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TOPLUMDA COVID-19 PANDEMİSİYLE İLGİLİ FARKINDALIK, TUTUM VE DAVRANIŞLARIN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Yıl 2020, , 1 - 16, 28.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.35232/estudamhsd.763461

Öz

COVID-19, halk sağlığına ciddi bir tehdit oluşturmaktadır. Salgında merkezi yaklaşımlarla önlemler alınması ve kişilerin de bunlara uyması önem taşımaktadır. Çalışmamızda, COVID-19 salgınının önemli boyutlara ulaştığı bir dönemde toplumun hastalığa karşı farkındalık, tutum ve davranışları ve ilgili faktörleri belirleyerek, düzenlemelere katkı sağlamak amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma kesitsel tipte olup Türkiye’de yaşayan 18 yaş üstü 1179 kişide 40 soruluk bir anket formu 22.04.2020 tarihinde online uygulama başlatılmıştır. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi İnsan Araştırmaları Etik Kurulundan onay alınmış, verilerin analizinde SPSS 26.0 programında ki-kare ve multiple lojistik regresyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Çalışma grubunun %25’ini sağlık çalışanları, %19’unu öğrenciler ve geri kalanını farklı mesleklerden kişiler oluşturmuştur. Çalışanların %65’i bu döneminde daha az işe giderken, erkekler (OR:1,8), genç yaş grupları (OR:2,6 ve 4,0), düşük eğitimliler (OR:4,3) ve sağlık çalışanları (OR:4,8) işlerine daha çok gitmişlerdir. Çalışanların %11,2’si maaşını almakta sıkıntı yaşamış, %3.5’i işini kaybetmiş olup düşük eğitim düzeyi iş kaybı üzerine etkili bulunmuş (OR:4,9), %24,0’ünde kronik hastalık, %12,6’sında kendini güvende hissetmeme durumu, %16,6’sında psikolojik destek ihtiyacı belirlenmiştir. Kadınlar erkeklere göre (OR:2,8) ve 18-39 yaş grubu 60 yaş üstüne göre (OR:4,7) psikolojik desteğe daha çok ihtiyaç duymuşlardır. COVID-19 tanısı almış olanlar 13 kişi olup sıklık %1,1’dir. Evlerinde yaşayanlarla birlikte değerlendirildiğinde ‰7,5 oranında COVID-19 geçirildiği görülmüştür. Katılımcıların %63,3’ü bilgi düzeyini yeterli bulurken en sık bilgiye ulaşma yolları televizyon, bilimsel kaynaklar ve sosyal medyadır. Bireysel korunma önlemlerini toplumun oldukça yüksek oranlarda yerine getirdiği, el yıkamanın %98,0, evi havalandırmanın %91,0, maske takmanın %83,0 oranında, sosyal mesafeyi korumanın %76,9 oranında olduğu görülmüştür. Önlemlerin zamanında ve yeterli şekilde alındığını (%34,6) ve toplumun uyum sağladığını düşünenlerin oranı (%15,3) düşüktür. Sonuçta, salgının bu döneminde korunma önlemlerinin yüksek oranda uygulandığı, bunda toplumun bilgilendirilmesinin rol oynadığı görülmüştür. Ancak bunun sürdürülebilmesinde medya ve sağlık otoritelerinin vereceği mesajlar önemlidir. İş ve ekonomik kayıplar için gerekli önlem ve destek sağlanmalıdır. Yüksek oranda psikolojik destek ihtiyacı için risk gruplarına yönelik yaklaşımlar geliştirilmelidir.

Kaynakça

  • 1. World Health Organization. Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). [cited 2020 Apr 20]; Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-secondmeeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus(2019-ncov)
  • 2. World Health Organization. WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19,March 2020. [cited 2020 Apr 25]; Available from: https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/whodirectorgeneral-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020
  • 3. Demirbilek Y, Pehlivantürk G, Özgüler ZÖ, Meşe EA. COVID-19 outbreak control, example of ministry of health of Turkey. Turk J Med Sci. 2020;50:489–94.
  • 4. Ajilore K, Atakiti I, Onyenankeya K. College students’ knowledge, attitudes and adherence to public service announcements on Ebola in Nigeria: Suggestions for improving future Ebola prevention education programmes. Health Educ. J. 2017;76:648–60.
  • 5. Tachfouti N, Slama K, Berraho M, Nejjari C. The impact of knowledge and attitudes on adherence to tuberculosis treatment: a case-control study in a Moroccan region. Pan Afr Med J. 2012;12:52.
  • 6. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi. [cited 2020 June 28]; Available from: http://tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1059
  • 7. Montenovo L, Jiang X, Rojas FL, Schmutte IM, Simon KI, Weinberg BA, et al. Determinants of Disparities in Covid-19 Job Losses. Natl Bur Econ Res Work Pap Ser. 2020;No. 27132.
  • 8. Ray P, Bob M. The impact of SARS on Hong Kong’s tourism industry. Int J Contemp Hosp Manag. 01 Ocak 2004;16(2):139–43.
  • 9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. People Who Are at Increased Risk for Severe Illness. [cited 2020 June 25]; Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-at-increasedrisk.html
  • 10. Vardavas CI, Nikitara K. COVID-19 and smoking: A systematic review of the evidence. Tob Induc Dis. 2020;18(20).
  • 11. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. Türkiye Sağlık Araştırması, 2019. [cited 2020 June 4]; Available from: http://tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=33661
  • 12. Roy D, Tripathy S, Kar SK, Sharma N, Verma SK, Kaushal V. Study of knowledge, attitude, anxiety & perceived mental healthcare need in Indian population during COVID-19 pandemic. Asian J Psychiatr. 2020;51:102083:1-16.
  • 13. Abdelhafiz AS, Mohammed Z, Ibrahim ME, Ziady HH, Alorabi M, Ayyad M, vd. Knowledge, Perceptions, and Attitude of Egyptians Towards the Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). J Community Health. 2020;1–10.
  • 14. Wolf MS, Serper M, Opsasnick L, O’Conor RM, Curtis LM, Benavente JY, vd. Awareness, Attitudes, and Actions Related to COVID-19 Among Adults With Chronic Conditions at the Onset of the U.S. Outbreak. Ann Intern Med. 2020;
  • 15. Li W, Yang Y, Liu Z-H, Zhao Y-J, Zhang Q, Zhang L, et al. Progression of Mental Health Services during the COVID-19 Outbreak in China. Int J Biol Sci. 2020;16(10):1732–8.
  • 16. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, et al. Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(5):1729.
  • 17. Chen Y, Jin YL, Zhu LJ, Fang ZM, Wu N, Du MX, vd. The network investigation on knowledge, attitude and practice about COVID-19 of the residents in Anhui Province. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2020;54(4):367–73.
  • 18. Sim K, Huak Chan Y, Chong PN, Chua HC, Wen Soon S. Psychosocial and coping responses within the community health care setting towards a national outbreak of an infectious disease. J Psychosom Res. 2010;68(2):195–202.
  • 19. Cao W, Fang Z, Hou G, Han M, Xu X, Dong J, et al. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Res. 2020;287:112934.
  • 20. Türk Tabipleri Birliği. Türkiye’de Enfekte Olan ve Yaşamını Yitiren Sağlık Çalışanları ve Uluslararası Karşılaştırma. TTB COVID-19 Pandemisi 2.ay Değerlendirme Raporu. [cited 2020 May 14]; Available from:https://www.ttb.org.tr/kutuphane/covid19-rapor.pdf
  • 21. İspanya'da COVID-19 Durumu, Rapor No:23. [cited 2020 Apr 16];Available from: https://www.isciii.es/QueHacemos/Servicios/VigilanciaSaludPublicaRENAVE/EnfermedadesTransmisibles/Paginas/-COVID-19.-Informes-previos.aspx
  • 22. Istituto Superiore di Sanità (2020). Integrated surveillance of COVID-19 in Italy. Available from: https://www.epicentro.iss.it/en/coronavirus/bollettino/Infografica_17aprile%20ENG.pdf
  • 23. Heneghan C, Oke J, Jefferson T. COVID-19 How many Healthcare workers are infected? [cited 2020 Apr 17];Available from: https://www.cebm.net/covid-19/covid-19-how-many-healthcare-workers-are-infected/
  • 24. Kang S-K. COVID-19 and MERS Infections in Healthcare Workers in Korea. Saf Health Work. 2020 Jun; 11(2):125–6.
  • 25. Duruk G, Gümüşboğa ZŞ, Çolak C. Investigation of Turkish dentists’ clinical attitudes and behaviors towards the COVID-19 pandemic: a survey study. Braz Oral Res. 2020;34:e054.
  • 26. Yakar B, Öztürk Kaygusuz T, Pirinçci E, Önalan E, Ertekin YH. Tıp fakültesi öğrencilerinin Türkiye’deki mevcut COVID-19 salgını hakkında bilgi, tutum ve kaygıları. Fam Pract Palliat Care. 2020;5(2):36–44.
  • 27. Zhong B-L, Luo W, Li H-M, Zhang Q-Q, Liu X-G, Li W-T, vd. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among Chinese residents during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak: a quick online cross-sectional survey. Int J Biol Sci. 2020;16(10):1745–52.
  • 28. Sağlık Bakanı Fahrettin Koca'dan Bilim Kurulu toplantısı sonrası açıklamalar. Habertürk [cited 2020 Apr 17];Available from: http://www.haberturk.com/son-dakika-saglikbakani-fahrettin-koca-dan-bilim-kurulu-toplantisi-sonrasi-aciklamalar-haberler-2649501
  • 29. Oflaz, F. COVID-19 Pandemisi ve Yaşlılar. Halk Sağlığı Uzmanları Derneği. [cited 2020 Apr 29];Available from:https://korona.hasuder.org.tr/covid-19-pandemisi-ve-yaslilar/
  • 30. İlhan BY, İşçioğlu TE. Effect of women’s labor market status on online grocery shopping, the case of Turkey. Eurasian Bus Rev. 2015;5(2):371–96.
  • 31. Demir İM. İnternetten Market Alışverişi: Tüketici Beklentileri ve Market Web Sitelerinin Yapısı Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Çağ Üniversitesi Sos Bilim Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi. 2014;Mersin.
  • 32. Ergün E, Ergün Ş, Çelebi İ. Acil Sağlık Hizmetleri Personellerinin Covid-19 Hakkında Bilgi, Korunma Düzeyleri Ve Etkileyen Etmenler. Paramedik ve Acil Sağlık Hizmetleri Derg. 2020;1(1):16–27.
  • 33. Alahdal H, Basingab F, Alotaibi R. An analytical study on the awareness, attitude and practice during the COVID-19 pandemic in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. J Infect Public Heal. 2020; Available from:h ttps://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.06.015
  • 34. Modi PD, Nair G, Uppe A, Modi J, Tuppekar B, Gharpure AS, vd. COVID-19 Awareness Among Healthcare Students and Professionals in Mumbai Metropolitan Region: A Questionnaire-Based Survey. Cureus. Feb 2020;12(4):e7514. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32377462
  • 35. Alzoubi H, Alnawaiseh N, Al-Mnayyis A, Lubad M, Aqel A, Al-Shagahin H. COVID-19 - Knowledge, Attitude and Practice among Medical and Non-Medical University Students in Jordan. J Pure Appl Microbiol. 2020;14:17–24.
  • 36. Huynh G, Nguyen T, Tran V, Vo K, Vo V, Pham L. Knowledge and attitude toward COVID-19 among healthcare workers at District 2 Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2020;13(6):260–5.
  • 37. Karasneh R, Al-Azzam S, Muflih S, Soudah O, Hawamdeh S, Khader Y. Media’s effect on shaping knowledge, awareness risk perceptions and communication practices of pandemic COVID-19 among pharmacists. Res Soc Adm Pharm. 2020; Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1551741120304307

EVALUATION OF AWARENESS, ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIORS RELATED TO COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN SOCIETY

Yıl 2020, , 1 - 16, 28.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.35232/estudamhsd.763461

Öz

COVID-19 poses a serious threat to public health. It is important to take measures with central approaches in the epidemic and to comply with them. In our study, it was aimed to contribute to the regulations by determining the awareness, attitude, and behavior of the society towards the disease and related factors in a period when the COVID-19 epidemic reached important dimensions. The cross-sectional study in 1179 people aged over 18 living in Turkey was conducted by a 40-item online questionnaire which has been launched on 22.04.2020. Approval was obtained from the Human Research Ethics Committee of Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, and chi-square and multiple logistic regression analyses were used in SPSS 26.0 program to analyze the data. Health professionals are 25% of the study group, 19% are students and the rest is from different professions. While 65% of the employees went to work less during this period, men (OR: 1.8), young age groups (OR: 2.6 and 4.0), low educated (OR: 4.3), and health workers (OR: 4.8) went to their jobs more, 11.2% of the employees had difficulties in getting their salaries, 3.5% lost their jobs and low education level was found effective on job loss (OR: 4.9). Chronic disease was found in 24%, feeling unsafe in 12.6%, and the need for psychological support in 16.6%. Women (OR: 2.8) and 18-39 age group (OR: 4.7) needed psychological support more. Those diagnosed with COVID-19 were 13 people and the frequency is 1.1%. When other people living at home were added, it was determined that 7.5‰ of them had the disease. While 63.3% of the participants find their level of knowledge sufficient, the most common ways to access information are television, scientific resources, and social media. It has been observed that the society carries out the individual prevention measures at very high rates, hand washing is 98%, ventilation is 91%, masks are 83%, and social distance is 76.9%. The proportion of those who think that the measures are taken on time and adequately (34.6%) and that the society adapts is low (15.3%). As a result, it was observed that prevention measures were applied at a high rate during this period of the epidemic, and informing the society played a role in this. However, the messages to be given by the media and health authorities are important for sustaining this. Necessary measures and support should be provided for the job and economic losses. Approaches to risk groups should be developed for the high need for psychological support.

Kaynakça

  • 1. World Health Organization. Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). [cited 2020 Apr 20]; Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-secondmeeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus(2019-ncov)
  • 2. World Health Organization. WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19,March 2020. [cited 2020 Apr 25]; Available from: https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/whodirectorgeneral-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020
  • 3. Demirbilek Y, Pehlivantürk G, Özgüler ZÖ, Meşe EA. COVID-19 outbreak control, example of ministry of health of Turkey. Turk J Med Sci. 2020;50:489–94.
  • 4. Ajilore K, Atakiti I, Onyenankeya K. College students’ knowledge, attitudes and adherence to public service announcements on Ebola in Nigeria: Suggestions for improving future Ebola prevention education programmes. Health Educ. J. 2017;76:648–60.
  • 5. Tachfouti N, Slama K, Berraho M, Nejjari C. The impact of knowledge and attitudes on adherence to tuberculosis treatment: a case-control study in a Moroccan region. Pan Afr Med J. 2012;12:52.
  • 6. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi. [cited 2020 June 28]; Available from: http://tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1059
  • 7. Montenovo L, Jiang X, Rojas FL, Schmutte IM, Simon KI, Weinberg BA, et al. Determinants of Disparities in Covid-19 Job Losses. Natl Bur Econ Res Work Pap Ser. 2020;No. 27132.
  • 8. Ray P, Bob M. The impact of SARS on Hong Kong’s tourism industry. Int J Contemp Hosp Manag. 01 Ocak 2004;16(2):139–43.
  • 9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. People Who Are at Increased Risk for Severe Illness. [cited 2020 June 25]; Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-at-increasedrisk.html
  • 10. Vardavas CI, Nikitara K. COVID-19 and smoking: A systematic review of the evidence. Tob Induc Dis. 2020;18(20).
  • 11. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. Türkiye Sağlık Araştırması, 2019. [cited 2020 June 4]; Available from: http://tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=33661
  • 12. Roy D, Tripathy S, Kar SK, Sharma N, Verma SK, Kaushal V. Study of knowledge, attitude, anxiety & perceived mental healthcare need in Indian population during COVID-19 pandemic. Asian J Psychiatr. 2020;51:102083:1-16.
  • 13. Abdelhafiz AS, Mohammed Z, Ibrahim ME, Ziady HH, Alorabi M, Ayyad M, vd. Knowledge, Perceptions, and Attitude of Egyptians Towards the Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). J Community Health. 2020;1–10.
  • 14. Wolf MS, Serper M, Opsasnick L, O’Conor RM, Curtis LM, Benavente JY, vd. Awareness, Attitudes, and Actions Related to COVID-19 Among Adults With Chronic Conditions at the Onset of the U.S. Outbreak. Ann Intern Med. 2020;
  • 15. Li W, Yang Y, Liu Z-H, Zhao Y-J, Zhang Q, Zhang L, et al. Progression of Mental Health Services during the COVID-19 Outbreak in China. Int J Biol Sci. 2020;16(10):1732–8.
  • 16. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, et al. Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(5):1729.
  • 17. Chen Y, Jin YL, Zhu LJ, Fang ZM, Wu N, Du MX, vd. The network investigation on knowledge, attitude and practice about COVID-19 of the residents in Anhui Province. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2020;54(4):367–73.
  • 18. Sim K, Huak Chan Y, Chong PN, Chua HC, Wen Soon S. Psychosocial and coping responses within the community health care setting towards a national outbreak of an infectious disease. J Psychosom Res. 2010;68(2):195–202.
  • 19. Cao W, Fang Z, Hou G, Han M, Xu X, Dong J, et al. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Res. 2020;287:112934.
  • 20. Türk Tabipleri Birliği. Türkiye’de Enfekte Olan ve Yaşamını Yitiren Sağlık Çalışanları ve Uluslararası Karşılaştırma. TTB COVID-19 Pandemisi 2.ay Değerlendirme Raporu. [cited 2020 May 14]; Available from:https://www.ttb.org.tr/kutuphane/covid19-rapor.pdf
  • 21. İspanya'da COVID-19 Durumu, Rapor No:23. [cited 2020 Apr 16];Available from: https://www.isciii.es/QueHacemos/Servicios/VigilanciaSaludPublicaRENAVE/EnfermedadesTransmisibles/Paginas/-COVID-19.-Informes-previos.aspx
  • 22. Istituto Superiore di Sanità (2020). Integrated surveillance of COVID-19 in Italy. Available from: https://www.epicentro.iss.it/en/coronavirus/bollettino/Infografica_17aprile%20ENG.pdf
  • 23. Heneghan C, Oke J, Jefferson T. COVID-19 How many Healthcare workers are infected? [cited 2020 Apr 17];Available from: https://www.cebm.net/covid-19/covid-19-how-many-healthcare-workers-are-infected/
  • 24. Kang S-K. COVID-19 and MERS Infections in Healthcare Workers in Korea. Saf Health Work. 2020 Jun; 11(2):125–6.
  • 25. Duruk G, Gümüşboğa ZŞ, Çolak C. Investigation of Turkish dentists’ clinical attitudes and behaviors towards the COVID-19 pandemic: a survey study. Braz Oral Res. 2020;34:e054.
  • 26. Yakar B, Öztürk Kaygusuz T, Pirinçci E, Önalan E, Ertekin YH. Tıp fakültesi öğrencilerinin Türkiye’deki mevcut COVID-19 salgını hakkında bilgi, tutum ve kaygıları. Fam Pract Palliat Care. 2020;5(2):36–44.
  • 27. Zhong B-L, Luo W, Li H-M, Zhang Q-Q, Liu X-G, Li W-T, vd. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among Chinese residents during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak: a quick online cross-sectional survey. Int J Biol Sci. 2020;16(10):1745–52.
  • 28. Sağlık Bakanı Fahrettin Koca'dan Bilim Kurulu toplantısı sonrası açıklamalar. Habertürk [cited 2020 Apr 17];Available from: http://www.haberturk.com/son-dakika-saglikbakani-fahrettin-koca-dan-bilim-kurulu-toplantisi-sonrasi-aciklamalar-haberler-2649501
  • 29. Oflaz, F. COVID-19 Pandemisi ve Yaşlılar. Halk Sağlığı Uzmanları Derneği. [cited 2020 Apr 29];Available from:https://korona.hasuder.org.tr/covid-19-pandemisi-ve-yaslilar/
  • 30. İlhan BY, İşçioğlu TE. Effect of women’s labor market status on online grocery shopping, the case of Turkey. Eurasian Bus Rev. 2015;5(2):371–96.
  • 31. Demir İM. İnternetten Market Alışverişi: Tüketici Beklentileri ve Market Web Sitelerinin Yapısı Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Çağ Üniversitesi Sos Bilim Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi. 2014;Mersin.
  • 32. Ergün E, Ergün Ş, Çelebi İ. Acil Sağlık Hizmetleri Personellerinin Covid-19 Hakkında Bilgi, Korunma Düzeyleri Ve Etkileyen Etmenler. Paramedik ve Acil Sağlık Hizmetleri Derg. 2020;1(1):16–27.
  • 33. Alahdal H, Basingab F, Alotaibi R. An analytical study on the awareness, attitude and practice during the COVID-19 pandemic in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. J Infect Public Heal. 2020; Available from:h ttps://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.06.015
  • 34. Modi PD, Nair G, Uppe A, Modi J, Tuppekar B, Gharpure AS, vd. COVID-19 Awareness Among Healthcare Students and Professionals in Mumbai Metropolitan Region: A Questionnaire-Based Survey. Cureus. Feb 2020;12(4):e7514. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32377462
  • 35. Alzoubi H, Alnawaiseh N, Al-Mnayyis A, Lubad M, Aqel A, Al-Shagahin H. COVID-19 - Knowledge, Attitude and Practice among Medical and Non-Medical University Students in Jordan. J Pure Appl Microbiol. 2020;14:17–24.
  • 36. Huynh G, Nguyen T, Tran V, Vo K, Vo V, Pham L. Knowledge and attitude toward COVID-19 among healthcare workers at District 2 Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2020;13(6):260–5.
  • 37. Karasneh R, Al-Azzam S, Muflih S, Soudah O, Hawamdeh S, Khader Y. Media’s effect on shaping knowledge, awareness risk perceptions and communication practices of pandemic COVID-19 among pharmacists. Res Soc Adm Pharm. 2020; Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1551741120304307
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Halk Sağlığı, Çevre Sağlığı
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Halit Emin Alıcılar 0000-0002-6342-9707

Gülsen Güneş 0000-0003-2021-7103

Meltem Çöl 0000-0001-7089-1644

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Eylül 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 3 Temmuz 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Alıcılar HE, Güneş G, Çöl M. TOPLUMDA COVID-19 PANDEMİSİYLE İLGİLİ FARKINDALIK, TUTUM VE DAVRANIŞLARIN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ. ESTÜDAM Halk Sağlığı Dergisi. 2020;5:1-16.

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