Araştırma Makalesi
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Four-Category Ontology and the Inevitability of Metaphysics in the Philosophy of Mind

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 82, 36 - 63, 15.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.58634/felsefedunyasi.1806015

Öz

This study explores the inevitability of metaphysics in the philosophy of mind, taking E. J. Lowe’s non-Cartesian substance dualism as an example. Contrary to contemporary approaches that prioritize scientific or functional explanations, Lowe argues that questions concerning consciousness, agency, and personal identity are inherently metaphysical. His four-category ontology, which is comprising substances, kinds, attributes, and modes, provides the framework through which mental phenomena can be coherently understood without reducing them to the physical. Lowe posits that persons are fundamental ontological subjects, serving as bearers of mental properties, distinct from but dependent upon their bodily organizations. By rejecting Cartesian separability while maintaining ontological duality, Lowe offers a model that reconciles mental causation and physical closure without resorting to reductionism. The article demonstrates that all philosophical theories of mind presuppose metaphysical commitments concerning identity, dependence, and modality. Thus, metaphysics is not an optional backdrop but a constitutive foundation for meaningful discourse on the mind-body problem. Lowe’s approach not only revives the legitimacy of substance dualism but also shows how a refined ontological schema can illuminate persistent issues of consciousness, intentionality, and agency in a scientifically informed yet metaphysically grounded framework.

Kaynakça

  • Bayne, T. (2008). The unity of consciousness and the split-brain syndrome. The Journal of Philosophy, 105(6), 277-300.
  • Bremmer, J. N. (2010). The rise of the unitary soul and its opposition to the body. From Homer to Socrates. İçinde L. Jansen & C. Jedan (Ed.), Philosophische Anthropologie in der Antike (ss. 11-30). De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110329254.11.
  • Damasio, A. (2006). Descartes’ın yanılgısı (B. Atlamaz, Çev.). Varlık Yayınları.
  • Descartes, R. (1982). Principles of philosophy: Translated, with explanatory notes (V. R. Miller & R. P. Miller, Çev.). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7888-1.
  • Descartes, R. (2008). Meditations on first philosophy: With selections from the objections and replies (M. Moriarty, Çev.). Oxford University Press.
  • Descartes, R. (2016). The passions of the soul and other late philosophical writings (M. Moriarty, Çev. 1st edition). Oxford University Press.
  • Heil, J. (2020). Zihin felsefesi-çağdaş bir giriş (S. Akbıyık & M. Bilgili, Çev.). Küre Yayınları.
  • Hume, D. (2009). İnsan doğası üzerine bir inceleme (E. Baylan, Çev.). Bilgesu Yayıncılık.
  • Jackson, F. (1986). What Mary didn’t know. Journal of Philosophy, 83 (5), 291-295.
  • Kaya, M. (2025). Homeros’tan Plotinos’a Antik Yunan’da ruh. Elis Yayınları.
  • Kistler, M. (2004). Some problems for Lowe’s four-category ontology. Analysis, 64(2), 146-151.
  • Koons, R. C., & Pickavance, T. (2015). Metaphysics: The fundamentals. Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Lowe, E. J. (1991). Substance and selfhood. Philosophy, 66 (255), 81-99.
  • Lowe, E. J. (2001). The possibility of metaphysics: Substance, identity, and time (1. bs). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/0199244995.001.0001.
  • Lowe, E. J. (2006). Non-cartesian substance dualism and the problem of mental causation. Erkenntnis (1975-), 65(1), 5-23.
  • Lowe, E. J. (2007). The Four-category ontology: A metaphysical foundation for natural science. Clarendon Press.
  • Lowe, E. J. (2008a). Personal agency. İçinde E. J. Lowe (Ed.), Personal Agency: The Metaphysics of Mind and Action. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/ acprof:oso/9780199217144.003.0008.
  • Lowe, E. J. (2008b). Physical causal closure and the invisibility of mental causation. İçinde E. J. Lowe (Ed.), Personal Agency: The Metaphysics of Mind and Action. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199217144.003.0004.
  • Lowe, E. J. (2010). Substance dualism: a non‐cartesian approach. İçinde R. C. Koons & G. Bealer (Ed.), The Waning of Materialism. Oxford University Press. https://doi. org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199556182.003.0022.
  • Lowe, E. J. (2023). Kartezyen olmayan töz ikiciliği ve zihinsel nedensellik sorunu (B. Celayir, Çev.). İçinde E. Demircioğlu (Ed.). Zihin: Descartes’ten Yapay Zekaya. Fol Yayınları.
  • Nagel, T. (1974). What is it like to be a bat? Philosophical Review, 83(4), 435-450. Öztürk, Ü. (2011). Carnap’ın metafizik eleştirisi. Kaygı. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi, 16, 143-160.
  • Papineau, D. (2023). Naturalism. İçinde E. N. Zalta & U. Nodelman (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2023). https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/ fall2023/entries/naturalism/.
  • Ryle, G. (2009). The concept of mind. Routledge.
  • Sand, R. (2025). Split-brain syndrome | causes, symptoms & treatment | Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/split-brain-syndrome.
  • Swinburne, R. (1997). The evolution of the soul (Rev. ed). Clarendon Press.
  • Swinburne, R. (2007). From mental/physical identity to substance dualism. Içinde P. van Inwagen & D. Zimmermann (Ed.), Persons: Human and divine. Oxford University Press.
  • Taliaferro, C. (2018). Substance dualism: A defense. İçinde J. J. Loose, A. J. L. Menuge, & J. P. Moreland (Ed.), The Blackwell Companion to Substance Dualism (ss. 41-60). Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Wasserman, R. (2006). [Rev. of review of the four-category ontology: a metaphysical foundation for natural science, tanıtım yazarı E. J. Lowe]. https://ndpr.nd.edu/re- views/the-four-category-ontology-a-metaphysical-foundation-for-natural-science/ (12.10.2025).

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 82, 36 - 63, 15.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.58634/felsefedunyasi.1806015

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Bayne, T. (2008). The unity of consciousness and the split-brain syndrome. The Journal of Philosophy, 105(6), 277-300.
  • Bremmer, J. N. (2010). The rise of the unitary soul and its opposition to the body. From Homer to Socrates. İçinde L. Jansen & C. Jedan (Ed.), Philosophische Anthropologie in der Antike (ss. 11-30). De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110329254.11.
  • Damasio, A. (2006). Descartes’ın yanılgısı (B. Atlamaz, Çev.). Varlık Yayınları.
  • Descartes, R. (1982). Principles of philosophy: Translated, with explanatory notes (V. R. Miller & R. P. Miller, Çev.). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7888-1.
  • Descartes, R. (2008). Meditations on first philosophy: With selections from the objections and replies (M. Moriarty, Çev.). Oxford University Press.
  • Descartes, R. (2016). The passions of the soul and other late philosophical writings (M. Moriarty, Çev. 1st edition). Oxford University Press.
  • Heil, J. (2020). Zihin felsefesi-çağdaş bir giriş (S. Akbıyık & M. Bilgili, Çev.). Küre Yayınları.
  • Hume, D. (2009). İnsan doğası üzerine bir inceleme (E. Baylan, Çev.). Bilgesu Yayıncılık.
  • Jackson, F. (1986). What Mary didn’t know. Journal of Philosophy, 83 (5), 291-295.
  • Kaya, M. (2025). Homeros’tan Plotinos’a Antik Yunan’da ruh. Elis Yayınları.
  • Kistler, M. (2004). Some problems for Lowe’s four-category ontology. Analysis, 64(2), 146-151.
  • Koons, R. C., & Pickavance, T. (2015). Metaphysics: The fundamentals. Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Lowe, E. J. (1991). Substance and selfhood. Philosophy, 66 (255), 81-99.
  • Lowe, E. J. (2001). The possibility of metaphysics: Substance, identity, and time (1. bs). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/0199244995.001.0001.
  • Lowe, E. J. (2006). Non-cartesian substance dualism and the problem of mental causation. Erkenntnis (1975-), 65(1), 5-23.
  • Lowe, E. J. (2007). The Four-category ontology: A metaphysical foundation for natural science. Clarendon Press.
  • Lowe, E. J. (2008a). Personal agency. İçinde E. J. Lowe (Ed.), Personal Agency: The Metaphysics of Mind and Action. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/ acprof:oso/9780199217144.003.0008.
  • Lowe, E. J. (2008b). Physical causal closure and the invisibility of mental causation. İçinde E. J. Lowe (Ed.), Personal Agency: The Metaphysics of Mind and Action. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199217144.003.0004.
  • Lowe, E. J. (2010). Substance dualism: a non‐cartesian approach. İçinde R. C. Koons & G. Bealer (Ed.), The Waning of Materialism. Oxford University Press. https://doi. org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199556182.003.0022.
  • Lowe, E. J. (2023). Kartezyen olmayan töz ikiciliği ve zihinsel nedensellik sorunu (B. Celayir, Çev.). İçinde E. Demircioğlu (Ed.). Zihin: Descartes’ten Yapay Zekaya. Fol Yayınları.
  • Nagel, T. (1974). What is it like to be a bat? Philosophical Review, 83(4), 435-450. Öztürk, Ü. (2011). Carnap’ın metafizik eleştirisi. Kaygı. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi, 16, 143-160.
  • Papineau, D. (2023). Naturalism. İçinde E. N. Zalta & U. Nodelman (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2023). https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/ fall2023/entries/naturalism/.
  • Ryle, G. (2009). The concept of mind. Routledge.
  • Sand, R. (2025). Split-brain syndrome | causes, symptoms & treatment | Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/split-brain-syndrome.
  • Swinburne, R. (1997). The evolution of the soul (Rev. ed). Clarendon Press.
  • Swinburne, R. (2007). From mental/physical identity to substance dualism. Içinde P. van Inwagen & D. Zimmermann (Ed.), Persons: Human and divine. Oxford University Press.
  • Taliaferro, C. (2018). Substance dualism: A defense. İçinde J. J. Loose, A. J. L. Menuge, & J. P. Moreland (Ed.), The Blackwell Companion to Substance Dualism (ss. 41-60). Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Wasserman, R. (2006). [Rev. of review of the four-category ontology: a metaphysical foundation for natural science, tanıtım yazarı E. J. Lowe]. https://ndpr.nd.edu/re- views/the-four-category-ontology-a-metaphysical-foundation-for-natural-science/ (12.10.2025).

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 82, 36 - 63, 15.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.58634/felsefedunyasi.1806015

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Bayne, T. (2008). The unity of consciousness and the split-brain syndrome. The Journal of Philosophy, 105(6), 277-300.
  • Bremmer, J. N. (2010). The rise of the unitary soul and its opposition to the body. From Homer to Socrates. İçinde L. Jansen & C. Jedan (Ed.), Philosophische Anthropologie in der Antike (ss. 11-30). De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110329254.11.
  • Damasio, A. (2006). Descartes’ın yanılgısı (B. Atlamaz, Çev.). Varlık Yayınları.
  • Descartes, R. (1982). Principles of philosophy: Translated, with explanatory notes (V. R. Miller & R. P. Miller, Çev.). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7888-1.
  • Descartes, R. (2008). Meditations on first philosophy: With selections from the objections and replies (M. Moriarty, Çev.). Oxford University Press.
  • Descartes, R. (2016). The passions of the soul and other late philosophical writings (M. Moriarty, Çev. 1st edition). Oxford University Press.
  • Heil, J. (2020). Zihin felsefesi-çağdaş bir giriş (S. Akbıyık & M. Bilgili, Çev.). Küre Yayınları.
  • Hume, D. (2009). İnsan doğası üzerine bir inceleme (E. Baylan, Çev.). Bilgesu Yayıncılık.
  • Jackson, F. (1986). What Mary didn’t know. Journal of Philosophy, 83 (5), 291-295.
  • Kaya, M. (2025). Homeros’tan Plotinos’a Antik Yunan’da ruh. Elis Yayınları.
  • Kistler, M. (2004). Some problems for Lowe’s four-category ontology. Analysis, 64(2), 146-151.
  • Koons, R. C., & Pickavance, T. (2015). Metaphysics: The fundamentals. Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Lowe, E. J. (1991). Substance and selfhood. Philosophy, 66 (255), 81-99.
  • Lowe, E. J. (2001). The possibility of metaphysics: Substance, identity, and time (1. bs). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/0199244995.001.0001.
  • Lowe, E. J. (2006). Non-cartesian substance dualism and the problem of mental causation. Erkenntnis (1975-), 65(1), 5-23.
  • Lowe, E. J. (2007). The Four-category ontology: A metaphysical foundation for natural science. Clarendon Press.
  • Lowe, E. J. (2008a). Personal agency. İçinde E. J. Lowe (Ed.), Personal Agency: The Metaphysics of Mind and Action. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/ acprof:oso/9780199217144.003.0008.
  • Lowe, E. J. (2008b). Physical causal closure and the invisibility of mental causation. İçinde E. J. Lowe (Ed.), Personal Agency: The Metaphysics of Mind and Action. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199217144.003.0004.
  • Lowe, E. J. (2010). Substance dualism: a non‐cartesian approach. İçinde R. C. Koons & G. Bealer (Ed.), The Waning of Materialism. Oxford University Press. https://doi. org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199556182.003.0022.
  • Lowe, E. J. (2023). Kartezyen olmayan töz ikiciliği ve zihinsel nedensellik sorunu (B. Celayir, Çev.). İçinde E. Demircioğlu (Ed.). Zihin: Descartes’ten Yapay Zekaya. Fol Yayınları.
  • Nagel, T. (1974). What is it like to be a bat? Philosophical Review, 83(4), 435-450. Öztürk, Ü. (2011). Carnap’ın metafizik eleştirisi. Kaygı. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi, 16, 143-160.
  • Papineau, D. (2023). Naturalism. İçinde E. N. Zalta & U. Nodelman (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2023). https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/ fall2023/entries/naturalism/.
  • Ryle, G. (2009). The concept of mind. Routledge.
  • Sand, R. (2025). Split-brain syndrome | causes, symptoms & treatment | Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/split-brain-syndrome.
  • Swinburne, R. (1997). The evolution of the soul (Rev. ed). Clarendon Press.
  • Swinburne, R. (2007). From mental/physical identity to substance dualism. Içinde P. van Inwagen & D. Zimmermann (Ed.), Persons: Human and divine. Oxford University Press.
  • Taliaferro, C. (2018). Substance dualism: A defense. İçinde J. J. Loose, A. J. L. Menuge, & J. P. Moreland (Ed.), The Blackwell Companion to Substance Dualism (ss. 41-60). Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Wasserman, R. (2006). [Rev. of review of the four-category ontology: a metaphysical foundation for natural science, tanıtım yazarı E. J. Lowe]. https://ndpr.nd.edu/re- views/the-four-category-ontology-a-metaphysical-foundation-for-natural-science/ (12.10.2025).

Dört-Kategorili Ontoloji ve Zihin Felsefesinde Metafiziğin Kaçınılmazlığı

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 82, 36 - 63, 15.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.58634/felsefedunyasi.1806015

Öz

Bu çalışma, zihin felsefesinde metafiziğin kaçınılmazlığını tartışırken E. J. Lowe’un Kartezyen olmayan töz düalizmini örnek bir model olarak ele almaktadır. Güncel yaklaşımlar genellikle bilimi veya işlevsel açıklamaları önceleyerek bilinç, faillik (agency) ve kişisel özdeşlik gibi meseleleri bilimsel verilere indirgeme eğilimindedir. Oysa Lowe, bu soruların özünde metafiziksel olduğunu savunmaktadır. Onun töz, tür, nitelik ve kip ayrımına dayanan dört-kategorili ontolojisi, zihinsel olguları fiziksele indirgemeden açıklayabilmemiz için bir zemin sunmaktadır. Lowe’a göre benlik, zihinsel niteliklerin taşıyıcısı olan birincil ontolojik öznedir, bedensel organizmayla ilişkili ama ondan ontolojik olarak farklıdır. Kartezyen ayrılabilirliği reddederken, ontolojik düalizmi koruyan bu model, zihinsel nedensellik ile fiziksel kapalılığı uzlaştırmakta ve indirgemeciliğe alternatif sunmaktadır. Makale, tüm zihin felsefesi kuramlarının özdeşlik, bağımlılık ve modalite gibi metafizik varsayımlara dayandığını göstermektedir. Bu bağlamda metafizik, felsefi araştırmalar için isteğe bağlı bir arka plan değil, zorunlu bir temeldir. Lowe’un yaklaşımı, töz düalizmini yeniden meşrulaştırmakla kalmamakta, aynı zamanda bilinç, yönelimsellik ve failliğe ilişkin sorunlara bilimsel verilerle uyumlu ama metafiziksel olarak temellendirilmiş bir çözüm sunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Bayne, T. (2008). The unity of consciousness and the split-brain syndrome. The Journal of Philosophy, 105(6), 277-300.
  • Bremmer, J. N. (2010). The rise of the unitary soul and its opposition to the body. From Homer to Socrates. İçinde L. Jansen & C. Jedan (Ed.), Philosophische Anthropologie in der Antike (ss. 11-30). De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110329254.11.
  • Damasio, A. (2006). Descartes’ın yanılgısı (B. Atlamaz, Çev.). Varlık Yayınları.
  • Descartes, R. (1982). Principles of philosophy: Translated, with explanatory notes (V. R. Miller & R. P. Miller, Çev.). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7888-1.
  • Descartes, R. (2008). Meditations on first philosophy: With selections from the objections and replies (M. Moriarty, Çev.). Oxford University Press.
  • Descartes, R. (2016). The passions of the soul and other late philosophical writings (M. Moriarty, Çev. 1st edition). Oxford University Press.
  • Heil, J. (2020). Zihin felsefesi-çağdaş bir giriş (S. Akbıyık & M. Bilgili, Çev.). Küre Yayınları.
  • Hume, D. (2009). İnsan doğası üzerine bir inceleme (E. Baylan, Çev.). Bilgesu Yayıncılık.
  • Jackson, F. (1986). What Mary didn’t know. Journal of Philosophy, 83 (5), 291-295.
  • Kaya, M. (2025). Homeros’tan Plotinos’a Antik Yunan’da ruh. Elis Yayınları.
  • Kistler, M. (2004). Some problems for Lowe’s four-category ontology. Analysis, 64(2), 146-151.
  • Koons, R. C., & Pickavance, T. (2015). Metaphysics: The fundamentals. Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Lowe, E. J. (1991). Substance and selfhood. Philosophy, 66 (255), 81-99.
  • Lowe, E. J. (2001). The possibility of metaphysics: Substance, identity, and time (1. bs). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/0199244995.001.0001.
  • Lowe, E. J. (2006). Non-cartesian substance dualism and the problem of mental causation. Erkenntnis (1975-), 65(1), 5-23.
  • Lowe, E. J. (2007). The Four-category ontology: A metaphysical foundation for natural science. Clarendon Press.
  • Lowe, E. J. (2008a). Personal agency. İçinde E. J. Lowe (Ed.), Personal Agency: The Metaphysics of Mind and Action. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/ acprof:oso/9780199217144.003.0008.
  • Lowe, E. J. (2008b). Physical causal closure and the invisibility of mental causation. İçinde E. J. Lowe (Ed.), Personal Agency: The Metaphysics of Mind and Action. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199217144.003.0004.
  • Lowe, E. J. (2010). Substance dualism: a non‐cartesian approach. İçinde R. C. Koons & G. Bealer (Ed.), The Waning of Materialism. Oxford University Press. https://doi. org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199556182.003.0022.
  • Lowe, E. J. (2023). Kartezyen olmayan töz ikiciliği ve zihinsel nedensellik sorunu (B. Celayir, Çev.). İçinde E. Demircioğlu (Ed.). Zihin: Descartes’ten Yapay Zekaya. Fol Yayınları.
  • Nagel, T. (1974). What is it like to be a bat? Philosophical Review, 83(4), 435-450. Öztürk, Ü. (2011). Carnap’ın metafizik eleştirisi. Kaygı. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi, 16, 143-160.
  • Papineau, D. (2023). Naturalism. İçinde E. N. Zalta & U. Nodelman (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2023). https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/ fall2023/entries/naturalism/.
  • Ryle, G. (2009). The concept of mind. Routledge.
  • Sand, R. (2025). Split-brain syndrome | causes, symptoms & treatment | Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/split-brain-syndrome.
  • Swinburne, R. (1997). The evolution of the soul (Rev. ed). Clarendon Press.
  • Swinburne, R. (2007). From mental/physical identity to substance dualism. Içinde P. van Inwagen & D. Zimmermann (Ed.), Persons: Human and divine. Oxford University Press.
  • Taliaferro, C. (2018). Substance dualism: A defense. İçinde J. J. Loose, A. J. L. Menuge, & J. P. Moreland (Ed.), The Blackwell Companion to Substance Dualism (ss. 41-60). Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Wasserman, R. (2006). [Rev. of review of the four-category ontology: a metaphysical foundation for natural science, tanıtım yazarı E. J. Lowe]. https://ndpr.nd.edu/re- views/the-four-category-ontology-a-metaphysical-foundation-for-natural-science/ (12.10.2025).
Toplam 28 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Çağdaş Felsefe
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Bilge Sever Kıyak 0000-0001-5593-7675

Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Ekim 2025
Kabul Tarihi 3 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Sayı: 82

Kaynak Göster

APA Sever Kıyak, B. (2025). Dört-Kategorili Ontoloji ve Zihin Felsefesinde Metafiziğin Kaçınılmazlığı. Felsefe Dünyası, 82, 36-63. https://doi.org/10.58634/felsefedunyasi.1806015