WEST NILE VIRUS OUTBREAK

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 80 - 87, 18.01.2019

Ali Kılınç

Öz

The aim of this study is to reveal the increased number of cases due to West Nile Virus

to date which caused an outbreak in 2015 and which is also currently prevalent. Disease

outbreaks from September 20 to December 31, 2018 were also presented with the latest

geographic region and date.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Epidemic news , epidemic , outbreak , West Nile Virus

BATI NİL VİRÜSÜ SALGINI - WEST NILE VIRUS OUTBREAK

Öz

Çalışmanın amacı 2015 yılında küresel bir salgına neden olan ve yaygınlığı halen

devam eden Batı Nil Virüsü etkenine bağlı olarak günümüze kadar görülen vaka

artışlarını ortaya koymaktır. Bununla birlikte 20 Eylül-31 Aralık 2018 tarihleri arasında

salgın yapan hastalıklar, en son salgın yaptıkları coğrafik bölge ve tarihleri ile birlikte

sunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Salgın haberleri , salgın , epidemi , Batı Nil Virüsü

Kaynakça

• 1. Zeller HG, Schuffenecker I. West Nile virus: an overview of its spread in Europe and the Mediterranean basin in contrast to its spread in the Americas. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2004;23(3):147-156.
• 2. Paz S. Climate change impacts on West Nile virus transmission in a global context. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2015;370(1665):20130561.
• 3. Smithburn K, Hughes T, Burke A, Paul JJTAJoTM, Hygiene. A neurotropic virus isolated from the blood of a native of Uganda1. 1940;1(4):471-492.
• 4. Campbell GL, Ceianu CS, Savage HM. Epidemic West Nile encephalitis in Romania: waiting for history to repeat itself. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001;951(1):94-101.
• 5. Murgue B, Murri S, Triki H, Deubel V, Zeller HG. West Nile in the Mediterranean basin: 1950-2000. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001;951(1):117-126.
• 6. Weinberger M, Pitlik SD, Gandacu D, Lang R, Nassar F, Ben David D, et al. West Nile fever outbreak, Israel, 2000: epidemiologic aspects. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(4):686-691.
• 7. Platonov AE. West Nile encephalitis in Russia 1999-2001: were we ready? Are we ready? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001;951(1):102-116.
• 8. Nash D, Mostashari F, Fine A, Miller J, O'Leary D, Murray K, et al. The outbreak of West Nile virus infection in the New York City area in 1999. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(24):1807-1814.
• 9. West Nile fever transmission season Stockholm: European Center for Disease Prevention and Control; 2018 [Erişim tarihi: 24 Ara. 2018]. Link: http://ecdc.europa.eu/west-nile-fever/surveillance-and-disease-data/disease-data-ecdc .
• 10. West Nile fever. Annual epidemiological report Stockholm: European Center for Disease Prevention and Control; 2015 [Erişim tarihi: 24 Ara. 2018]. Link: http://ecdc.europa.eu/publications-data/west-nile-fever-annual-epidemiological-report-2015 .
• 11. United Nations Statistics Division Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use New York: U N; 2018 [Erişim tarihi: 24 Ara. 2018]. Link: https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49 .
• 12. Hayes EB, Komar N, Nasci RS, Montgomery SP, O'Leary DR, Campbell GL. Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of West Nile virus disease. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11(8):1167-1173.
• 13. Sambri V, Capobianchi M, Charrel R, Fyodorova M, Gaibani P, Gould E, et al. West Nile virus in Europe: emergence, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013;19(8):699-704.
• 14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Laboratory-acquired West Nile virus infections—United States, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002;51:1133–5.
• 15. Nir Y, Beemer A, Goldwasser RA. West Nile Virus infection in mice following exposure to a viral aerosol. Br J Exp Pathol. 1965;46(4):443-449.
• 16. Hayes EB, O'Leary DR. West Nile virus infection: a pediatric perspective. Pediatrics. 2004;113(5):1375-1381.
• 17. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004 Aug 20; 53(32):738-739.
• 18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Possible dialysis-related West Nile virus transmission—Georgia, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004;53:738–739.
• 19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention West Nile virus infection among turkey breeder farm workers--Wisconsin, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003;52:1017–1019.
• 20. May FJ, Davis CT, Tesh RB, Barrett AD. Phylogeography of West Nile virus: from the cradle of evolution in Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas. J Virol. 2011;85(6):2964-2974.
• 21. Murgue B, Zeller H, Deubel V. The ecology and epidemiology of West Nile virus in Africa, Europe and Asia. Japanese encephalitis and West Nile viruses: Springer; 2002. p. 195-221.
• 22. Lanciotti RS, Roehrig JT, Deubel V, Smith J, Parker M, Steele K, et al. Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern United States. Science. 1999;286(5448):2333-2337.
• 23. Jia XY, Briese T, Jordan I, Rambaut A, Chi HC, Mackenzie JS, et al. Genetic analysis of West Nile New York 1999 encephalitis virus. Lancet. 1999;354(9194):1971197-2.
• 24. Final Cumulative Maps & Data for 1999–2017 [Erişim tarihi: 25 Ara. 2018]. Link: https://www.cdc.gov/westnile/statsmaps/cumMapsData.html .
• 25. West Nile fever seasonal surveillance [Erişim tarihi: 25 Ara. 2018]. Link: https://ecdc.europa.eu/en/west-nile-fever/surveillance-and-disease-data/historical .
• 26. Kalaycioglu H, Korukluoglu G, Ozkul A, Oncul O, Tosun S, Karabay O, et al. Emergence of West Nile virus infections in humans in Turkey, 2010 to 2011. Euro Surveill. 2012;17(21):20182.
• 27. Diamond MS, Shrestha B, Mehlhop E, Sitati E, Engle M. Innate and adaptive immune responses determine protection against disseminated infection by West Nile encephalitis virus. Viral Immunol. 2003;16(3):259-278.
• 28. Wang T, Town T, Alexopoulou L, Anderson JF, Fikrig E, Flavell RA. Toll-like receptor 3 mediates West Nile virus entry into the brain causing lethal encephalitis. Nature Medicine. 2004;10(12):1366-1373.
• 29. Ceccaldi PE, Lucas M, Despres P. New insights on the neuropathogenicity of West Nile virus. Fems Microbiology Letters. 2004;233(1):1-6.
• 30. Guarner J, Shieh WJ, Hunter S, Paddock CD, Morken T, Campbell GL, et al. Clinicopathologic study and laboratory diagnosis of 23 cases with West Nile virus encephalomyelitis. Hum Pathol. 2004;35(8):983-990.
• 31. Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Marder BA, Levi ME, Laird SP, McNutt JT, Escott EJ, et al. Naturally acquired West Nile virus encephalomyelitis in transplant recipients: clinical, laboratory, diagnostic, and neuropathological features. Arch Neurol. 2004;61(8):1210-1220.
• 32. Darman J, Backovic S, Dike S, Maragakis NJ, Krishnan C, Rothstein JD, et al. Viral-induced spinal motor neuron death is non-cell-autonomous and involves glutamate excitotoxicity. Journal of Neuroscience. 2004;24(34):7566-7575.
• 33. Leis AA, Stokic DS. Neuromuscular Manifestations of Human West Nile Virus Infection. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2005;7(1):15-22.
• 34. Mostashari F, Bunning ML, Kitsutani PT, Singer DA, Nash D, Cooper MJ, et al. Epidemic West Nile encephalitis, New York, 1999: results of a household-based seroepidemiological survey. Lancet. 2001;358(9278):261-264.
• 35. Watson JT, Pertel PE, Jones RC, Siston AM, Paul WS, Austin CC, et al. Clinical characteristics and functional outcomes of West Nile Fever. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141(5):360-365.
• 36. Hayes C, Monath TJC, Boca Raton, Fla. The arboviruses: epidemiology and ecology. 1989;5:0256.
• 37. O'Leary DR, Marfin AA, Montgomery SP, Kipp AM, Lehman JA, Biggerstaff BJ, et al. The epidemic of West Nile virus in the United States, 2002. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2004;4(1):61-70.
• 38. Kumar D, Prasad GV, Zaltzman J, Levy GA, Humar A. Community-acquired West Nile virus infection in solid-organ transplant recipients. Transplantation. 2004;77(3):399-402.
• 39. Han LL, Popovici F, Alexander JP, Jr., Laurentia V, Tengelsen LA, Cernescu C, et al. Risk factors for West Nile virus infection and meningoencephalitis, Romania, 1996. J Infect Dis. 1999;179(1):230-233.
• 40. Sejvar JJ, Haddad MB, Tierney BC, Campbell GL, Marfin AA, Van Gerpen JA, et al. Neurologic manifestations and outcome of West Nile virus infection. JAMA. 2003;290(4):511-515.
• 41. Pepperell C, Rau N, Krajden S, Kern R, Humar A, Mederski B, et al. West Nile virus infection in 2002: morbidity and mortality among patients admitted to hospital in southcentral Ontario. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2003;168(11):1399-1405.
• 42. Li J, Loeb JA, Shy ME, Shah AK, Tselis AC, Kupski WJ, et al. Asymmetric flaccid paralysis: a neuromuscular presentation of West Nile virus infection. Ann Neurol. 2003;53(6):703-710.
• 43. Sejvar JJ, Leis AA, Stokic DS, Van Gerpen JA, Marfin AA, Webb R, et al. Acute flaccid paralysis and West Nile virus infection. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9(7):788-793.
• 44. Jeha LE, Sila CA, Lederman RJ, Prayson RA, Isada CM, Gordon SM. West Nile virus infection: a new acute paralytic illness. Neurology. 2003;61(1):55-59.
• 45. Ahmed S, Libman R, Wesson K, Ahmed F, Einberg KJN. Guillain–Barré syndrome: an unusual presentation of West Nile virus infection. 2000;55(1):14414-6.
• 46. Diamond MS. Progress on the development of therapeutics against West Nile virus. Antiviral Res. 2009;83(3):214-227.
• 47. Davis CT, Ebel GD, Lanciotti RS, Brault AC, Guzman H, Siirin M, et al. Phylogenetic analysis of North American West Nile virus isolates, 2001–2004: evidence for the emergence of a dominant genotype. 2005;342(2):252-265.
• 48. Zohrabian A, Hayes EB, Petersen LR. Cost-effectiveness of West Nile virus vaccination. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12(3):375-380.
• 49. Beasley DW. Vaccines and immunotherapeutics for the prevention and treatment of infections with West Nile virus. Immunotherapy. 2011;3(2):269-285.
• 50. Duprey Z, Rivers S, Luber G, Becker A, Blackmore C, Barr D, et al. Community aerial mosquito control and naled exposure. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2008;24(1):42-46.
• 51. Macedo PA, Schleier JJ, 3rd, Reed M, Kelley K, Goodman GW, Brown DA, et al. Evaluation of efficacy and human health risk of aerial ultra-low volume
• applications of pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide for adult mosquito management in response to West Nile virus activity in Sacramento County, California. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2010;26(1):57-66.
• 52. Control CfD, Prevention. Human exposure to mosquito-control pesticides--Mississippi, North Carolina, and Virginia, 2002 and 2003. 2005;54(21):529.
• 53. West Nile Virus Factsheet [Erişim tarihi: 31 Ara. 2018]. Link: https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/west-nile-virus .
• 54. Bulaşıcı Hastalıklar ile Mücadele Rehberi [Erişim tarihi: 31 Ara. 2018]. Link: https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/mevzuat/genelge/Bulasici_Hastaliklar_ile_Mucadele_Rehberi_Ustyazi.pdf.
• 55. World Health Organization. (2018). Disease Outbreak News (DONs). [Erişim tarihi: 31 Ara. 2018]. Link: https://www.who.int/csr/don/en/ .