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COVID-19 VE HAVA KİRLİLİĞİ; KARANTİNA BOYUNCA NE OLDU?

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 5 - COVID-19 Özel Sayısı, 35 - 46, 28.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.35232/estudamhsd.759421

Öz

Devam eden koronovirüs salgınına yanıt olarak Çin’de başta olmak üzere birçok ülkede geçici olarak temel hizmetler haricinde tüm faaliyetlerin durdurulması, işyerlerinin kapatılması, endüstriyel üretimin durması ve sokağa çıkmada kısıtlamalar uygulamaya konulmuştur. Karantina önlemleri salgının kontrol alınmasını kolaylaştırmakla birlikte çevre üzerinde de bir takım değişikliklere neden olmuştur. İnsan hareketliliğinin ve ilgili üretim faaliyetlerinin azalması hava kalitesinde iyileşmeye yol açmıştır. Ekolojik olarak tasarladığımız çalışmada ölçümsel veriler için; ortanca (minimum-maksimum), Q1 (birinci çeyrek), Q3 (üçüncü çeyrek) kullanılmıştır. Veriler normal dağılıma uymadığı için bağımlı grupların karşılaştırılmasında Wilcoxon analizi kullanılmıştır. Biz bu çalışmada 79 ülkeden PM2.5 ve PM10 düzeyini ölçen istasyonların (sırasıyla; 31.878, 42.043 istasyon) verilerini kullanarak; 2019 yılı ve 2020 yılının ilk 5 ayını (Ocak, Şubat, Mart, Nisan, Mayıs) karşılaştırdık. Ülkelerin 2020 yılı Şubat, Nisan ve Mayıs aylarındaki PM2.5 ve PM10 değerlerinin 2019 yılının aynı aylarına göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir azalmanın olduğu tespit edilmiştir (P<0,001). Ülkeler arasında PM2.5 düzeyinin azalması Kazakistan’da 36 μg/m3 (%46,15) ve Moğalistan’da 61 μg/m3 (%37,42) olarak belirlenmiştir. PM10 düzeyinde azalma ise Peru’da 20 μg/m3 (%44,44) ve Hindistan’da 23 μg/m3 (%28,05) olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Geçici kısıtlamalar ve onun dolaylı etkileri (sanayi, üretim, ulaşımda azalma vb.) ülkelerin hava kirliliği parametrelerinin düşmesine yol açmış olabilir. İleri çalışmalarda ülke özelinde ayrıntılı analizler yapmak faydalı olabilir.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Kucharski AJ. Et al. Early dynamics of transmission and control of COVID-19: a mathematical modelling study. Lancet Infectious Disease. 2020;(5):553-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30144-4
  • 2. Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirusinfected pneumonia. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020;382(13):1199-207.
  • 3. World Health Organization.COVID 19 Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC).URL:https://www.who.int/ihr/procedures/pheic/en/. Cited at:23.06.2020
  • 4. World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Situation report-51 (Online)URL:http://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200311sitrep-51-covid-19.pdf. Available at:23.06.2020
  • 5. Choi S, Kim HW, Kang J, Kim DH, Cho EY. Epidemiology and clinical features of coronavirus disease 2019 in children. Korean Journal of Pediatrics. 2020; 63 (4):125-32.
  • 6. Koh GHC, Hoenig H. How Should the Rehabilitation Community Prepare for 2019-nCoV? Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2020;101:1068-71.
  • 7. WHO,Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. URL: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019?gclid Cited at: 23.06.2020
  • 8. Hava kirliliği raporu. TMMOB Çevre Mühendisleri Odası, 2018. URL: http://cmo.org.tr/resimler/ekler/9d62b3a2bb620a4_ek.pdf Available at:23.06.2020
  • 9. WHO, Air Pollution. URL: https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution#tab=tab_1 Cited at: 23.06.2020
  • 10. State Of Global Air, A Special Report On Global Exposure To Air Pollution And its Disease Burden, 2019. URL: https://www.stateofglobalair.org/sites/default/files/soga_2019_report.pdf Cited at:23.06.2020
  • 11. Hava Kirliliği ve sağlık etkileri, Kara Rapor. Temiz Hava Hakkı Platformu,2018 URL:http://www.ttb.org.tr/userfiles/files/Hava-Kirliliği-ve-Sağlık-Etkileri-Kara-Rapor-2019.pdf Cited at: 23.06.2020
  • 12. Jimoda LA. Effects of partıculate matter on human health, the ecosystem, climate and materials: a review. Working and Living Environmental Protection. 2012;(9):22-47.
  • 13. World's most polluted cities 2019 (PM2.5). URL: https://www.iqair.com/worldmost-polluted-cities. Cited at: 24.06.2020
  • 14. World Air Quality Report, 2019. URL:https://www.iqair.com/world-most-polluted-cities/world-air-quality report-2019-en-pdf Cited at:24.06.2020.
  • 15. Nakada LYK, Urban RC. COVID-19 pandemic: Impacts on the air quality during the partial lockdown in São Paulo state, Brazil. Science of the Total Environment.2020;(730):139087.
  • 16. Covid-19 Air Quality Report, 22 April 2020. URL: https://www.iqair.com Available at: 24.06.2020
  • 17. Air Quality Open Data Platform. URL:https://aqicn.org/data-platform/covid19/ Available at:24.06.2020
  • 18. Wang Y, Yuan Y, Qiyuan Wang Q, Liua CG, Zhid Q, Cao J.Changes in air quality related to the control of coronavirus in China: Implications for traffic and industrial emissions. Science of the Total Environment. 2020(729):133-9.
  • 19. Abdullah S. Air quality status during 2020 Malaysia Movement Control Order (MCO) due to 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pandemic. Science of the Total Environment. 2020;(729):139022. URL:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139022
  • 20. Sharma S, Zhang M, Anshika Gao J, Zhang H, Kota SH. 2020. Effect of restricted emissions during COVID-19 on air quality in India. Science Total Environment. 2020;(728):138878. URL: https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138878.
  • 21. Kerimay A. et al. Assessing air quality changes in large cities during COVID-19 lockdowns: The impacts of traffic-free urban conditions in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Science of the Total Environment. 2020:(730);139179.
  • 22. Collivignarelli MC and et all. Lockdown for COVID-2019 in Milan: What are the effects on air quality? Science of The Total Environment. 2020;(732):139280.
  • 23. Otmani A. et al. Impact of Covid-19 lockdown on PM10, SO2 and NO2 concentrations in Salé City (Morocco.) Science of the Total Environment. 2020;(735):139541.
  • 24. Chen Qi-X, Huang CL, Yuan Y. Influence of COVID-19 Event on Air Quality and their Association in Mainland China. Aerosol and Air Quality Research.2020; 20: 1541–51.
  • 25. Lonkhanwala S, Gautam P. Indirect impact of COVID-19 on environment: A brief study in Indian context. Enviromental Research. 2020:188,109807:1541-51.

COVID-19 AND AIR POLLUTION; WHAT HAPPENED DURING THE RESTRICTIONS?

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 5 - COVID-19 Özel Sayısı, 35 - 46, 28.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.35232/estudamhsd.759421

Öz

In response to the ongoing coronavirus outbreak, all activities except basic services were temporarily halted in many countries, businesses were closed, industrial production was halted and restrictions were imposed on going to the streets. While quarantine measures made it easier to control the outbreak, it also caused some changes to the environment. The decrease in human mobility and related production activities led to an improvement in air quality. In our ecologically designed study, median (minimum-maximum), Q1 (first quarter), Q3 (third quarter) were used for measurement data. Wilcoxon analysis was used to compare dependent groups because the data did not match the normal distribution. In this study, we used the data of the stations measuring PM2.5 and PM10 from 79 countries (31.878, 42.043 stations respectively); We compared the first 5 months (January, February, March, April, May) of 2019 and 2020. It was determined that there was a statistically significant decrease in the PM2.5 and PM10 values of the countries in February, April, and May of 2020 compared to the same months of 2019 (P <0,001). The decrease in PM2.5 level between countries was determined as 36 μg / m3 (46.15%) in Kazakhstan and 61 μg / m3 (37.42%) in Mongolia. The reduction in PM10 level was 20 μg / m3 (44.44%) in Peru and 23 μg / m3 (28.05%) in India. We think that temporary restrictions and their indirect effects (decrease in industry, production, transportation, etc.) may have caused the air pollution parameters of the countries to decrease. In further studies, it may be beneficial to make detailed analyzes specific to the country.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Kucharski AJ. Et al. Early dynamics of transmission and control of COVID-19: a mathematical modelling study. Lancet Infectious Disease. 2020;(5):553-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30144-4
  • 2. Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirusinfected pneumonia. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020;382(13):1199-207.
  • 3. World Health Organization.COVID 19 Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC).URL:https://www.who.int/ihr/procedures/pheic/en/. Cited at:23.06.2020
  • 4. World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Situation report-51 (Online)URL:http://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200311sitrep-51-covid-19.pdf. Available at:23.06.2020
  • 5. Choi S, Kim HW, Kang J, Kim DH, Cho EY. Epidemiology and clinical features of coronavirus disease 2019 in children. Korean Journal of Pediatrics. 2020; 63 (4):125-32.
  • 6. Koh GHC, Hoenig H. How Should the Rehabilitation Community Prepare for 2019-nCoV? Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2020;101:1068-71.
  • 7. WHO,Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. URL: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019?gclid Cited at: 23.06.2020
  • 8. Hava kirliliği raporu. TMMOB Çevre Mühendisleri Odası, 2018. URL: http://cmo.org.tr/resimler/ekler/9d62b3a2bb620a4_ek.pdf Available at:23.06.2020
  • 9. WHO, Air Pollution. URL: https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution#tab=tab_1 Cited at: 23.06.2020
  • 10. State Of Global Air, A Special Report On Global Exposure To Air Pollution And its Disease Burden, 2019. URL: https://www.stateofglobalair.org/sites/default/files/soga_2019_report.pdf Cited at:23.06.2020
  • 11. Hava Kirliliği ve sağlık etkileri, Kara Rapor. Temiz Hava Hakkı Platformu,2018 URL:http://www.ttb.org.tr/userfiles/files/Hava-Kirliliği-ve-Sağlık-Etkileri-Kara-Rapor-2019.pdf Cited at: 23.06.2020
  • 12. Jimoda LA. Effects of partıculate matter on human health, the ecosystem, climate and materials: a review. Working and Living Environmental Protection. 2012;(9):22-47.
  • 13. World's most polluted cities 2019 (PM2.5). URL: https://www.iqair.com/worldmost-polluted-cities. Cited at: 24.06.2020
  • 14. World Air Quality Report, 2019. URL:https://www.iqair.com/world-most-polluted-cities/world-air-quality report-2019-en-pdf Cited at:24.06.2020.
  • 15. Nakada LYK, Urban RC. COVID-19 pandemic: Impacts on the air quality during the partial lockdown in São Paulo state, Brazil. Science of the Total Environment.2020;(730):139087.
  • 16. Covid-19 Air Quality Report, 22 April 2020. URL: https://www.iqair.com Available at: 24.06.2020
  • 17. Air Quality Open Data Platform. URL:https://aqicn.org/data-platform/covid19/ Available at:24.06.2020
  • 18. Wang Y, Yuan Y, Qiyuan Wang Q, Liua CG, Zhid Q, Cao J.Changes in air quality related to the control of coronavirus in China: Implications for traffic and industrial emissions. Science of the Total Environment. 2020(729):133-9.
  • 19. Abdullah S. Air quality status during 2020 Malaysia Movement Control Order (MCO) due to 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pandemic. Science of the Total Environment. 2020;(729):139022. URL:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139022
  • 20. Sharma S, Zhang M, Anshika Gao J, Zhang H, Kota SH. 2020. Effect of restricted emissions during COVID-19 on air quality in India. Science Total Environment. 2020;(728):138878. URL: https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138878.
  • 21. Kerimay A. et al. Assessing air quality changes in large cities during COVID-19 lockdowns: The impacts of traffic-free urban conditions in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Science of the Total Environment. 2020:(730);139179.
  • 22. Collivignarelli MC and et all. Lockdown for COVID-2019 in Milan: What are the effects on air quality? Science of The Total Environment. 2020;(732):139280.
  • 23. Otmani A. et al. Impact of Covid-19 lockdown on PM10, SO2 and NO2 concentrations in Salé City (Morocco.) Science of the Total Environment. 2020;(735):139541.
  • 24. Chen Qi-X, Huang CL, Yuan Y. Influence of COVID-19 Event on Air Quality and their Association in Mainland China. Aerosol and Air Quality Research.2020; 20: 1541–51.
  • 25. Lonkhanwala S, Gautam P. Indirect impact of COVID-19 on environment: A brief study in Indian context. Enviromental Research. 2020:188,109807:1541-51.
Toplam 25 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Halk Sağlığı, Çevre Sağlığı
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Caner Baysan 0000-0002-7675-1391

Seher Palanbek Yavaş 0000-0002-8113-0477

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Eylül 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 28 Haziran 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 5 - COVID-19 Özel Sayısı

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Baysan C, Palanbek Yavaş S. COVID-19 VE HAVA KİRLİLİĞİ; KARANTİNA BOYUNCA NE OLDU?. ESTÜDAM Halk Sağlığı Dergisi. 2020;5:35-46.

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