ÖRGÜTLERİN SEMBOLİK ROLLERİNE İLİŞKİN KAVRAMLARIN İNCELENMESİ

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 79, 1105 - 1122, 01.07.2021

Gizem Hatipoğlu , Funda Nayir

https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.823007

Öz

Örgütler varlıklarını sürdürebilmek için dış dünyaya ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Dış dünyaya yansıttıkları olumlu sinyaller örgütlerin tercih edilmeleri açısından önemli görülmektedir. Bu sebeple dış görünüşlerine dikkat etmektedirler. Bu dış görünüşleri ile alakalı literatürde karşımıza örgütsel saygınlık, örgütsel imaj, örgütsel kimlik ve örgütsel itibar kavramları çıkmaktadır. Ancak, örgütsel literatürde yer alan örgütsel saygınlık, örgütsel imaj, örgütsel kimlik ve örgütsel itibar kavramlarının araştırmalarda kullanımlarında teorik olarak bir tutarlılık olmadı, birbirinin yerine veya eş anlamlı olarak kullanımları dikkat çekmektedir. Bu sebeple bu çalışmanın amacı, örgüt literatüründe kullanılan bu kavramların teorik çerçevesinin oluşturulması ve bu kavramların tanımlarında veya kullanımındaki yanlışlıkların düzeltilmesi için araştırmacılara yol göstermek olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu araştırmada; örgütsel saygınlık, örgütsel imaj, örgütsel kimlik ve örgütsel itibar kavramları hakkında terminolojik tanımlara, yapılmış olan çalışmaları sentezleyerek aktarımlarına yer verilmektedir. Böylelikle literatürde yer alan yanlış veya yerine kullanımların önüne geçilmesi hedeflenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

örgütsel saygınlık, örgütsel imaj, örgütsel kimlik, örgütsel itibar

Kaynakça

• Abratt, R. (1989). A new approach to the corporate image: management process. Journal of Marketing Management, 5(1), 63-76
• Ager, D. L., & Piskorski, M. J. (2001). Age, Audiences and Autonomy in the dynamics of organizational prestige. Harvard Business School, Boston, MA.
• Ahearne, M., Bhattacharya, C. B., & Gruen, T. (2005). Antecedents and Consequences of Customer-company Identification: Expanding the Role of Relationship Marketing. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(3), 574.
• Alvesson, M., & Willmott, H. (2002). Identity regulation as organizational control: Producing the appropriate individual. Journal of management studies, 39(5), 619-644.
• Anderson, J. R. (1984). Cognitive psychology. Artificial Intelligence, 23(1), 1-11.
• Andreassen, T. W., & Lindestad, B. (1998). The Effect of Corporate Image in the Formation of Customer Loyalty. Journal of Service Researc, 1(1), 82–92.
• Ashforth, B. E., & Mael, F. (1989). Social Identity Theory and the Organization. The Academy of Management Review, 14(1), 20–39.
• Albert, S., & Whetten, D. A. (1985). Organizational Identity. Research in Organizational Behaviour, 7, 263–295.
• Albert, S., Ashforth, B. E., & Dutton, J. E. (2000). Organizational Identity and Identification: Charting New Waters and Building New Bridges. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 13–17.
• Arpan, L. M., Raney, A. A., & Zivnuska, S. (2003). A cognitive approach to understanding university image. Corporate Communications: An International Journal.
• Balmer, J. M., & Gray, E. R. (1999). Corporate Identity and Corporate Communications: Creating a Competitive Advantage. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 4(4), 171–177.
• Barich, H., & Kotler, P. (1991). A Framework for Marketing Image Management. MIT Sloan Management Review, 32(2), 94–107.
• Bergami, M., & Bagozzi, P. R. (2000). Self-categorization and commitment as distinct aspects of social identity in the organization. British Journal of Social Psychology, 39(4), 555–577.
• Bhattacharya, C. B., & Elsbach, K. D. (2002). Us versus Them: The Roles of Organizational Identification and Disidentification in Social Marketing Initiatives. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 21(1), 26–36.
• Bhattacharya, C. B., & Sen, S. (2003). Consumer–company Identification: A Framework for Understanding Consumers’ Relationships with Companies. Journal of Marketing, 67(2), 76–88.
• Bhattacharya, C. B., Rao, H., & Glynn, M. A. (1995). Understanding the Bond of Identification: An Investigation of Its Correlates among Art Museum Members. Journal of Marketing, 59(4), 46–57. https://doi.org/10.2307/1252327
• Bromley, D. B. (2000). Psychological Aspects of Corporate Identity,Image and Reputation. Corporate Reputation Review, 3(3), 240–252.
• Carmeli, A. (2005). Perceived External Prestige, Affective Commitment, and Citizenship Behaviors. Organization Studies, 26(3), 443–464.
• Carmeli, A., Gilat, G., & Weisberg, J. (2006). Perceived External Prestige, Organizational Identification and Affective Commitment: A stakeholder Approach. Corporate Reputation Review, 9(2), 92–104.
• Certo, S. T. (2003). Influencing initial public offering investors with prestige: Signaling with board structures. Academy of management review, 28(3), 432-446
• Cialdini, R. B., Borden, R. J., Avril, T., Walker, M. R., Freeman, S., & Reynolds, S. L. (1976). Basking in Reflected Glory: Three (football) Field Studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 366–375.
• Clark, B. H., & Montgomery, D. B. (1998). Competitive Reputations, Multimarket Competition and Entry Deterrence. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 6(2), 81–96.
• Ching, S., Billing, P., & Gordon, J. (1992). U.S. Patent No. 5,120,643. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
• Çiftçioğlu, A. (2010). The Relationship Between Perceived External Prestige and Turnover Intention: An Empirical Investigation. Corporate Reputation Review, 13(4), 248–263.
• Davies, G., Chun, R., da Silva, R. V., & Roper, S. (2004). A Corporate Character Scale to Assess Employee and Customer Views of Organization Reputation. Corporate Reputation Review, 7(2), 125–146.
• Deephouse, D. L. (2000). Media Reputation as a Strategic Resource: An Integration of Mass Communication and Resource-Based Theories. Journal of Management, 26(6), 1091–1112.
• Dichter, E. (1985). What’s in an Image. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 2(1), 75–81.
• DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1983). The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American sociological review, 147-160.
• Dowling, G. R. (1988). Measuring corporate images: A review of alternative approaches. Journal of Business Research, 17(1), 27-34.
• Dowling, G. R. (1993). Developing your Company Image into a Corporate Asset. Long Range Planning, 26(2), 101–109.
• Dutton, J. E., & Dukerich, J. M. (1991). Keeping an Eye on the Mirror: Image and Identity in Organizational Adaptation. Academy of Management Journal, 34(3), 517–554.
• Dutton, J. E., Dukerich, J. M., & Harquail, C. V. (1994). Organizational Images and Member Identification. Administrative Science Quarterly, 39(2), 239–263.
• Elsbach, K. D. (1999). An Expanded Model of Organizational Identification. In R. I. Sutton & B. M. Staw (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behaviour (pp. 163–199). Elsevier Science/JAI Press.
• Elsbach, K. D., & Glynn, M. A. (1996). Believing Your Own “‘PR’”: Embedding Identification in Strategic Reputation. Advances in Strategic Management, 13, 65–90.
• Filbeck, G., Gorman, R., & Preece, D. (1997). Fortune’s Most Admired Firms: An Investor’s Perspective. Studies in Economics and Finance, 18, 74–93.
• Fombrun, C. J. (1996). Reputation: Realizing Value from the Corporate Image. Harvard: Harvard Business School Press.
• Fombrun, C., & Shanley, M. (1990). What’s in a name? Reputation Building and Corporate Strategy. Academy of Management Journal, 33(2), 233–258.
• Fombrun, C. J., Gardberg, N. A., & Sever, J. M. (2000). The Reputation Quotient SM: A multi-stakeholder measure of corporate reputation. Journal of brand management, 7(4), 241-255.
• Fombrun, C. J., & Van Riel, C. B. M. (2003). Fame & fortune: How the world's top companies develop winning reputations. Pearson Education.
• Fuller, J. B., Marler, L. E., & Hester, K. (2006). Promoting Felt Responsibility for Constructive Change and Proactive Behavior: Exploring Aspects of an Elaborated Model of Work Design. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 27(8), 1089–1120.
• Gatewood, R. D., Gowan, M. A., & Lautenschlager, G. J. (1993). Corporate Image, Recruitment Image and Initial Job Choice Decisions. Academy of Management Journal, 36(2), 414–427.
• Gioia, D. A., Schultz, M., & Corley, K. G. (2000). Organizational identity, image, and adaptive instability. Academy of management Review, 25(1), 63-81.
• Gotsi, M., & Wilson, A. M. (2001). Corporate Reputation: Seeking a Definition. Corporate Communications: An International JournalAn International Journal, 6(1), 24–30.
• Gray, E. R., & Balmer, J. M. (1998). Managing Corporate Image and Corporate Reputation. Long Range Planning, 31(5), 695–702.
• Hall, R. (1992). The strategic analysis of intangible resources. Strategic Management Journal, 13, 135– 144.
• Hatch, M. J., & Schultz, M. (2002). The dynamics of organizational identity. Human relations, 55(8), 989-1018.
• Herrbach, O., & Mignonac, K. (2004). How Organisational Image Affects Employee Attitudes. Human Resource Management Journal, 14(4), 76–88.
• Hogg, M. A., & Terry, D. J. (2000). Social Identity and Self-Categorization Processes in Organizational Contexts. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 121–140.
• Jones, O. (1996). Human resources, scientists, and internal reputation: The role of climate and job satisfaction. Human Relations, 49(3), 269-294.
• Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological Conditions of Personal Engagement and Disengagement at Work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692–724.
• Kotler, P. & Andreasen, A.R. (1996). Strategic Marketing for Nonprofit Organizations, 5th ed., Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
• Kjærgaard, A., Morsing, M., & Ravasi, D. (2011). Mediating identity: A study of media influence on organizational identity construction in a celebrity firm. Journal of Management Studies, 48(3), 514-543.
• Lievens, F. (2017). Organizational Image/Reputation. In The Encyclopedia of Industrial and Organizational Psychology (pp. 1116–1118). Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business.
• Lievens, F., Van Hoye, G., & Anseel, F. (2007). Organizational identity and employer image: Towards a unifying framework. British Journal of Management, 18, S45-S59.
• MacKinnon, N. J., & Langford, T. (1994). The meaning of occupational prestige scores: A social psychological analysis and interpretation. The Sociological Quarterly, 35(2), 215-245.
• Mael, F., & Ashforth, B. E. (1992). Alumni and their alma mater: A partial test of the reformulated model of organizational identification. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13(2), 103–123. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030130202
• March, J. G., & Simon, H. (1958). Organizations. New York.
• Mayer, R. C., & Schoorman, F. D. (1992). Predicting Participation and Production Outcomes Through a Two-dimensional Model of Organizational Commitment. Academy of Management Journal, 35(3), 671–684. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5465/256492
• Milo, K., Edson, K. C., & Mceuen, V. (1989). The impact of negative publicity on institutional reputation and student college choice. College and University, 64, 237–245
• Mishra, S. K. (2013). Perceived external prestige and employee outcomes: Mediation effect of organizational identification. Corporate Reputation Review, 16(3), 220-233.
• Mishra, S. K., Bhatnagar, D., D’Cruz, P., & Noronha, E. (2012). Linkage Between Perceived External Prestige And Emotional Labor: Mediation Effect of Organizational Identification Among Pharmaceutical Representatives in India. Journal of World Business, 47(2), 204-212.
• Nguyen, N., & LeBlanc, G. (2001). Image and reputation of higher education institutions in students’ retention decisions. International Journal of Educational Management, 15, 303–311.
• Palacio, A. B., Meneses, G. D., & Pérez, P. J. (2002). The Configuration of the University Image and Its Relationship with the Satisfaction of Students. Journal of Educational Administration, 40(5), 486–505.
• Perna, M. C. (2005). The enrollment funnel. Techniques: Connecting education & careers, 80(8), 36–37.
• Perrow, C. (1961). Organizational prestige: Some functions and dysfunctions. American Journal of Sociology, 66(4), 335-341.
• Podolny, J. M. (1993). A status-based Model of Market Competition. American Journal of Sociology, 98(4), 829–872.
• Polat, S., & Arslan, Y. (2015). Örgütsel Yaşamda İmaj: İmaj Geliştirme ve Yönetimi. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık, 1. baskı, Ankara
• Pruzan, P. (2001). Corporate Reputation: Image and Identity. Corporate Reputation Review, 4(1), 50–64.
• Rao, H. (1994). The Social Construction of Reputation: Certification Contests, Legitimation, and the Survival of Organizations in the American Automobile Industry: 1895–1912. Strategic Management Journal, 15(1), 29–44.
• Riordan, C. M., Gatewood, R. D., & Bill, J. B. (1997). Corporate image: Employee Reactions and Implications for Managing Corporate Social Performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 16(4), 401–412.
• Roberts, P. W., & Dowling, G. R. (2002). Corporate reputation and sustained superior financial performance. Strategic Management Journal, 23(12), 1077–1093.
• Sung, M., & Yang, S. U. (2008). Toward the model of university image: The influence of brand personality, external prestige, and reputation. Journal of public relations research, 20(4), 357-376.
• Shenkar, O., & Yuchtman-Yaar, E. (1997). Reputation, Image, Prestige, and Goodwill: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Organizational Standing. Human Relations, 50(11), 1361–1381.
• Shrum, W., & Wuthnow, R. (1988). Reputational Status of Organizations in Technical Systems. American Journal of Sociology, 93(4), 882–912.
• Smidts, A., Pruyn, A. T. H., & Van Riel, C. B. (2001). The Impact of Employee Communication and Perceived External Prestige on Organizational Identification. Academy of Management Journal, 44(5), 1051–1062.
• Spence, M. S. M. (1973). Job market signalling. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 90, 225-243.
• Tak, B., & Çiftçioğlu, A. (2009). Algılanan örgütsel prestij ile örgütsel bağlılık ve örgütsel özdeşleşme arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesine yönelik bir araştırma. Akdeniz İİ BF Dergisi, 18(2009), 100-116.
• Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997). Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management. Strategic Management Journal, 18(7), 509-533.
• Tutar, H. (2008). Simetrik ve Asimetrik İletişim Bağlamında Örgütsel Algılama Yönetimi. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
• Treadwell, D. F., & Harrison, T. M. (1994). Conceptualizing and assessing organizational image: Model images, commitment and communication. Communication Monographs, 61, 63–85
• Tyler, T. R. (1999). Why People Cooperate With Organizations: An Identity-Based Perspective. In R. I. Sutton & B. M. Staw (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, 21, 201–246. Elsevier Science/JAI Press.
• Weigelt, K., & Camerer, C. (1988). Reputation and Corporate Strategy: A Review of Recent Theory and Applications. Strategic Management Journal, 9(5), 443–454.
• Williams, R. J., & Barrett, J. D. (2000). Corporate Philanthropy, Criminal Activity, and Firm Reputation: Is there a link? Journal of Business Ethics, 26(4), 341–350.
• Whetten, D. A., & Mackey, A. (2002). A Social Actor Conception of Organizational Identity and Its Implications for the Study of Organizational Reputation. Business & Society, 41(4), 393–414. https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650302238775
• Yang, S. (2007). An Integrated Model for Organization—Public Relational Outcomes, Organizational Reputation, and their Antecedents. Journal of Public Relations Research, 19(2), 91–121.
• Yang, S. U., & Grunig, J. E. (2005). Decomposing Organisational Reputation: The Effects of Organisation–public Relationship Outcomes on Cognitive Representations of Organisations and Evaluations of Organisational Performance. Journal of Communication Management, 9(4), 305–325.
• Yeşiltaş, M., Türkmen, F. & Ayaz, N. (2011). Otel İşletmelerinde Algılanan Örgütsel Prestijin Örgütsel Vatandaşlık Davranışları Üzerindeki Etkileri, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 12(2), 171-189.