Araştırma Makalesi
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Kant’a Eleştirileri Bağlamında Johann Georg Hamann’ın Teolojik Dil Görüşü

Yıl 2026, Sayı: 24, 96 - 108, 18.01.2026

Öz

Bu çalışma Alman filozoflarından Johann Georg Hamann’ın semavi dil görüşünü Aydınlanma ve Kant’a yönelik eleştirileri bağlamında ele almayı amaçlamaktadır. Alman düşünce dünyasında Hamann-Herder-Humboldt (3H) dil geleneğinin ilk düşünürü Hamann her dilin ait olduğun halkın kolektif düşünme tarzını etkilediğini ileri süren dilsel göreliliğin temellerini atmıştır. Aydınlanmacıların akılcı ve düalist görüşlerine karşı dilin aklın yan ürünü olmadığını, Tanrı tarafından bahşedilmiş yüce bir meleke olduğunu savunmuştur. Bu anlamda Hamann teolojik dil anlayışını akıl-dil-düşüncenin tek bir insani yeti olduğunu savunan monist dil anlayışıyla radikal bir tez ortaya atmıştır. Filozofun bu fikirleri Kant’ın “akıl” anlayışıyla tam bir zıtlık oluşturmuştur. Filozofa göre Kant, dilin bilişsel süreçteki asıl rolüne gereken önemi vermez ve aklı bireysel deneyimden ayırmaya çalışır. Hamann, Kant'ın idealizm ve realizm arasındaki bir "orta" noktayı gözden kaçırdığını düşünmüş ve kendi felsefesini "verbalizm" olarak adlandırmıştır. Bu felsefeye göre dil gerek aklın gerekse de deneyimin somutlaştığı bir zemindir. Ayrıca dil, aklın organı ve kriteridir. Hamann’da dil, doğanın birleştirdiklerini ayırmaya çalışan rasyonalizme, dolayısıyla Kant ve Aydınlanma felsefesine karşı gerçekliğin yapısını anlamaya yarayan asli bir role sahiptir.

Kaynakça

  • Alexander, W. M. (1966a). Johann Georg Hamann: Philosophy and faith. Martinus Nijhoff.
  • Alexander, W. M. (1966b). Johann Georg Hamann: Metacritic of Kant. Journal of the History of Ideas, 27(1), 137–144. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2708314
  • Ameriks, K. (Ed.). (2000). The Cambridge companion to German idealism. Cambridge University Press.
  • Anderson, A. (1969). Philosophical obscurantism: Prolegomena to Hamann's views on language. Harvard Theological Review, 62(3), 247–274. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1509371
  • Berlin, I. (2013). Three critics of the Enlightenment: Vico, Hamann, Herder (H. Hardy, Ed.; 2nd ed.). Princeton University Press.
  • Betz, J. R. (2009). After enlightenment: The post-secular vision of J. G. Hamann. Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Brown, R. L. (1967). Wilhelm von Humboldt’s conception of linguistic relativity. Mouton.
  • Butts, R. E. (1988). The grammar of reason: Hamann's challenge to Kant. Synthese, 75(2), 251–283. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20116530
  • Cassirer, E. (1955). The philosophy of symbolic forms, volume one: Language (R. Manheim, Trans.). Yale University Press.
  • Dickson, G. G. (1995). Johann Georg Hamann’s relational metacriticism. Walter de Gruyter.
  • Forster, M. N. (2010). After Herder: Philosophy of language in the German tradition. Oxford University Press.
  • Forster, M. N. (2011). German philosophy of language: From Schlegel to Hegel and beyond. Oxford University Press.
  • Forster, M. N. (2012). Kant's philosophy of language? Tijdschrift voor Filosofie, 74(3), 485–511. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23530293
  • Hamann, J. G. (2007). Writings on philosophy and language (K. Haynes, Trans. and Ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  • Kant, I. (1998). Critique of pure reason (P. Guyer & A. W. Wood, Trans. & Eds.). Cambridge University Press.
  • Miller, R. L. (1968). The linguistic relativity principle and Humboldtian ethnolinguistics. Mouton.
  • O’Flaherty, J. C. (1952). Unity and language: A study in the philosophy of Johann Georg Hamann. University of North Carolina Press.
  • Penn, J. M. (1972). Linguistic relativity versus innate ideas: The origins of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis in German thought. Mouton.
  • Redmond, M. (1987). The Hamann-Hume connection. Religious Studies, 23(1), 95–107. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20006314
  • Sparling, R. A. (2011). Johann Georg Hamann and the enlightenment project. University of Toronto Press.
  • Wittgenstein, L. (1958). Philosophical investigations (G. E. M. Anscombe, Trans.; 3rd ed.). Macmillan Publishing Co.

Johann Georg Hamann's Theological Language View in the Context of His Criticism of Kant

Yıl 2026, Sayı: 24, 96 - 108, 18.01.2026

Öz

This study aims to examine German philosopher Johann Georg Hamann's view of divine language within the context of the Enlightenment and his critiques of Kant. Hamann, the first thinker in the Hamann-Herder-Humboldt (3H) linguistic tradition in German thought, laid the foundations of linguistic relativity, which posits that every language influences the collective thinking of its people. Against the rationalist and dualist views of the Enlightenment, he argued that language is not a byproduct of reason, but a divine faculty bestowed by God. In this sense, Hamann advanced a radical thesis, incorporating his theological understanding of language into a monist one, which posits that reason, language, and thought are a single human faculty. These ideas of the philosopher contrast sharply with Kant's understanding of "reason." According to the philosopher, Kant overlooks the essential role of language in the cognitive process and attempts to separate reason from individual experience. Hamann believed that Kant had overlooked a "middle ground" between idealism and realism and called his own philosophy "verbalism." According to this philosophy, language is the ground where both reason and experience are embodied. Furthermore, language is the organ and criterion of reason. For Hamann, language plays a fundamental role in understanding the structure of reality, as opposed to rationalism, which seeks to separate what nature unites, and thus to Kant and the Enlightenment philosophy.

Kaynakça

  • Alexander, W. M. (1966a). Johann Georg Hamann: Philosophy and faith. Martinus Nijhoff.
  • Alexander, W. M. (1966b). Johann Georg Hamann: Metacritic of Kant. Journal of the History of Ideas, 27(1), 137–144. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2708314
  • Ameriks, K. (Ed.). (2000). The Cambridge companion to German idealism. Cambridge University Press.
  • Anderson, A. (1969). Philosophical obscurantism: Prolegomena to Hamann's views on language. Harvard Theological Review, 62(3), 247–274. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1509371
  • Berlin, I. (2013). Three critics of the Enlightenment: Vico, Hamann, Herder (H. Hardy, Ed.; 2nd ed.). Princeton University Press.
  • Betz, J. R. (2009). After enlightenment: The post-secular vision of J. G. Hamann. Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Brown, R. L. (1967). Wilhelm von Humboldt’s conception of linguistic relativity. Mouton.
  • Butts, R. E. (1988). The grammar of reason: Hamann's challenge to Kant. Synthese, 75(2), 251–283. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20116530
  • Cassirer, E. (1955). The philosophy of symbolic forms, volume one: Language (R. Manheim, Trans.). Yale University Press.
  • Dickson, G. G. (1995). Johann Georg Hamann’s relational metacriticism. Walter de Gruyter.
  • Forster, M. N. (2010). After Herder: Philosophy of language in the German tradition. Oxford University Press.
  • Forster, M. N. (2011). German philosophy of language: From Schlegel to Hegel and beyond. Oxford University Press.
  • Forster, M. N. (2012). Kant's philosophy of language? Tijdschrift voor Filosofie, 74(3), 485–511. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23530293
  • Hamann, J. G. (2007). Writings on philosophy and language (K. Haynes, Trans. and Ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  • Kant, I. (1998). Critique of pure reason (P. Guyer & A. W. Wood, Trans. & Eds.). Cambridge University Press.
  • Miller, R. L. (1968). The linguistic relativity principle and Humboldtian ethnolinguistics. Mouton.
  • O’Flaherty, J. C. (1952). Unity and language: A study in the philosophy of Johann Georg Hamann. University of North Carolina Press.
  • Penn, J. M. (1972). Linguistic relativity versus innate ideas: The origins of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis in German thought. Mouton.
  • Redmond, M. (1987). The Hamann-Hume connection. Religious Studies, 23(1), 95–107. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20006314
  • Sparling, R. A. (2011). Johann Georg Hamann and the enlightenment project. University of Toronto Press.
  • Wittgenstein, L. (1958). Philosophical investigations (G. E. M. Anscombe, Trans.; 3rd ed.). Macmillan Publishing Co.
Toplam 21 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Dil Felsefesi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Yavuz Daşdemir 0000-0003-4770-5692

Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Ekim 2025
Kabul Tarihi 10 Ocak 2026
Yayımlanma Tarihi 18 Ocak 2026
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Sayı: 24

Kaynak Göster

APA Daşdemir, Y. (2026). Johann Georg Hamann’s Theological Language View in the Context of His Criticism of Kant. Erzurum Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(24), 96-108. https://doi.org/10.29157/etusbed.1795045

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