DEPRESYON ANKSİYETE STRES ÖLÇEĞİNİN(DASS 21) TÜRKÇE KISA FORMUNUN GEÇERLİLİK-GÜVENİLİRLİK ÇALIŞMASI

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 78 - 91, 01.07.2017

Özer Yılmaz , Hakan Boz , Aytuğ Arslan

Öz

Emek yoğun
bir sektör olan turizm sektöründe, çalışanlar arasında depresyon stres ve
anksiyeteye bağlı rahatsızlıkların günden güne hızla artmakta olduğu
görülmektedir. Depresyon, stres ve anksiyete kaynaklı rahatsızlıkların 2020
yılına gelindiğinde dünyada en çok görülen ikinci rahatsızlık olacağı tahmin
edilmektedir. Bu rahatsızlıkların yaygın olarak görülmesi aynı zamanda
ülkelerin sağlık harcamaları, toplumsal barış, iş hayatı ve bireyler üzerinde
oldukça önemli olumsuz etkileri olabilmektedir. Çalışmada 42 maddelik Depresyon
Stres ve Anksiyete Ölçeği’nin uzun formunun kısa hali olan DASS 21’in
geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması yapılmıştır. Bu kısa formun geçerlilik ve
güvenilirlik çalışması yapılarak hem bilimsel araştırmalarda daha az örneklem
ile çalışma yapılabilmesini sağlamak hem de bireysel ve toplumsal ölçekte
hayati etkileri bulunan depresyon stres ve anksiyeteye bağlı psikolojik
rahatsızlıkların bireyler üzerindeki etkilerinin daha kolay araştırılabilmesini
sağlamaktır. Bu kapsamda 618 örneklemden elde edilen veriler analiz edilmiştir.
Analiz sonuçlarına göre ölçeğin faktör yüklerinin,41 ile ,81 arasında değiştiği
görülmektedir. Ölçeğe ait verilerin güvenilirlik katsayıları da,755 ile ,822
arasındadır. Üç ayrı tahmin yöntemi kullanılarak analiz edilen verilerin
sonuçlarına göre Depresyon Anksiyete ve Stres Ölçeği’nin 21 maddelik kısa formu
geçerli ve güvenilir bir yapıya sahip olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Depresyon, Anksiyete, Stres, Hizmet Sektörü, Turizm, DASS21

Kaynakça

• Akın, A., Yalnız, A., Özçelik, B., Kazaz, N. & Odabaşı, Ş. (2015)Çekirdek İnançlar Envanteri Türkçe Formu: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması, The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 35: 25-31 Akın, A. & Çetin, B. (2007). The depression anxiety and stress scale (DASS): The study of validity and reliability. Kuram ve Uygulamada Egitim Bilimleri, 7(1), 260-268. Aksu, A. (2008). Employee turnover - calculation of turnover rates and costs. Dana V. TESONE (der), Handbook of Hospitality Human Resources Management içinde, Burlington: Elseiver Ltd. Alexander, S. A. N. D. R. A. (2015). Cognitive Responses to Stress, Depression, and Anxiety and Their Relationship to ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) Symptoms., Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Queen‟s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-IV-TR) (4th Ed). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. Anderson, J.R. (1993). Rules of the Mind. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Arshadi, N. & Damiri, H. (2013). The relationship of job stress with turnover intention and job performance: Moderating role of OBSE. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 84, 706-710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.631 Atkinson, W. (2000). When stress won’t go away, Human Resource Magazine, 5(12), 104- 10. Barlow, David H. (2000). Unraveling the mysteries of anxiety and its disorders from the perspective of emotion theory. American Psychologist, 55(11), 1247–1263. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.11.1247 Berg, T. R. (1991). The importance of equity perception and job satisfaction in predicting employee intent to stay at television stations. Group & Organization Management, 16(3), 268-284. https://doi.org/10.1177/105960119101600303 Bertelli, A. (2007). Bureaucratic turnover and democratic governance: Evidence from the U.S. Internal Revenue Service. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 17(2), 235-258. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mul003 Bijl, R. V., Ravelli, A., & Van Zessen, G. (1998). Prevalence of psychiatric disorder in the general population: results of The Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS). Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 33(12), 587-595. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001270050098 Bitner, M. J., Booms, B. H., & Tetreault, M. S. (1990). The service encounter: diagnosing favorable and unfavorable incidents. The Journal of Marketing, 71-84. https://doi.org/10.2307/1252174 Blaedel A, Hansen CH, Nielsen K. (2005). Health promotion project: "Health check" for the hotel and catering branch. Homeost Health Dis., 43(3):164–8. Boz, H. (2015). Turistik ürün satın alma karar sürecinde itkiselliğin rolü: Psikonörobiyokimyasal Analiz (Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi), Balıkesir Üniversitesi, Balıkesir. Breuer, N. L. (1995). Revealing the dark secret of clinical depression.Personnel journal, 74(4), 120-127. Breznitz, Z. (1992). Verbal indicators of depression. The Journal of general psychology, 119(4), 351-363. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.1992.9921178 Brown, T. A., Chorpita, B. F., & Barlow, D. H. (1998). Structural relationships among dimensions of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders and dimensions of negative affect, positive affect, and autonomic arousal. Journal of abnormal psychology, 107(2), 179-192. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.107.2.179 Brown, T. A., Chorpita, B. F., Korotitsch, W., & Barlow, D. H. (1997). Psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) in clinical samples. Behaviour research and therapy, 35(1), 79-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(96)00068-X Brymer, R., Perrewe, P. L., and Johns, T. R. (1991) . Analysis of job stress profile in the hotel industry, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 13, 219-231. Burisch, M. (1984). You don't always get what you pay for: Measuring depression with short and simple versus long and sophisticated scales. Journal of Research in Personality, 18(1), 81-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(84)90040-0 Burisch, M. (1997). Test length and validity revisited. European Journal of Personality, 11, 303–315. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0984(199711)11:4<303::AID-PER292>3.0.CO;2-# Büyükgöze-Kavas (2012), A. Kariyer Karar Ölçeği’nin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 38, 159-168. Campos, J. J. & Barrett, K. C. (1984). Toward a new understanding of emotions and their development. Emotions, cognition, and behavior, 229-263. Chan, S. H., Wan, Y. K. P, & Kuok, O. M. (2015). Relationships among burnout, job satisfaction, and turnover of casino employees in Macau. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 24(4), 345-374. Chima, F. O. (2001). Employee assistance and human resource collaboration for improving employment and disabilities status. Employee Assistance Quarterly, 17(3), 79-94. Chiu, R. K. & Francesco, A. M. (2003). Dispositional traits and turnover intention: Examining the mediating role of job satisfaction and affective commitment. International Journal of Manpower, 24(3), 284-298. Conti, D. J., & Burton, W. N. (1994). The economic impact of depression in a workplace. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 36(9), 983-988. Deniz, M. E., & Sümer, A. S. (2010). Farklı Özanlayış Düzeylerine Sahip Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Depresyon, Anksiyete ve Stresin Değerlendirilmesi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 35(158). Dole, C. & Schroeder, R. G. (2001). The impact of various factors on the personality, job satisfaction and turnover intentions of professional accountants. Managerial Auditing Journal, 16(4), 234-245. Dyck, D. (2001). The toxic workplace. Benefits Canada, 25(3), 52. Egan, T. M., Yang, B., & Bartlett, K. R. (2004). The effects of organizational learning culture and job satisfaction on motivation to transfer learning and turnover intention. Human resource development quarterly, 15(3), 279-301. Ercan, İ., & Kan, İ. (2004). Ölçeklerde güvenirlik ve geçerlik. Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 30(3), 211-216 Faulkner, B. & Patiar, A. (1997). Workplace induced stress among operational staff in the hotel industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 16(1), 99-117. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D.F., (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18 (1), 39-50. Fredrickson, B. L. & Joiner, T. (2002). Positive emotions trigger upward spirals toward emotional well-being. Psychological science, 13(2), 172-175. Friedman, R. A., Tidd, S. T., Currall, S. C., & Tsai, J. C. (2000). What goes around comes around: The impact of personal conflict style on work conflict and stress. International Journal of Conflict Management, 11(1), 32-55. Geurts, S. A., Schaufeli, W. B., & Rutte, C. G. (1999). Absenteeism, turnover intention and inequity in the employment relationship. Work & Stress, 13(3), 253-267. Gosling, S. D., Rentfrow, P. J., & Swann, W. B. (2003). A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains. Journal of Research in personality, 37(6), 504-528. Greenberg, P. E., & Birnbaum, H. G. (2005). The economic burden of depression in the US: societal and patient perspectives. Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy, 6(3), 369-376. https://doi.org/10.1517/14656566.6.3.369 Greenberg, P. E., Sisitsky, T., Kessler, R. C., Finkelstein, S. N., Berndt, E. R., Davidson, J. R., & Fyer, A. J. (1999). The economic burden of anxiety disorders in the 1990s. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 60(7), 1-478. Greenberg, P. E., Stiglin, L. E., Finkelstein, S. N., & Berndt, E. R. (1993). The economic burden of depression in 1990. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 54(11), 405-418. Greenberg, P. E.,& Birnbaum, H. G. (2005). The economic burden of depression in the US: societal and patient perspectives. Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy, 6(3), 369-376. Gu, R., Huang, Y. X., & Luo, Y. J. (2010). Anxiety and feedback negativity.Psychophysiology, 47(5), 961-967. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.00997.x Hackett, J. T. (2001). Post 9-11 priority: Mental health care. Houston Chronicle, Section, 1, 5. Hammad, M., Awan, S. H., Akhtar, C. S. & Imdadullah, M. (2012). Investigating stress and employee performance in traffic police. International Proceedings of Economics Development and Research, 55(28), 141-144. Handrich, R. R. (2000). Managing Mental Illness in the Workplace: A Practical Guide for Supervisors. Hogg Foundation for Mental Health, University of Texas at Austin. Hawthorne, G., Cheok, F., Goldney, R., & Fisher, L. (2003). The excess cost of depression in South Australia: a population-based study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 37(3), 362-373. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2003.01189.x Henry, J. D., & Crawford, J. R. (2005). The short‐form version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS‐21): Construct validity and normative data in a large non‐clinical sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology,44(2), 227-239. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466505X29657 Hon, A. H. Y., Chan, W. W. H. & Lu, L. (2013). Overcoming work-related stress and promoting employee creativity in hotel industry: The role of task feedback from supervisor. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 33, 416-424. Houtman, I. & Jettinghoff, K. (2007). Raising awareness of stress at work in developing countries. Protecting Workers’ Health Series, 6, TNO Work & Employment, World Health Organization. Johnson, P. R., & Indvik, J. (1997). The boomer blues: Depression in the workplace. Public Personnel Management, 26(3), 359-365. https://doi.org/10.1177/009102609702600305 Kellough, J. E. & Osuna, W. (1995). Cross-agency comparisons of quit rates in the federal service: Another look at the evidence. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 15(4), 15-68. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X9501500406 Kılıç, R., Boz, H., & Koç, E. (2016). Depression and Turnover Intentıon Among Hotel Employees. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14(1), 318-331. Kim, S. S., Im, J., & Hwang, J. (2015). The effects of mentoring on role stress, job attitude, and turnover intention in the hotel industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 48, 68-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2015.04.006 Koc, E. & Boz, H. (2014). Psychoneurobiochemistry of tourism marketing. Tourism Management, 44, 140-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.03.002 Koç, E. (2015). Hizmet Pazarlaması ve Yönetimi: Global ve Yerel Yaklaşım Seçkin Yayıncılık, İstanbul. Külekçi, E. & Özgan, H (2015). Adaptation Of The Socıally Responsıble Leadershıp Scale To Turkısh: A Valıdıty And Relıabılıty Study. Uluslararası Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(3): 61-82 Lazarus, R. S. (1966). Psychological stress and the coping process, Nw York: McGraw-Hill. Lerner, D., Adler, D. A., Chang, H., Lapitsky, L., Hood, M. Y., Perissinotto, C., ... & Rogers, W. H. (2004). Unemployment, job retention, and productivity loss among employees with depression. Psychiatric Services.55, 1371-1378. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.55.12.1371 Levi, L. (2002). Spice of life or kiss of death. Working on stress, Magazine of the European Agency of Safety and Health at Work No.5. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. Lo, K. & Lamm, F. (2005). Occupational stress in hospitality industry – an employment relations perspective. New Zealand Journal of Employment Relations, 30(1), 23-47. Lovibond, P. F. & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour research and therapy, 33(3), 335-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U Mahmoud, J. S. R., Staten, R. T., Hall, L. A., & Lennie, T. A. (2012). The relationship among young adult college students’ depression, anxiety, stress, demographics, life satisfaction, and coping styles. Issues in mental health nursing, 33(3), 149-156. Malik, M. I., Safwan, M. N. & Sindhu, A. G. (2011) Examining stress, job satisfaction and customer satisfaction in a transport company – A case from Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 2(18), 81-85. McDowell, I., Lindsay, J., Sykes, E., Verreault, R., Laurin, D., Hendrie, H. C., ... & Tabib, A. (2004). Prevalence and incidence studies of mood disorders: a systematic review of the literature. Can. J. Psychiatry, 49, 124-138. Mineka, S., Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1998). Comorbidity of anxiety and unipolar mood disorders. Annual review of psychology, 49(1), 377-412. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.377 Murray, C.J.L., Lopez, A.D., (1996). Alternative visions of the future: projecting mortality and disability, 1990–2020. In: Murray, C.J.L., Lopez, A.D. (Eds.), The Global Burden of Disease. A Comprehensive Assessment of Mortality and Disability from Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors in 1990 and Projected to 2020. Publication from the Harvard School of Public Health, on Behalf of the World Health Organization and the World Bank. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 361–395. National Institute of Mental Health (2007). Depression. Retrieved September 1, 2007, from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression/index.shtml adresinden erişilmiştir. (Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2016) Navickas, V. & Malakauskaite, A. (2015). The possibilities for the identification and evaluation of tourism sector competitiveness factors.Engineering Economics, 61(1),37-44 Nazan, B., & Bilgel, N. B. (2010). Turkish version of the depression anxiety stress scale (DASS-42): Psychometric properties. Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi Dergisi, 47, 118-126. O’Neill, J. W. & Davis, K. (2011). Work stress and well-being in the hotel industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30, 385-390. Ok, Ü. (2011). Dini tutum ölçeği: ölçek geliştirme ve geçerlik çalışması.Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(2), 528-549. Parent-Thirion, A., Macías, E., Hurley, J., Vermeylen, Greet G. (2007). Fourth European working conditions survey. European Foundation for the improvement of living and working conditions. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. Qureshi, M. I., Iftikhar, M., Abbas, S. G., Hassan, U., Khan, K. & Zaman K. (2013). Relationship between job stress, workload, environment and employees turnover intentions: What we know, what should we know. World Applied Sciences Journal, 23(6), 764-770. Ramanathan, C. S. (1995). Coping with stress through social support: A model for EAP practice. Employee Assistance Quarterly, 11(1), 33-44. Ramsey, R. (1995). Depression at work, Supervision, 56(4), pp.14-17. Randall, C. S. & Mueller, C. W. (1995). Extensions of justice theory: Justice evaluations and employees' reactions in a natural setting. Social Psychology Quarterly, 178-194. https://doi.org/10.2307/2787041 Raymond, C. (2000). Stress the real millennium bug. Stress News, 12(4). Rice, D. P., & Miller, L. S. (1998). Health economics and cost implications of anxiety and other mental disorders in the United States. The British Journal of Psychiatry.173(34), 4-9. Robins, R. W., Tracy, J. L., Trzesniewski, K. H., Potter, J., & Gosling, S. D. (2001b). Personality correlates of self-esteem. Journal of Research in Personality, 35, 463–482. Rosen, J. B., & Schulkin, J. (1998). From normal fear to pathological anxiety.Psychological review, 105(2), 325-350. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.105.2.325 Salize, H. J., Stamm, K., Schubert, M., Bergmann, F., Härter, M., Berger, M., ... & Schneider, F. (2004). [Cost of care for depressive disorders in primary and specialized care in Germany]. Psychiatrische Praxis, 31(3), 147-156. Saucier, G. (1994). Mini-markers: A brief version of Goldbergs unipolar Big-Five markers. Journal of Personality Assessment, 63, 506–516. Schwepker, C. H. (2001). Ethical climate's relationship to job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intention in the salesforce. Journal of business research, 54(1), 39-52. Selye, H. (1936). A syndrome produced by diverse noxious agents. Nature, 138, 32-36. https://doi.org/10.1038/138032a0 Sheraz, A., Wajid, M., Sajid, M., Qureshi, W. H. & Rizwan, M. (2014). Antecedents of job stress and its impact on employee’s job satisfaction and turnover intentions. International Journal of Learning & Development, 4(2), 204-226. Shoor, R. (1994). The consequences of depression. The state of health care in America, 6-10. Sobocki, P., Ekman, M., Ågren, H., Runeson, B., & Jönsson, B. (2006). The mission is remission: health economic consequences of achieving full remission with antidepressant treatment for depression. International journal of clinical practice, 60(7), 791-798. Stewart, W. F., Ricci, J. A., Chee, E., Hahn, S. R., & Morganstein, D. (2003). Cost of lost productive work time among US workers with depression. Jama,289(23), 3135-3144. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.23.3135 Stier, H. & Lewin-Epstein, N. (2001). Welfare regimes, family-supportive policies, and women’s employment along the life-course. American Journal of Sociology, 106(6), 1731-1760. Stoudemire, A., Frank, R., Hedemark, N., Kamlet, M., & Blazer, D. (1986). The economic burden of depression. General Hospital Psychiatry, 8(6), 387-394. Szadoczky, E., Papp, Z. S., Vitrai, J., Rıhmer, Z., & Füredi, J. (1998). The prevalence of major depressive and bipolar disorders in Hungary: results from a national epidemiologic survey. Journal of affective disorders, 50(2), 153-162. Tabachnick, B.G. & L.S. Fidell, (2013) Using Multivariate Statistics (sixth ed.)Pearson, Boston. Thoits, P. A. (1989). The sociology of emotions. Annual review of sociology, 317-342. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.15.080189.001533 Tsaur, S. H. & Tang, Y. Y. (2012). Job stress and well-being of female employees in hospitality: the role of regulatory leisure coping styles. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31, 1038-1044. Tümkaya, S., Sabahattin, Ç. A. M., & ÇAVUŞOĞLU, İ. (2009). Tükenmişlik Ölçeği Kısa Versiyonu’nun Türkçe’ye Uyarlama Geçerlik Ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 18(1). Varca, P. E. (1999). Work stress and customer service delivery. The Journal of Services Marketing, 13(3), 229–239. https://doi.org/10.1108/08876049910273853 Weiller, E., Bisserbe, J. C., Maier, W., & Lecrubier, Y. (1997). Prevalence and recognition of anxiety syndromes in five European primary care settings. A report from the WHO study on Psychological Problems in General Health Care.The British journal of psychiatry. Supplement, (34), 18-23. Wetherell, J. L., Gatz, M., & Pedersen, N. L. (2001). A longitudinal analysis of anxiety and depressive symptoms. Psychology and aging, 16(2), 187. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.16.2.187 Yılmaz, Ö. (2014). İlişkisel Pazarlama Faaliyetlerinin Ağızdan Ağıza İletişim (WOM) Yaratma Üzerine Etkisi: Bankacılık Sektörüne İlişkin Bir Alan Araştırması”. Balıkesir Üniversitesi, S.B.E. İşletme A.B.D, Balıkesir Yumuşak, S., & Boz, H. (2013). Konaklama İşletmelerinde Çalışanların Mevsimsel Duygudurum Düzeylerinin Etkisi. AİBÜ-İİBF Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi.9(2), 371-394 Zimmerman, R. D. (2008). Understandıng the ımpact of personalıty traıts on ındıvıduals'turnover decısıons: a meta‐analytıc path model. Personnel Psychology, 61(2), 309-348. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2008.00115.x Zinbarg, R. E., Revelle, W., & Yovel, I. (2007). Estimating ω h for structures containing two group factors: Perils and prospects. Applied Psychological Measurement, 31(2), 135-157. Zinbarg, R. E., Yovel, I., Revelle, W., & McDonald, R. P. (2006). Estimating generalizability to a latent variable common to all of a scale's indicators: A comparison of estimators for ωh. Applied Psychological Measurement, 30(2), 121-144. Zohar, D. and Monachello, M. (1996). Stress and coping, F. Go ve diğerleri (Ed.) Human Resource Management in the Hospitality Industry, New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc Zwick, W. R. & Velicer, W. F. (1982). Factors influencing four rules for determining the number of components to retain. Multivariate behavioral research, 17(2), 253-269. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr1702_5