Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Gallicanism in the Catholic Church of France

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 1, 239 - 259, 30.06.2022

Öz

Gallicanism is specifically related to the Catholic Church of France, and it is a set of ecclesiastical and political doctrines and practices which tried to limit the powers of the Papacy in France in general. In particular, it characterized the situation of the Catholic Church in France at certain periods. The emergence of Gallicanism as a specific idea came about in the 14th century and was first used as a term in 1810. Almost everything expressed by Gallicanism is a distinctive development within the French Catholic Church. Gallicanism was mostly about the riches of the Catholic Church and administrative matters rather than a theological movement. These issues were mostly related to episcopal jurisdiction, appointments of bishops, church properties and revenues, and at the core of all these issues lay the sharing of church revenues. The French Crown began to acquire gains, especially regarding the property and financial income of the church with the weakening of the power of the Papacy. This new situation left the bishops between the popes and the kings, and prepared the ground for the development of Gallicanism in the country. However, Gallicanism did not come around as a separatist movement and did not lead to the separation of the Catholic Church of France from the Roman Catholic Church. Due to the conflicts of interests between the king, parliament and the clergy, Gallicanism could not develop into a monolithic thought or doctrine, it manifested itself in different perspectives. These manifestations have been treated as Episcopal, Parliamentary, and Royal Gallicanism in most academic studies. Each of these different Gallican ideas brought to the fore the institutions indicated in their naming and received support from them. However, all three versions of Gallicanism shared some common ideals. These are the common ideals of different Gallicanisms: (1) the independence of the king of France in worldly affairs, (2) the supremacy of an ecumenical council over the pope, and (3) the restriction of the pope's intervention in the French Catholic Church. Royal Gallicanism aimed to gather the powers snatched away from the Papacy in the hands of the king. Parliamentary Gallicanism shared similar principles with Royal Gallicanism.

Kaynakça

  • Barry, Alfred. “Bossuet and the Gallican Decleration of 1682”. The Catholic Historical Review 15/2. Catholic University of America Press (1929), 143-153.
  • Becker, Michael K. “Episcopal Unrest: Gallicanizm in the 1625 Aseembly of Clergy”. Churhc History 43/1. Cambridge University Press (1974), 65-77.
  • Brewer, Cobham. The Political, Social and Literary History of France to the Present Year. London: Jarrold and Sons, 1878.
  • Boniface VIII. Clreicis Laicos 1296. Fordham University Medieval Sorucebook, https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/b8-clericos.asp. Erişim 26 Kasım 2021.
  • ----------------. Unam Sanctam 1302, Fordham University Medieval Sorucebook, https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/B8-unam.asp. Erişim 26 Kasım 2021.
  • Bouwsma, William J. A Usable Past: Essays in European History. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.
  • Chédozeau, Bernard. “Ultramontains, Anglicans et Gallicans Devant "Athalie”. Revue d'Histoire Llittéraire de la France 90/2. Presses Universitaires de France (1990), 165-179.
  • “Decrees of the First Vatican Council”. Papal Encyclicals Online, https://www.papalencyclicals.net/councils/ecum20.htm , Erişim 26 Kasım 2021.
  • “Gallicanism”. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Gallicanism, Erişim 26 Kasım 2021.
  • Gündüz, Şinasi. Din ve İnanç Sözlüğü. İstanbul: Vadi Yayınları, 2017.
  • Güngör, Ali İsra. Cizvitler ve Katolik Kilisesindeki Yeri. İstanbul: İlgi Kültür Sanat, 2016.
  • Jervis, W. Henley. The Gallican Church: A History of the Church of France. London: John Murray, 1872.
  • Jervis, W. Henley. The Gallican Church and the Revolution. London: Kegan Paul, Trench and Co. 1882.
  • Kılıç, Ahmet Faruk. “Fransız Devrimi ve Din”. Muhafazakâr Düşünce 3/11 (2007), 119-142.
  • Kutsal Kitap. Kitabı Mukaddes Şirketi ve Yeni Yaşam Yayınları. İstanbul, 2011.
  • Lloyd, Julius. The Gallican Church: Sketches of Church History in France, London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, ts.
  • Laboulaye, Edouard. “Libertes de L’eglise Gallicane”. Revue Historique de Droit Français et Etranger 4. Editios Dalloz (1858), 477-503.
  • Lupton, Joseph H. Archbishop Wake and the Project of Union Between the Gallican and Anclican Churches. London: George Bell and Sons, 1896.
  • Moody, Joseph N. “Gallicanism”. Encyclopedia of Religion 5. ed. Lindsay Jones. Thomson Gale (2005), 3258-3259.
  • Nielsen, Fredrik. The History of the Papacy in the XIXth Century. London: John Murray, 1906.
  • Oakley, Francis. The Conciliarist Tradition: Constitutionalism in the Catholic Church, 1300-1870. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
  • O’Malley, John W. A History of the Popes: From Peter to the Present, New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2010.
  • O’Sullivan, J. M. “The Gallican Church and the NAtional Assembly”. An Irish Quarterly Review 1/1. Messenger Publications (1912), 52-64.
  • Özalp, Mürsel. Papanın Yanılmazlığı Doktrini. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, 2015.
  • Pace, Edward. "Ex Cathedra". The Catholic Encyclopedia 5, New York: Robert Appleton Company, (1909). http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05677a.htm, Erişim 26 Kasım 2021. Parsons, Jonathan. The Church in the Republic: Gallicanism and Political Ideology in Renaissance France. Washington: The Catholic University of America Press, 2004. Powis, Jonathan. “Gallican Liberties and the Politics of Later Sixteenth-Century France”. The Historical Journal 26/3. Cambridge University Press (1983), 515-530.
  • Şahin, Osman. Eski Katolikler: Katolik Kilisesi’ndeki Son Ayrılık. Ankara: İlahiyat, 2021. Tawıl, Emmanuel. “Fransa’da Milli Din: Gallikan Hipotez”. çev. Mürsel Özalp. AİBÜ İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 3/6 (2015), 130-140.
  • “The Primacy of the Successor of Petrus in the Mystery of the Church”. Papalık Web Sayfası.
  • http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19981031_primato-successore-pietro_en.html, Erişim 26 Kasım 2021.
  • Turmel, Joseph. “Gallicanism”. Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics 6. ed. James Hastings. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, (1914), 156-163.
  • Ülgen, Pınar. Orta Çağ Avrupa Tarihi. İstanbul: Yeditepe, 2020.
  • Van Kley, Dale. “Church, State, and the Ideological Origins of the French Revolution: The Debate over the General Assembly of the Gallican Clergy in 1765”. The Journal of Modern History 51/4. The University of Chicago Press (1979), 629-666.
  • ---------------. The Religious Origins of French Revolution: From Calvin to the Civil Constitution 1560-1791. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1996.
  • ---------------. “Jansenism and the International Suppression of the Jesuits”. The Cambridge History of Christianity 7: Enlightenment, Reawakening, and Revolution 1660-1815. ed. Stewart J. Brown ve Timothy Tackett. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (2008), 302-328.
  • ---------------. “Civic Humanism in Clerical Garb: Gallican Memories of the Early Church and the Project of Primitivist Reform 1719-1791”. Past & Present 200. Oxford University Press (2008), 77-120.
  • Yazıcıoğlu, Hulusi. Bir Din Politikası Laiklik. İstanbul: İFAV, 1993.

Fransa Katolik Kilisesi’nde Gallikanizm

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 1, 239 - 259, 30.06.2022

Öz

Fransa Katolik Kilisesi, Roma Katolikliği içerisinde müstesna bir yere sahiptir. Fransa, Reform hareketine direnmiş, 1789 Devrimi’nden sonra dahi halkın çoğunluğunun Katolik olarak tanımlandığı bir ülke olmuştur. Ancak bu, Fransa Katolik Kilisesi’nin Roma’ya mutlak itaati şeklinde anlaşılmamalıdır. Aksine, Fransa’ya özgü bir akım olan “Gallikanizm”, Fransa ile Roma arasında birçok kez çatışmalara yol açmıştır. Gallikanizm, Fransa Katolik Kilisesi üzerinde Papalığın yetkilerini kısıtlamayı hedefleyen birtakım karar, uygulama ve doktrinleri ifade etmektedir. Genel konsilleri Papaların üzerinde bir otorite olarak gören konsilyarizm gibi birtakım teolojik argümanlar ile desteklense de, Gallikanizm çoğunlukla idari ve maddi meseleler ile ilgili olmuştur. Gallikanizm, krallar, papalar, piskoposlar ve daha sonra parlamenterlerin dâhil olduğu bir güç mücadelesini tanımlamaktadır. Bu mücadelede taraflar ve ittifaklar her zaman aynı kalmamıştır. Hatta bazı dönemlerde kral veya piskoposlar, Papalık ile ittifak halinde olmuştur. Papalıktan devşirilen yetki ve haklar için kral, parlamento ve piskoposlar karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Bu sebeple Royal, Parlamenter ve Episkopal Gallikanizm’lerden bahsedilir. Bu çok başlılıktan dolayı Gallikanizm yekpare bir akım olamamış ve Fransa Katolik Kilisesi üzerinde kalıcı bir etki bırakamamıştır. Bu çalışma, Fransa Katolik Kilisesi tarihinde önemli birtakım olay ve olgular çerçevesinde Gallikanizm’i açıklamaya çalışmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Barry, Alfred. “Bossuet and the Gallican Decleration of 1682”. The Catholic Historical Review 15/2. Catholic University of America Press (1929), 143-153.
  • Becker, Michael K. “Episcopal Unrest: Gallicanizm in the 1625 Aseembly of Clergy”. Churhc History 43/1. Cambridge University Press (1974), 65-77.
  • Brewer, Cobham. The Political, Social and Literary History of France to the Present Year. London: Jarrold and Sons, 1878.
  • Boniface VIII. Clreicis Laicos 1296. Fordham University Medieval Sorucebook, https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/b8-clericos.asp. Erişim 26 Kasım 2021.
  • ----------------. Unam Sanctam 1302, Fordham University Medieval Sorucebook, https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/B8-unam.asp. Erişim 26 Kasım 2021.
  • Bouwsma, William J. A Usable Past: Essays in European History. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.
  • Chédozeau, Bernard. “Ultramontains, Anglicans et Gallicans Devant "Athalie”. Revue d'Histoire Llittéraire de la France 90/2. Presses Universitaires de France (1990), 165-179.
  • “Decrees of the First Vatican Council”. Papal Encyclicals Online, https://www.papalencyclicals.net/councils/ecum20.htm , Erişim 26 Kasım 2021.
  • “Gallicanism”. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Gallicanism, Erişim 26 Kasım 2021.
  • Gündüz, Şinasi. Din ve İnanç Sözlüğü. İstanbul: Vadi Yayınları, 2017.
  • Güngör, Ali İsra. Cizvitler ve Katolik Kilisesindeki Yeri. İstanbul: İlgi Kültür Sanat, 2016.
  • Jervis, W. Henley. The Gallican Church: A History of the Church of France. London: John Murray, 1872.
  • Jervis, W. Henley. The Gallican Church and the Revolution. London: Kegan Paul, Trench and Co. 1882.
  • Kılıç, Ahmet Faruk. “Fransız Devrimi ve Din”. Muhafazakâr Düşünce 3/11 (2007), 119-142.
  • Kutsal Kitap. Kitabı Mukaddes Şirketi ve Yeni Yaşam Yayınları. İstanbul, 2011.
  • Lloyd, Julius. The Gallican Church: Sketches of Church History in France, London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, ts.
  • Laboulaye, Edouard. “Libertes de L’eglise Gallicane”. Revue Historique de Droit Français et Etranger 4. Editios Dalloz (1858), 477-503.
  • Lupton, Joseph H. Archbishop Wake and the Project of Union Between the Gallican and Anclican Churches. London: George Bell and Sons, 1896.
  • Moody, Joseph N. “Gallicanism”. Encyclopedia of Religion 5. ed. Lindsay Jones. Thomson Gale (2005), 3258-3259.
  • Nielsen, Fredrik. The History of the Papacy in the XIXth Century. London: John Murray, 1906.
  • Oakley, Francis. The Conciliarist Tradition: Constitutionalism in the Catholic Church, 1300-1870. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
  • O’Malley, John W. A History of the Popes: From Peter to the Present, New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2010.
  • O’Sullivan, J. M. “The Gallican Church and the NAtional Assembly”. An Irish Quarterly Review 1/1. Messenger Publications (1912), 52-64.
  • Özalp, Mürsel. Papanın Yanılmazlığı Doktrini. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, 2015.
  • Pace, Edward. "Ex Cathedra". The Catholic Encyclopedia 5, New York: Robert Appleton Company, (1909). http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05677a.htm, Erişim 26 Kasım 2021. Parsons, Jonathan. The Church in the Republic: Gallicanism and Political Ideology in Renaissance France. Washington: The Catholic University of America Press, 2004. Powis, Jonathan. “Gallican Liberties and the Politics of Later Sixteenth-Century France”. The Historical Journal 26/3. Cambridge University Press (1983), 515-530.
  • Şahin, Osman. Eski Katolikler: Katolik Kilisesi’ndeki Son Ayrılık. Ankara: İlahiyat, 2021. Tawıl, Emmanuel. “Fransa’da Milli Din: Gallikan Hipotez”. çev. Mürsel Özalp. AİBÜ İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 3/6 (2015), 130-140.
  • “The Primacy of the Successor of Petrus in the Mystery of the Church”. Papalık Web Sayfası.
  • http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19981031_primato-successore-pietro_en.html, Erişim 26 Kasım 2021.
  • Turmel, Joseph. “Gallicanism”. Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics 6. ed. James Hastings. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, (1914), 156-163.
  • Ülgen, Pınar. Orta Çağ Avrupa Tarihi. İstanbul: Yeditepe, 2020.
  • Van Kley, Dale. “Church, State, and the Ideological Origins of the French Revolution: The Debate over the General Assembly of the Gallican Clergy in 1765”. The Journal of Modern History 51/4. The University of Chicago Press (1979), 629-666.
  • ---------------. The Religious Origins of French Revolution: From Calvin to the Civil Constitution 1560-1791. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1996.
  • ---------------. “Jansenism and the International Suppression of the Jesuits”. The Cambridge History of Christianity 7: Enlightenment, Reawakening, and Revolution 1660-1815. ed. Stewart J. Brown ve Timothy Tackett. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (2008), 302-328.
  • ---------------. “Civic Humanism in Clerical Garb: Gallican Memories of the Early Church and the Project of Primitivist Reform 1719-1791”. Past & Present 200. Oxford University Press (2008), 77-120.
  • Yazıcıoğlu, Hulusi. Bir Din Politikası Laiklik. İstanbul: İFAV, 1993.
Toplam 35 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Din Araştırmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Osman Şahin 0000-0003-2959-241X

İskender Oymak 0000-0002-7494-873X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Şubat 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 27 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Şahin, Osman - Oymak, İskender. “Fransa Katolik Kilisesi’nde Gallikanizm”. Fırat Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 27/1 (Haziran 2022), 239-259.

Fırat Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.