COVID-19 AND CHILDREN; WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED SO FAR?

Yıl 2020, , 96 - 107, 28.09.2020

Seher Palanbek Yavaş , Gül Arga

https://doi.org/10.35232/estudamhsd.759384

Cited By: 3

Öz

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic that appeared in Wuhan, China in December 2019, and then
spread globally. The disease-causing coronavirus; positively polarized, non-segmented, enveloped RNA virus. Although the consequences of COVID-19 infection are negative for humanity, pediatric COVID-19 patients make up a small percentage of all patients worldwide. Familial clustering is common in pediatric patients. It is generally characterized by fever and cough symptoms, has a mild course than adults, and has a better prognosis. Intensive care and death are rare. . Disease treatment management in children can be listed as bed rest, supportive treatments, ensuring adequate calorie and water intake, maintaining electrolyte balance and homeostasis, and providing psychological support when needed for older children. There is no effective antiviral treatment for children yet. Pediatric patients should be carefully examined as they are a special group. Performing epidemiological analysis of pediatric patients may allow more effective preventive measures and treatment solutions. This review summarizes what is known about COVID-19 in children.

Anahtar Kelimeler

COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, children, newborn

COVID-19 VE ÇOCUKLAR; ŞİMDİYE KADAR NELER ÖĞRENDİK?

Öz

Koronavirüs hastalığı 2019 (COVID-19), Aralık 2019'da Çin'in Wuhan şehrinde ortaya çıkan ve daha sonra küresel olarak yayılan bir pandemidir. Hastalığa neden olan koronovirüs; pozitif polariteli, segmentsiz, zarflı RNA virüsüdür. COVID-19 enfeksiyonun sonuçları insanlık için olumsuz olsa da, dünyada pediyatrik COVID-19 hastaları, tüm hastaların küçük bir yüzdesini oluşturur. Çocuk hastalarda ailesel kümelenme yaygın olarak görülmektedir. Genellikle ateş ile öksürüğün birlikte görüldüğü semptomlarla karakterize, yetişkinlere göre hafif seyirli ve daha iyi prognoza sahiptir. Yoğun bakım ve ölüm nadir görülmektedir. Çocuklarda hastalık tedavi yönetimi genel olarak yatak istirahati, destekleyici tedaviler, yeterli kalori ve su alımının sağlanması, elektrolit dengesi ve homestazın korunması, büyük çocuklar için gereken zamanlarda psikolojik destek verilmesi şeklinde sıralanabilir. Henüz çocuklar için etkili bir antiviral tedavisi bulunmamaktadır. Çocuk hastalar özel bir grup olduğu için dikkatle incelenmelidir. Çocuk hastaların epidemiyolojik analizinin yapılması daha etkili önleyici tedbirler ve tedavi çözümlerinin bulunmasına olanak sağlayabilir. Bu derleme, çocuklarda COVID-19 hakkında mevcut bilinenleri özetlemektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, çocuklar, yenidoğan

Kaynakça

• 1. Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirusinfected pneumonia. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020;382(13): 1199-207.
• 2. Coronaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nat Microbiol. 2020;5(4):536-44. doi:10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z
• 3. World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Situation report-51 [Internet]. URL:http://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200311sitrep-51-covid-19.pdf. Available:27.06.2020
• 4. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak situation. URL: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019 Erişim Tarihi:10.09.2020
• 5. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı COVID-19 Bilgilendirme Sayfası.Erişim Adresi: https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/TR66935/genelkoronavirus-tablosu.html Erişim Tarihi:11.09.2020
• 6. Chan JF, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KK, Chu H et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet 2020; 395: 514-23.
• 7. Chen Z, Fu J, Shu Q Chen Y, Hua C et al. Diagnosis and treatment recommendations for pediatric respiratory infection caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus. World Journal of Pediatrics. World J Pediatr 2020;16(3):240-6.
• 8. Ludvigsson JF. Systematic review of COVID-19 in children show milder cases and a better prognosis than adults. Acta Paediatri. 2020;109(6):1088-1095. doi:10.1111/apa.15270
• 9. Balasubramanıan S, Rao, Goenka A, Roderıck M, Ramanan A. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Children - What We Know So Far and What We Do Not. Indian Pediatrics. 2020 May 15;57(5):435-42. doi: 10.1007/s13312-020-1819-510
• 10. COVID-19 in children. Erişim Adresi: https://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/publications/covid-19-in-children-2may2020.pdf Erişim Tarihi:11.09.2020
• 11. Malık YA. Properties of Coronavirus and SARS-CoV-2. Malaysian J Pathol 2020;42(1):3-11.
• 12. Roberton T, ED, Chou VB, Stegmuller AR, Jackson BD, Tam Y, Sawadogo-Lewis T, Walker N..Early estimates of the indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and child mortality in low-income and middle-income countries: a modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2020; 8: e901–08.
• 13. Evren E, Us E. COVID-19 Etkeni. Memikoğlu O, Genç V.editör. COVID-19. 1.Basım. Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi; 2020:1–8.
• 14. Malık YA. Properties of Coronavirus and SARS-CoV-2. Malaysian J Pathol 2020;42(1):3-11.
• 15. SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19, 2019-nCoV) Reagents. URL: https://www.prosci-inc.com/covid-19/. Available:27.06.2020
• 16. Enjuanes L, Zuñiga S, Castaño-Rodriguez C,Gutierrez-Alvarez ,.Canton J,Sola I. Molecular Basis of Coronavirus Virulence and Vaccine Development. Advances in Virus Research.2016;(96):245-86.
• 17. Liu W, Zhang Q, Chen J, Xiang R, Song H, Shu S, et al. Detection of COVID-19 in children in early January 2020 in Wuhan, China. New England Journal. 2020;382(14):1370-1.doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2003717.
• 18. World Health Organization. Report of the WHO-China joint mission on COVID-19, 16–24 February 2020. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2020.
• 19. Wang D, Ju XL, Xie F, Lu Y, Li FY, Huang HH, et al. Clinical analysis of 31 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in children from six provinces (autonomous region) of northern China. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2020 ;(4): 269-74.
• 20. Choi S, Kim HW, Kang J, Kim DH, Cho EY. Epidemiology and clinical features of coronavirus disease 2019 in children. Korean Journal of Pediatrics. 2020;63(4):125-32. doi:10.3345/cep.2020.00535
• 21. Singapore Government Agency. COVID-19: cases in Singapore: 2020 Erişim Adresi:https://www.gov.sg/article/covid-19-cases-in-singapore.Erişim Tarihi:12.03.2020
• 22. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The updates of COVID-19 in Republic of Korea, as of 11 March, 2020. Cheongju (Korea): Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020.
• 23. Korean Statistical Information Service (KOSIS). Registered population by administrative: Statistics Korea; Erişim Adresi: http://kosis.kr/ statHtml/statHtml.do?orgId=101&tblId=DT_1B04006&conn_path=I2. Erişim Tarihi: 20.03.2020
• 24. Götzinger F, Santiago-García B, Noguera-Julián A,Lanaspa M, Lancella L, Calò Carducci FI et al. COVID-19 in children and adolescents in Europe: a multinational, multicentre cohort study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 2020; 4: 653–61.
• 25. Tagarro A, Epalza C, Santos M, et al. Screening and severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children in Madrid, Spain. JAMA Pediatri. 2020:8;e201346. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1346.
• 26. Garazzino S, Montagnani C, Donà D, et al. Multicentre Italian study of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adolescents, preliminary data as at 10 April 2020. Euro Surveill. 2020;25(18)05.
• 27. BMJ, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Erişim Adresi: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/3000168/epidemiology#referencePop4 Erişim Tarihi:15.06.2020.
• 28. Viner RM, Mytton OT, Bonell C, Melendez-Torres G.J, Ward J, Hudson L et al.Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection amongst children and adolescents compared with adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.20.20108126.ErişimAdresi:https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.20.20108126v1.full.pdf
• 29. Paraskevis D, Kostaki EG, Magiorkinis G, et al. Full-genome evolutionary analysis of the novel corona virus (2019-nCoV) rejects the hypothesis of emergence as a result of a recent recombination event. Infect Genet Evol. 2020;79:104212. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104212.
• 30. World Health Organization. Clinical management of COVID-19: interim guidance.2020[internetpublication].URL:https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/clinical-management-of-covid19 Available:27.06.2020.
• 31. Wang Z, Ma W, Zheng X, et al. Household transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Journal of Infectious. 2020;(1):179-82.
• 32. Li W, Zhang B, Lu J, et al. The characteristics of household transmission of COVID-19. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 April 17.doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa450.
• 33. Li C, Ji F, Wang L, et al. Asymptomatic and human-to-human transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in a 2 family cluster, Xuzhou, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;(7):1626-8.
• 34. Mizumoto K, Kagaya K, Zarebski A, et al. Estimating the asymptomatic proportion of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases on board the Diamond Princess cruise ship, Yokohama, Japan, 2020. Euro Surveill. 2020;25(10). https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.10.2000180
• 35. Day M. Covid-19: identifying and isolating asymptomatic people helped eliminate virus in Italian village. BMJ. 2020 Mar 23;368:1
• 36.Lu X, Zhang L, Du H, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(17):1663-5.
• 37. Dong Y, Mo X, Hu Y,Qi X, Jiang F, Jiang Z, Tong S. Epidemiology of COVID-19 Among Children in China. Pediatrics. 2020;145(6):e20200702. doi: 10.1542/peds.2020-0702.
• 38. Jiang XL, Zhang XL, Zhao XN, et al. Transmission potential of asymptomatic and paucisymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections: a three-family cluster study in China J Infect Dis. 2020;221(12):1948-52.
• 39. (NCIRS) NCfIRaS. COVID-19 in schools - the experience in NSW. Sydney: NSW Government, 2020.
• 40. Xiao F, Sun J, Xu Y, et al. Infectious SARS-CoV-2 in feces of patient with severe COVID-19. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020 May 18;26(8). doi: 10.3201/eid2608.200681.
• 41. Kasraeian M, Zare M, Vafaei H, et al. COVID-19 pneumonia and pregnancy; a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2020:19;1-8. doi:10.1080/14767058.2020.1763952.
• 42. Dong L, Tian J, He S, Zhu C, Wang J, Liu C, et al. Possible vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from an infected mother to her newborn. JAMA. 2020;323(18):1846-8.
• 43. Chen H, Guo J, Wang C, Luo F, Yu X, Zhang W, et al. Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. Lancet. 2020;395(10226):809–15.
• 44. Zhu H, Wang L, Fang C, Peng S, Zhang L, Chang G, et al. Clinical analysis of 10 neonates born to mothers with 2019-nCoV pneumonia. Transl Pediatr. 2020;9(1):51-60.
• 45. Ding Y, Yan H, Guo W. Clinical Characteristics of Children With COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis. Front Pediatr. 2020;8:431. doi: 10.3389/fped.2020.00431.
• 46. Cui X, Zhao Z, Zhang T, Guo W, Guo W, Zheng J et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of children with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Med Virol. 2020;10.doi: 10.1002/jmv.26398.
• 47. Tezer H, Demirdağ TB.Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in children. Turk J Med Sci (2020) 50: 592-603.
• 48. Lee PI, Hu YL, Chen PY, Huang YC, Hsueh PR. Are children less susceptible to COVID-19? Journal of Microbiology Immunology and Infection. 2020;53(3):371-2.
• 49. Öcal D, Vezir S, Karahan ZC. Mikrobiyolojik Tanı Yöntemleri. Memikoğlu O, Genç V.editör. COVID-19. 1.Basım. Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi; 2020:1–8.
• 50. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Covıd-19 Çocuk Hasta Yönetimi Ve Tedavi. Erişim Adresi:https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/38596/0/covid-19rehbericocukhastayonetimivetedavipdf.pdf. Erişim Tarihi:11.09.2020