Butler, A. 1993, Identifying Problematic Remains of Ancient Plant Foods: A Comparison of the Role of Chemical, Histological and Morphological Criteria. World Archaeology, 25(1): 94-121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00438243.1993.9980230
28. James, A. T. & Martin, A. J. P. 1952, Gas-liquid partition chromatography: the separation and micro-estimation of volatile fatty acids from formic acid to dodecanoic acid. Biochemical Journal, 50(5): 679-690. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0500679
29. Jones, C. E. R. 1989, Archeo Chemistry fact or fancy ? In: The prehistory of Wadi Kubbaniya, vol. 2 : Paleoeconomy, environment and stratigraphy, (Wendorf, F., Schild, R. & Close, A. E.Eds.), Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas: p. 260-266.
30. Kates, M. 1986, Techniques of Lipidology: Isolation, Analysis, and Identification of Lipids. Elsevier,
31. Kikalishvili, B., Zurabashvili, D., Turabelidze, D., Shanidze, L. & Parulava, G. 2014, The Fatty Acid composition of ordinary flax seed oil (linum usitatissimum L.) cultivated in georgia and its byological activity. Georgian medical news, (227): 86-88.
32. Kökten, K., Koçak, A., Bağcı, E., Akçura, M. & Çelik, S. 2010, Tannin, protein contents and fatty acid compositions of the seeds of several Vicia L. species from Turkey. Grasas Y Aceites, 61(4): http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/gya.021310
33. Kroll, H. 1979, Kulturpflanzen aus Dimini In: Festschrift Maria Hopf, vol. 8, Archaeo-Physika, (Körber- Grohne, U.,Ed.), Rheinland-Verlag, Köln: p. 173-189.
34. Lazarević, J., Radulović, N., Palić, R. & Zlatković, B. 2010, Chemical Analysis of Volatile Constituents of Berula erecta (Hudson) Coville subsp. erecta (Apiaceae) From Serbia. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 22(2): 153-156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2010.9700290
35. León, L., Uceda, M., Jiménez, A., Martín, L. & Rallo, L. 2004, Variability of fatty acid composition in olive (Olea europaea L.) progenies. Spanish journal of agricultural research, 2(3): 353-359. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2004023-89
36. Malainey, M. E., Przybylski, R. & Sherriff, B. L. 1999a, The fatty acid composition of native food plants and animals of western Canada. Journal of Archaeological Science, 26(1): 83-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1998.0305
37. Malainey, M. E., Przybylski, R. & Sherriff, B. L. 1999b, Identifying the former contents of late precontact period pottery vessels from western Canada using gas chromatography. Journal of Archaeological Science, 26(4): 425-438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1998.0344
38. Marchbanks, M. L. 1989, Lipid Analysis in Archaeology: An Initial Study of Ceramics and Subsistence at the George C. Davis Site. Master Thesis no.1989 M332 at the department of Anthropology, University of Texas, Austin,
39. Mclaren, F. & Evans, J. 2002, Unlocking the secret of the stones: Chemical Methods to find tool usage in the old World. In: Moudre et broyer II: Archéologie et histoire, (Procopiou, H. & René TreuilEds.), CTHS, Paris: p. 129-137.
40. Mclaren, F. S., Evans, J. & Hillman, G. C. 1991, Identification of charred seeds from Epipalaeolithic sites of S.W. Asia. In: Archaeometry '90: Proceedings of the 26th International Symposium on Archaeometry, Heidelberg, 1990, (Pernick, E. & Wagner, G. A.Eds.), Basel, Birkhaüser: p. 797-806. Miller, N. F. 1991, The Near East. In: in Progress in old world palaeoethnobotany, (van Zeist, W., Wasylikowa, K. & Behre, K. E.Eds.), A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam: p. 133-160.
41. Mottram, H. R., Dudd, S. N., Lawrence, G., Stott, A. W. & Evershed, R. P. 1999, New chromatographic, mass spectrometric and stable isotope approaches to the classification of degraded animal fats preserved in archaeological pottery. Journal of Chromatography A, 833(2): 209-221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(98)01041-3
42. Nesbitt, M. 1996, Chalcolithic crops from Kuruçay Höyük: an interim report. In: Kuruçay Höyük II, (Duru, R.,Ed.), Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara: p. 88-93.
43. Özgünel, C. 2001, Smintheion : Troas'da kutsal bir alan, Gülpınar'daki Apollon Smintheus tapınağı. Kültür Bakanlığı, Ankara.
44. Özgünel, C. 2003, Das Heiligtum Des Apollon Smintheus und Die İlias. Studia Troica, 13: 261-291.
45. Patrick, M., Koning, A. D. & Smith, A. 1985, Gas liquid chromatographic analysis of fatty acids in food residues from ceramics found in the Southwestern Cape, South Africa. Archaeometry, 27(2): 231-236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.1985.tb00366.x
46. Procopiou, H. & Treuil, R. 2002, Moudre et broyer : l'interprétation fonctionnelle de l'outillage de mouture et de broyage dans la Préhistoire et l'Antiquité 1, Méthodes : pétrographie, chimie, tracéologie, expérimentation, ethnoarchéologie. CTHS Paris.
47. Quigg, J. M., Malainey, M. E., Przybylski, R. & Monks, G. 2001, No bones about it: using lipid analysis of burned rock and groundstone residues to examine Late Archaic subsistence practices in South Texas. The Plains Anthropologist: 283-303. https://doi.org/10.1080/2052546.2001.11932035
48. Regert, M., Bland, H. A., Dudd, S. N., Bergen, P. V. & Evershed, R. P. 1998, Free and bound fatty acid oxidation products in archaeological ceramic vessels. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 265(1409): 2027-2032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1998.0536
49. Renfrew, J. M. 1977, Seeds from Area K. In: Keos I Kephala, (Coleman, J. E.,Ed.), Princeton, New Jersey: p. 127-128.
50. Riehl, S. 1999, Bronze Age environment and economy in the Troad: the archaeobotany of Kumtepe and Troy, BioArchaeologica 2. Mo-Vince-Verlag, Tübingen.
51. Ryder, M. L. 1965, Report of textiles from Çatal Hüyuk. Anatolian Studies, 15: 175–6. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.2307/3642510
52. Seeher, J. R. 1987, Prähistorische Funde aus Gülpınar/Chryse. Neue Belege für einen vortrojanischen Horizont an der Nordwestküste Kleinasiens. Archäologischer Anzeiger: 533-556.
53. Skibo, J. M. 1992, Pottery Function: A Use-Alteration Perspective. Springer Science & Business Media, New York.
54. Soni, N., Mehta, S., Satpathy, G. & Gupta, R. K. 2014, Estimation of nutritional, phytochemical, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of dried fig (Ficus carica). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 3(2): 158-165.
55. Sperling, J. W. 1976, Kum Tepe in the Troad: Trial Excavation, 1934. Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 45(4): 305-364. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/147895
56. Stahl, A. 1989, Plant-Food Processing: Implications for Dietary Quality. In: Foraging and Farming: The Evolution of Plant Exploitation, (Harris, D. R. & Hillman, G. C.Eds.), Unwin Hyman, London: p. 171-194.
57. Stewart, R. B. 1976, Paleoethnobotanical Report: C̣ayönü 1972. Economic Botany, 30(3): 219-225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02909730
58. Takaoğlu, T. 2006, The Late Neolithic in the Eastern Aegean: Excavations at Gülpinar in the Troad. Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 75(3): 289-315. http://dx.doi.org/10.2972/hesp.75.3.289
59. Valla, J. A., Mouriki, E., Lappas, A. A. & Vasalos, I. A. 2007, The effect of heavy aromatic sulfur compounds on sulfur in cracked naphtha. Catalysis Today, 127(1–4): 92-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2007.05.017
60. Van Zeist, W. 1985, Pulses and oil crop plants. Bulletin on Sumerian Agriculture, 2: 33-37.
61. Yohe, R. M., Newman, M. E. & Schneider, J. S. 1991, Immunological Identification of Small-Mammal Proteins on Aboriginal Milling Equipment. American Antiquity, 56(4): 659-666. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/281543