İşgücü Verimliliğinin İnsani Gelişmişlik Endeksi ile İlişkisi: OECD Örneği

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 19, 42 - 58, 31.05.2024

Dilek Özdemir , Çağla Nur Duman

https://doi.org/10.29157/etusbed.1462223

Öz

İşgücü verimliliği, bir işletmenin veya bir ekonominin başarısı için kritik öneme sahip olan bir kavramdır. Yetersiz işgücü verimliliği olan ekonomiler, global alanda rekabete girme potansiyelini elde edememişlerdir. İşgücü verimliliğinin nicelik ve nitelik açısından gelişmişlik seviyesi, toplumsal kalkınmanın yapı taşı olarak görülmektedir. İktisadi kalkınma kavramı ve işgücündeki verimliliği ülkeler arasındaki iktisadi, toplumsal, politik ve etnik ayrımlar yüzünden bir tek ölçütle ifade etmek mümkün görülmemektedir. İnsani gelişim sürecinde birey merkezli bir kapsamda insan potansiyellerini en verimli bir biçimde iyileştirilmesine ve kullanımına dair stratejiler oluşturulmaktadır. Çalışmada işgücü verimliliğinin insani gelişmişlik endeksi ile ilişkisinin saptanması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, 2011-2022 yılları arasında 38 OECD ülkesinde yapılan çalışmada bağımlı değişken işgücü verimliliği olarak belirlenmiş olup, anahtar açıklayıcı değişken insani gelişmişlik endeksi olarak kullanılmıştır. Kontrol açıklayıcı değişkenleri ise kişi başına yıllık ortalama çalışma saati ve global inovasyon endeksi olarak belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, aracılık etkisini ortaya koymak için insani gelişme endeksi ile global inovasyon endeksinin çarpımı modele eklenmiştir. Driscoll Kraay tahmin sonuçlarına göre, işgücü verimliliği ile insani gelişmişlik endeksi arasında pozitif, çalışma saati ile negatif bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, inovasyon endeksinin insani gelişme endeksiyle birlikte işgücü verimliliğini artırdığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İşgücü, Verimlilik, İnsani Gelişme Endeksi, Global İnovasyon Endeksi

The Relationship of Labor Efficiency and Human Development Index: The Case of OECD

Öz

Labor productivity is a concept critical to the success of a business or economy. Economies with insufficient labor productivity have been unable to achieve their potential in global competition. The level of development of labor productivity in terms of both quantity and quality is seen as a cornerstone of societal development. Due to economic, social, political, and ethnic distinctions among countries, it is not possible to express the concept of economic development and labor productivity with a single measure. Strategies are being developed within a framework centered on individuals in the process of human development to improve and utilize human potential most efficiently. The aim of the study is to determine the relationship between labor productivity and the Human Development Index. For this purpose, in 38 OECD countries between 2011 and 2022, with labor productivity as the dependent variable was determined as labor productivity, with the key explanatory variable being the Human Development Index. Control explanatory variables were set as annual average working hours per person and the global innovation index. Additionally, to demonstrate the mediating effect, the product of the Human Development Index and the global innovation index was added to the model. According to the Driscoll-Kraay estimation results, a positive relationship between labor productivity and the Human Development Index was identified, while a negative relationship with working hours was observed. Furthermore, it was concluded that the innovation index, along with the Human Development Index, increased labor productivity.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Labor, Productivity, Human Development Index, Global İnovation Index

Kaynakça

• Acemoglu, D., & Autor, D. (2011). Skills, tasks and technologies: Implications for employment and earnings. In O. Ashenfelter & D. Card (Eds.), Handbook of Labor Economics (Vol. 4, pp. 1043-1171). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7218(11)02410-5
• Aiello, F. and Ricotta, F. (2016). Firm Heterogeneity İn Productivity Across Europe: Evidence From Multilevel Models. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 25(1), 57-89.
• Aiga Fadillah, Rahmanta Irsad (2021). Determinants of labor productivity and economic growth in Indonesia. IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance, 12(2), 49-57. https://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jef/papers/Vol12-Issue2/Series-5/G1202054957.pdf
• Akgül, Ö. (2008). Hizmet İçi Eğitimin İşgücü Verimliliğine Etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi. SBE.
• Akyol, E. S. ve Metin, G. U. (2021). Türkiye’de imalat sanayinde işgücü verimliliği ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi. Verimlilik Dergisi, (1), 35-47.
• Alaghbari, W., Al-Sakkaf, A., & Sultan, B. (2019). Factors affecting construction labour productivity in Yemen. International Journal of Construction Management
• Alexander, C. O. (1993). The Changing Relationship Between Productivity, Wages And Unemployment İn The UK. Oxford Bulletin Of Economics And Statistics, 55(1), 87-102.
• Bernard, A. B., Jensen, J. B., Redding, S. J., & Schott, P. K. (2007). Firms in international trade. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 21(3), 105-130. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.21.3.105
• Black, S. E. and Lynch, L. M. (2001). How To Compete: The İmpact Of Workplace Practices And İnformation Technology On Productivity. Review Of Economics And Statistics, 83(3), 434-445.
• Brüggemann, R. (2006). Sources Of German Unemployment: A Structural Vector Error Correction Analysis. Empirical Economics, 31(2), 409-431.
• Chang, T. Y., Graff Zivin, J., Gross, T., & Neidell, M. (2019). "The effect of pollution on worker productivity: evidence from call center workers in China." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics.
• Collewet, M., & Sauermann, J. (2017). Working hours and productivity. Labour economics, 47, 96-106.
• Depken II, C. A. (2000). Wage Disparity And Team Productivity: Evidence From Major League Baseball. Economics Letters, 67(1), 87-92.
• Dezaji, M. ve Ketabforosh Badri, A. (2014). Seçilmiş OECD Ülkelerinde İnsani Gelişmenin İşgücü Verimliliği Üzerindeki Etkileri. Verimlilik Yönetimi Dergisi, 8 (4 (31)), 125-140.
• Dinler, Z. (2013); Mikro Ekonomi, Ekin Kitapevi, Bursa
• Fırat, E., Ürün, E. ve Aydın, A. (2015). Kalkınma ve Eğitim İlişkisi: İnsani Gelişme Endeksine Göre Türkiye’nin Eğitim Düzeyinin Değerlendirilmesi. In International Conference on Eurasian Economies (pp. 876-883).
• Fung, L., Baggs, J. and Beaulieu, E. (2011). Plant Scale And Exchange‐Rate‐İnduced Productivity Growth. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 20(4), 1197-1230.
• Gill, I., & Kose, M. A. (2024, January 17). 5 major risks confronting the global economy in 2024. Brookings. Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/5-major-risks-confronting-the-global economy-in-2024/
• Goes, C., & Bekkers, E. (2023). The impact of geopolitical conflicts on trade, growth, and innovation. World Trade Organization, 19-46. IMF Study on Geopolitical Conflicts
• Hall, S. G. (1986). An Application Of The Granger & Engle Two‐Step Estimation Procedure To United Kingdom Aggregate Wage Data. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 48(3), 229-239.
• Hickel, J. (2019). The İmperative Of Redistribution İn An Age Of Ecological Overshoot: Human Rights And Global İnequality. Humanity: An International Journal Of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, And Development, 10(3), 416-428.
• Holman, C., Joyeux, B., and Kask, C. (2008). Labor productivity trends since 2000, by sector andindustry. Monthly Lab. Rev., 131, 64.
• ILO (2023). https://ilostat.ilo.org/topics/working-time/
• Imakunnas, P. and Maliranta, M. (2005). Technology, Labour Characteristics And Wage‐Productivity Gaps. Oxford Bulletin Of Economics And Statistics, 67(5), 623-645.
• Jakubik, A., Keck, A., & Piermartini, R. (2022). Trade policy implications of a changing world: Tariffs and import market power (WP/22/219, pp. 3-16). How Lowering Trade Barriers Can Revive Global Productivity and Growth, IMF 2022
• JPC-Japon Productivity Center. https://jpc.jpc-net.jp/eng/
• Kalkuhl, M., & Wenz, L. (2020). The impact of climate conditions on economic production: Evidence from a global panel of regions. Global Environmental Change, 63, 2-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102115
• Karaçor, Z., Acet, H., Mirza, Ö. G. E. ve Konya, Ö. G. S. (2009). Çalışma Saatlerinin İşgücü Verimliliğine Etkisi: Dinamik Panel Veri Analizi, The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, Sayı: 75, s. 349-359.
• Kim, S., Lim, H. and Park, D. (2009). Imports, exports and total factor productivity in Korea. Applied Economics, 41(14), 1819-1834.
• Kindleberger, C. P. (1962). Tariff Reductions to Correct Balance-of-Payment Difficulties. Industrial Management Review (pre-1986), 3(2), 1.
• Köksal, Y. (2008). Markanın İşgücü Verimliliğine Etkileri: İstikbal Mobilya Örneği. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Kırıkkale: Kırıkkale Üniversitesi. SBE.
• Le, N. H., Duy, L. V. Q. and Ngoc, B. H. (2019). Effects of Foreign Direct İnvestment and Human Capital On Labour Productivity: Evidence From Vietnam. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 6(3), 123-130.
• Liu, X., Parker, D., Vaidya, K. and Wei, Y. (2001). The İmpact Of Foreign Direct İnvestment On Labour Productivity İn The Chinese Electronics İndustry. International Business Review, 10(4), 421-439.
• Mankiw, N. G. (2018). Principles of Economics. Cengage Learning
• Martin, F. M., Sánchez, J. M., & Wilkinson, O. (2023). The Economic Impact of COVID-19 around the World. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, Second Quarter 2023, 105(2), pp. 74-88.
• Melitz, M. J. (2003). The impact of trade on intra-industry reallocations and aggregate industry productivity. Econometrica, 71(6), 1695-1725. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0262.00467
• Muhsin Doğan, E., & Tatlı, H. İşgücü Verimliliğini Etkileyen Faktörler: Bingöl Devlet Hastanesinde Hemşireler Üzerine Bir Uygulama. Verimlilik Dergisi, (4).
• Ngoc, P. T. B. and Van Phuoc, N. H. (2017, August). Small And Medium Enterprises’ Labor Productivity İn Vietnam: A Firm–Level İnvestigation. In Proceedings Of The VEAM Conference, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Pp. 1-2).
• OECD (1993); The Measurement of Scientific and Technological Activities: Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys of Research and Experimental, Frascati Manual 1993, Paris: OECD Publications, https://www.oecd.org/sti/inno/Frascati-1981.pdf,
• Özaytürk, G. (2023). Küresel İnovasyon Endeksiİşsizlik İlişkisi: Panel GMM Analizinden Bulgular, Politik Ekonomik Kuram, Özel Sayı, 108120. https://doi.org/10.30586/1340779
• Pencavel, J. (2015). The productivity of working hours. The Economic Journal, 125(589), 2052-2076.
• Sari, R. L., Hasyim, S., Afifudin, S. and Ruslan, D. (2020). Analysing The Structural Relationship Between Labor Productivity And İnvestments İn Indonesia: An Application Of Two-Stage Least Square. International Journal Of Innovation, Creativity And Change, 12(9), 646-662.
• Shaiken, H. (2015). The impact of international free-trade agreements on job growth and prosperity. Scholars Strategy Network.Retrieved from https://journalistsresource.org/economics/international-free-trade-agreements-job-growth-prosperity-impacts/
• Sofuoğlu, E. ve Kızılkaya, O. (2018). İş Gücü Verimliliği ve Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye Ekonomisi İçin Ampirik Bir Analiz. Electronic Turkish Studies, 13(22).
• Tatoğlu, F. Y. (2017). Panel Zaman Serileri Analizi Stata Uygulamalı (3. Baskı 2020).
• U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2021). The U.S. productivity slowdown: An economy-wide and industry-level analysis. Retrieved from https://www.bls.gov/
• Uçak, H. ve Arısoy, İ. (2011). Türkiye Ekonomisinde Verimlilik, İhracat ve İthalat Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisinin Analizi. Ege Akademik Bakış, 11(4), 639-651.
• UNDP (2018) The future is decentralised: blockchains, distributed ledgers and the future of sustainable development. New York: UNDP (www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/innovation/ The-Future-is-Decentralised.pdf)
• Van Leeuwen, G., & Mohnen, P. (2017). Revisiting the Porter hypothesis: An empirical analysis of green innovation for the Netherlands. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 26(1–2), 63–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/10438599.2016.1202521
• Van Ours, J. C. and Stoeldraijer, L. (2011). Age, Wage And Productivity İn Dutch Manufacturing. De Economist, 159(2), 113-137.
• Welfe, A. and Majsterek, M. (2002). Wage And Price İnflation İn Poland İn The Period Of Transition: The Cointegration Analysis. Economics Of Planning, 35(3), 205-219.
• World Bank. (2020). Global Economic Prospects, June 2020, Chapter 3 (pp. 151-157).https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/547501607624578537-0050022020/original/GlobalEconomicProspectsJune2020Box32.pdf
• World Bank. (2022). The global economic impacts of COVID-19. World Development Report, 2022. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/
• Yilmaz, Y. (2019). İşgücü verimliliğini etkileyen faktörlerin analizi: bütüncül bir yaklaşım.