Trans Gençlerle Sosyal Hizmette Güçlenme Yaklaşımı: Bir Literatür Değerlendirmesi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1, 10 - 35, 30.05.2024

Halil Pak , Özlem Cankurtaran

https://doi.org/10.46655/federgi.1248604

Öz

Trans gençler, toplumda baskı altında yaşayan dezavantajlı gruplar arasındadır. İnsan hakları ve sosyal adaleti savunan sosyal hizmet mesleğinin özgürleştirici değerlerinden biri güçlenmedir. Dolayısıyla trans gençlerin güçlenerek özgür ve onurlu bir yaşam sürmeleri adına diyalojik bir eksende onlarla birlikte mücadele etmek, sosyal hizmet mesleğinin sorumlulukları arasındadır. Fakat trans gençlerle sosyal hizmette güçlenme yaklaşımı üzerine Türkiye’deki araştırma ve uygulama örneklerinin kısıtlı olduğu görülmektedir. Bu yüzden bu yazının amacı, trans gençlerle güçlenme odaklı sosyal hizmet konusunu uluslararası literatürde yer alan çalışmalar üzerinden değerlendirmektir. İlgili alanyazında, trans gençlerin toplumsal cinsiyet ve yaş temelli ayrımcılık ideolojilerinin kesiştiği bir noktadan baskı deneyimleri yaşadıkları görülmektedir. Başka bir ifadeyle, bu yazı kapsamında incelenen literatür çerçevesinde, sisseksist ve yetişkinci ayrımcılık ideolojilerinin yarattığı baskı temelli söylem ve eylemlerin trans gençlerin toplum içindeki gücünü kişisel, ilişkisel, komünal, kültürel ve yapısal düzeylerde etkilediği sonucuna varılabilir. Varılan bu sonuç, uluslararası literatürde yer alan trans gençlerle güçlenme odaklı sosyal hizmet modelleri ve uygulama örnekleri üzerinden değerlendirilmiştir. Bu değerlendirmeler üzerinden geliştirilen önerilerin Türkiye’de trans gençlerle çalışan akademisyen ve uzmanlara ışık tutması ümit edilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

güç, güçlenme yaklaşımı, güçlenme odaklı sosyal hizmet, trans-olumlayıcı sosyal hizmet, trans gençler

Empowerment Approach to Social Work with Transgender Youth: A Literature Review

Öz

Transgender youth are among the disadvantaged groups living under pressure in society. One of the emancipatory values of the social work profession, which advocates for human rights and social justice, is empowerment. Therefore, it is among the responsibilities of the social work profession to fight together with transgender youth on a dialogic axis so that they can become more empowered and live a free and dignified life. However, it is observed that research and practice examples in Turkey on the empowerment approach to social work with transgender youth are limited. Therefore, the aim of this article is to evaluate the issue of empowerment-oriented social work with transgender youth through studies in the international literature. In the relevant literature, it is addressed that transgender youth experience oppression at the intersection of gender and age-based discrimination ideologies. In other words, within the framework of the literature examined in this article, it can be concluded that the oppression-based discourses and actions created by cissexist and adultist discrimination ideologies affect the power of transgender youth in society at personal, relational, communal, cultural and structural levels. This conclusion was evaluated through empowerment-oriented social work models and practice examples with transgender youth in the international literature. It is hoped that the recommendations developed based on these evaluations will offer an insight into academics and experts working with transgender youth in Turkey.

Anahtar Kelimeler

power, empowerment approach, empowerment-oriented social work, trans-affirmative social work, transgender youth

Kaynakça

• Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi, https://www.yargitay.gov.tr/documents/AIHM.pdf, (1950)
• Başar, Koray. “Cinsel Kimlik ve Sağlıkta Eşitsizlik: Bireyin ve Kliniğin Ötesinde Tıp” Toplum ve Hekim 35, no. 4 (2020): 252-268.
• Bird, Jason. D. P., Lisa Kuhns ve Robert Garofalo. “The Impact of Role Models on Health Outcomes for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, And Transgender Youth” Journal of Adolescent Health 50, no. 4 (2012): 353-357.
• Collazo, Aiden, Ashley Austin ve Shelley L. Craig. “Facilitating Transition Among Transgender Clients: Components of Effective Clinical Practice” Clinical Social Work Journal 41, (2013): 228-237.
• Craig, Shelley L. “Affirmative Supportive Safe and Empowering Talk (ASSET): Leveraging the Strengths and Resiliencies of Sexual Minority Youth in School-Based Groups” Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling 7, no. 4 (2013): 372-386.
• Craig, Shelley L., Lauren McInroy, Lance T. McCready ve Ramona Alaggia. “Media: A Catalyst for Resilience in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Youth” Journal of LGBT Youth 12, no. 3 (2015): 254-275.
• Cray, Andrew, Katie Miller ve Laura E. Durso. Seeking Shelter: The Experiences and Unmet Needs of LGBT Homeless Youth (Center for American Progress, 2013).
• Dominelli, Lena. Anti-Oppressive Social Work Theory and Practice (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017). Freire, Paulo. Education for Critical Consciousness (Continuum, 1973).
• Freire, Paulo. Pedagogy of the Oppressed (Continuum, 2000).
• Fook, Jan. Social Work: Critical Theory and Practice (Sage, 2002).
• Gedizlioğlu, Deniz. LGBTİ+ Hakları Alanında Çeviri Sözlüğü (Kaos GL Yayınları, 2020).
• Grossman, Arnold H. ve Anthony R. D’Augelli. “Transgender youth: Invisible and Vulnerable” Journal of Homosexuality 51, (2006): 111-128.
• Grossman, Arnold H. ve Anthony R. D’Augelli. “Transgender Youth and Life-Threatening Behavior” Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 37, (2007): 527-537.
• Grossman, Arnold H., Anthony R. D’Augelli ve Nickolas P. Salter. “Male-To-Female Transgender Youth: Gender Expression Milestones, Gender Atypicality, Victimization, and Parents’ Responses” Journal of GLBT Family Studies 2, (2006): 71-92.
• Grossman, Arnold H., Anthony R. D’Augelli ve John A. Frank. “Aspects of Psychological Resilience among Transgender Youth” Journal of LGBT youth 8, no. 2 (2011): 103-115.
• Gutierrez, Lorraine M. “Working with Women of Color: An Empowerment Perspective” Social Work 35, no. 2 (1990): 149–153.
• Hendricks, Michael. L. ve Rylan J. Testa. “A Conceptual Framework for Clinical Work with Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Clients: An Adaptation of The Minority Stress Model” Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 43, no. 5 (2012): 460–467.
• İnsan Hakları Evrensel Bildirgesi, https://www.ihd.org.tr/insan-haklari-evrensel-beyannames/, (1948) Jenzen, Olu. “Trans Youth and Social Media: Moving between Counter Publics and The Wider Web” Gender, Place & Culture 24, no. 11 (2017): 1626-1641.
• Kara, Yunus. LGBTİ+’lara Yönelik Kapsayıcı ve Olumlayıcı Sosyal Hizmet Uygulaması (SPoD Yayınları, 2020).
• Kidd, Kacie. M., Amber Hill, Gina M. Sequeira, Calvin McMillan, Galen Switzer, Dana Rofey, Elizabeth Miller ve Gerald T. Montano. “Development And Psychometric Analysis of The Transgender Family Acceptance to Empowerment (TransFATE) Scale” Journal of Adolescent Health 68, no. 6 (2021): 1096-1103.
• Lee, Judith. A. B. The Empowerment Approach to Social Work Practice (Columbia University Press, 2001).
• LeFrançois, Brenda A. “Adultism,” Encyclopedia of Critical Psychology ed. Thomas Teo (Springer Reference, 2014), 47–49.
• Logie, Carmen H., Ashley Lacombe-Duncan, Kandasi Levermore ve Nicolette Jones. “Conceptualizing Empowerment Practice with Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Youth in Jamaica” Social Work Education 36, no. 4 (2017): 456-465.
• Matsuno, Em ve Tania Israel. “Psychological Interventions Promoting Resilience among Transgender Individuals: Transgender Resilience Intervention Model (TRIM)” The Counseling Psychologist 46, no. 5 (2018): 632-655.
• Meyer, Ilan H. “Prejudice, Social Stress, and Mental Health in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Populations: Conceptual Issues and Research Evidence” Psychological Bulletin 129, no. 5 (2003): 674–697.
• Raj, Rupert. “Transactivism as Therapy: A Client Self-Empowerment Model Linking Personal and Social Agency” Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy 11, no. 3-4 (2008): 77-98.
• Russell, Stephen T., Anna Muraco, Aarti Subramaniam ve Carolyn Laub. “Youth Empowerment and High School Gay-Straight Alliances” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 38, no. 7 (2009): 891-903.
• Singh, Anneliese. A. “Transgender Youth of Color and Resilience: Negotiating Oppression and Finding Support” Sex Roles 68, no. 11–12 (2013): 690–702.
• Singh, Anneliese. A., Sarah Meng ve Anthony W. Hansen. “‘It's Already Hard Enough Being a Student’: Developing Affirming College Environments for Trans Youth” Journal of LGBT Youth 10, no. 3 (2013): 208-223.
• Singh, Anneliese A., Sarah Meng ve Anthony Hansen, A. W. “‘I Am My Own Gender’: Resilience Strategies of Trans Youth” Journal of Counseling & Development 92, no. 2 (2014): 208–218.
• Smith, Roger. Social Work and Power (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2018).
• Stieglitz, Kimberly A. “Development, Risk, and Resilience of Transgender Youth” Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care 21, no. 3 (2010): 192-206.
• Swan, Wallace (ed.). Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Civil Rights: A Public Policy Agenda for Uniting a Divided America (CRC Press, 2014).
• Thompson, Neil. Kuram ve Uygulamada Sosyal Hizmeti Anlamak çev. ed. Özlem Cankurtaran ve Burcu Hatipoğlu (Dipnot Yayınları, 2013).
• Thompson, Neil. Güç ve Güçlendirme çev. ed. Özlem Cankurtaran (Nika Yayınevi, 2016).
• Torres, Carlos G., Megan Renfrew, Karey Kenst, Aswita Tan-McGrory, Joseph R. Betancourt ve Lenny López. “Improving Transgender Health by Building Safe Clinical Environments that Promote Existing Resilience: Results from A Qualitative Analysis of Providers” BMC pediatrics 15, no. 1 (2015): 1-10.
• Travers, Robert, Greta Bauer, Jake Pyne, Kaitlin Bradley, Lorraine Gale ve Maria Papadimitriou. “Impacts Of Strong Parental Support for Trans Youth: A Report Prepared for Children's Aid Society of Toronto and Delisle Youth Services” Trans Pulse, (2012): 1–5.
• T.C. Anayasası, https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/1.5.2709.pdf, (1982)
• Wagaman, M. Alex ve Aaron Kemmerer. “Transgender and Nonbinary Youth Empowerment”, Social Work and Health Care Practice with Transgender and Nonbinary Individuals and Communities: Voices for Equity, Inclusion, and Resilience ed. Shanna K. Kattari, M. Killian Kinney, Leonardo Kattari ve N. Eugene Walls (Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2021), 273–285.
• Yüksel, Şahika, Banu Aslantaş Ertekin, Mine Öztürk, Pervin Sevda Bıkmaz ve Zerrin Oğlağu. “Klinikte İhmal Edilen Bir Konu: Transseksüel Bireylerde İntihar Riski” Nöro-Psikiyatri Arşivi 54, no. 1 (2017): 28-32.