THE EFFECT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE LEVELS OF TOURISM STUDENTS ON THEIR CRITICAL THINKING DISPOSITION

Yıl 2023, , 357 - 370, 19.01.2023

Neslihan Kan Sönmez

https://doi.org/10.18069/firatsbed.1172672

Cited By: 1

Öz

When considering the necessities of this age, critical thinking is a primary skill that tourism students should be qualified in. Investigation on the critical thinking disposition of tourism students and emotional intelligence, which is an effective factor on it, can guide tourism academics on how to provide students with effective critical thinking. In this regard, this study aimed to determine the effect of the emotional intelligence levels of the undergraduate tourism education students on their critical thinking disposition. A survey was utilized as data collection tool, and it was administrated on a total of 471 students from undergraduate tourism schools of 5 different universities, including 3 faculties and 2 colleges. The data were analyzed by frequency, percentage distribution, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, t test, analysis of variance and Pearson correlation analysis. The research concluded that students' emotional intelligence levels and critical thinking dispositions were quite above the medium level. In addition, a positive and strong correlation of r=0.671 was specified between emotional intelligence levels and critical thinking dispositions of the students. It was also found out that students' emotional intelligence levels and critical thinking dispositions showed significant differences according to the variables of gender, academic success and monthly expense.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Emotional Intelligence, Critical Thinking Disposition, Tourism Students

Turizm Öğrencilerinin Duygusal Zekâ Düzeylerinin Eleştirel Düşünme Eğilimi Üzerindeki Etkisi

Öz

Eleştirel düşünme, eğitimin en önemli ilkelerinden biri olup, her ülkenin büyüme ve refaha ulaşmak için eleştirel düşünmeye ihtiyacı bulunmaktadır. Duygusal zekâ, eleştirel düşünmenin önemli bir yordayıcısıdır. Bir kişinin duygusal zekâsı geliştikçe, eleştirel düşünme eğilimi de artmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda araştırmada, lisans düzeyinde turizm eğitimi alan öğrencilerin duygusal zekâ düzeylerinin eleştirel düşünme eğilimi üzerindeki etkisinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada veri toplama tekniği olarak anket kullanılmış ve 3 fakülte, 2 yüksekokul olmak üzere 5 farklı üniversitenin lisans düzeyindeki turizm okullarından toplam 471 öğrenci üzerinde uygulama gerçekleştirilmiştir. Verilerin analizinde frekans, yüzde dağılımı, aritmetik ortalama, standart sapma, t testi, varyans analizi ve Pearson korelasyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, öğrencilerin duygusal zekâ düzeyleri ile eleştirel düşünme eğilimlerinin orta düzeyin oldukça üzerinde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte öğrencilerin duygusal zekâ düzeyleri ile eleştirel düşünme eğilimleri arasında r=0,671’lik pozitif ve kuvvetli bir korelasyon bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, öğrencilerin duygusal zekâ düzeyleri ile eleştirel düşünme eğilimlerinin cinsiyet, akademik başarı ve aylık harcama değişkenlerine göre anlamlı farklılıklar gösterdiği saptanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Eleştirel Düşünme Eğilimi, Turizm Öğrencileri, Duygusal Zekâ

Kaynakça

• Afshar, H. S., and Rahimi, M. (2014). The relationship among critical thinking, emotional intelligence, and speaking abilities of Iranian EFL learners. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 136, 75-79.
• Agarwal, N., and Chaudhary, N. (2013). Role of emotional intelligence in ethical decision making a study of Western U.P. International Journal of Management and Business Studies, 3(1), 28-30. nisha.pdf (ijmbs.com)
• Aghaei, N., Souri, R., and Ghanbari, S. (2012). Comparison of the relationship between critical thinking and academic achievement among physical education students and students in other fields of study in Bu Ali Sina University, Hamedan. Management of Sport and Movement Sciences, 2(4), 35-45.
• Ahmad, M. A., and Duskri, M. (2018). Gender differences of mathematical critical thinking skills of secondary school students. Journal of Physics Conference Series, 1088(1), 1-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1088/1/012054
• Ahuna, K. K., Tinnesz, C. G., and Kiener, M. (2014). A new era of critical thinking in professional programs. Transformative Dialogues: Teaching and Learning Journal, 7(3), 1-9.TD.7.3.7_Ahuna_etal_New_Era_of_Critical_Thinking .pdf (kpu.ca)
• Akbari Lakeh, M., Naderi, A., and Arbabisarjou, A. (2018). Critical thinking and emotional intelligence skills and relationship with students’ academic achievement. La Prensa MedicaArgentina, 104(2), 2-6.10.4172/lpma.1000280
• Alcan, A. A. (2021). Duygusal zekanın vizyoner liderlik üzerindeki rolü: Turizm işletmesi yöneticileri üzerinde bir uygulama. Master Thesis, Bayburt Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, Bayburt.
• AlJaafi, E., and Şahin, M. (2019). Critical thinking skills for primary education: The case in Lebanon. Turquoise International Journal of Educational Research and Social Studies, 1(1), 1-7. Microsoft Word - ESLAM 1-7 (ed.gov)
• Arfara, C., and Samanta, I. (2016). The impact of emotional intelligence on improving team-working: The case of public sector (National centre for public administration and local government). Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 230(12) , 167-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.09.021
• Austin, E. J., Saklofske, D., Huang, S. H. S., and McKenney, D. (2004). Measurement of trait emotional intelligence: Testing and cross-validating a modified version of Schutte et al.'s (1998) measure. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(3), 555-562. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00114-4
• Bagheri, M., and Nowrozi, R. A. (2015). A comparative study of the critical thinking skills among the students of accounting and software in the female technical and vocational university in the city of Borojerd. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(13), 43-46. EJ1080601.pdf (ed.gov)
• Bar-On, R. (2006). The Bar-On model of emotional-social intelligence. Psicothema, 18, 13-25. 3271.pdf (psicothema.com)
• Bodi, S. (1988). Critical thinking and bibliographic instruction: The relationship. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 14(3), 150-153.
• Boonsathirakul, J., and Kerdsomboon, C. (2021). The investigation of critical thinking disposition among Kasetsart University Students. Higher Education Studies, 11(2), 1-9.https://doi.org/10.5539/hes.v11n2p224
• Brookfield, S. (1987). Developing critical thinkers. Milton Keyness, England: Open University Press.
• Büyükşalvarcı, A., and Gündoğan, H. (2018). Duygusal zeka ve yaratıcılık arasındaki ilişkiler: Üniversite öğrencileri üzerine bir çalışma. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11(61), 782-792.http://dx.doi.org/10.17719/jisr.2018.2971
• Carter, A. G., Creedy, D. K., and Sidebotham, M. (2017). Critical thinking evaluation in reflection writing: Development and testing of carter assessment of critical thinking in midwifery (reflection). Midwifery, 54, 73-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2017.08.003
• Christianson, K. L. (2020). Emotional intelligence and critical thinking in nursing students. Nurse Educator, 45(6), 1-4. doi: 10.1097/NNE.0000000000000801
• Chukwuyenum, A. N. (2013). Impact of critical thinking on performance in mathematics among senior secondary school students in Lagos State. IOSR Journal of Research and Method in Education, 3(3), 18-25. doi:10.9790/7388-0351825
• Day, A. L., and Carroll, S. A. (2004). Using an ability-based measure of emotional intelligence to predict individual performance, group performance, and group citizenship behaviours. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(6), 1443-1458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00240-X
• Dutoğlu, G., and Tuncel, M. (2008). Aday öğretmenlerin eleştirel düşünme eğilimleri ile duygusal zeka düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(1), 1-22. AİBÜ Dergi 8.cdr (dergipark.org.tr)
• England, T. K., and Nagel, G. L. (2021). Developing emotional intelligence skills for enegotiations. Journal of Education for Business, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832323.2021.1972276
• Erdem, M., İlgan, A., and Çelik, F. (2013). Lise öğretmenlerinin duygusal zeka düzeyleri ile eleştirel düşünme eğilimleri arasındaki ilişki. International Periodical For the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, 8(12), 509-532. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.5932
• Eskidemir, S. (2020). Hemşirelik lisans ve yüksek lisans öğrencilerinde eleştirel düşünme ve duygusal zeka arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Master Thesis, İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İzmir.
• Fong, C. J., Kim, Y., Davis, C. W., Hoang, T., and Kim, Y. W. (2017). A meta-analysis on critical thinking and community college student achievement. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 26, 71-83.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2017.06.002
• Franco, A. R., Costa, P. S., and Almeida, L. S. (2017). Do critical thinkers drink too much alcohol, forget to do class assignments, or cheat on exams? Using a critical thinking measure to predict college students’ real-world outcomes. Psychology Studies, 62(2), 178-187. 10.1007/s12646-017-0402-1
• Gebregergis, W. T., Huang, F., and Hong, J. (2020). The impact of emotional intelligence on depression among international students studying in China: The mediating effect of acculturative stress. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 79, 82-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2020.08.008
• Ghanizadeh, A., and Moafian, F. (2011). Critical thinking and emotional intelligence: Investigating the relationship among EFL learners and the contribution of age and gender. Iranian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 14(1), 23-48. 2 Ghanizadeh-Moafian.doc (ensani.ir)
• Gilmanshina, S., Smirnov, S., Ibatova, A., and Berechikidze, I. (2021). The assessment of critical thinking skills of gifted children before and after taking a critical thinking development course. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2020.100780
• Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ. London, England: Bloomsbury.
• Goleman, D. (1998). İşbaşında duygusal zeka. (Çeviren: Banu Seçkin). İstanbul: Varlık Yayınları.
• Gözüyeşil, A. G. (2020). Öğrenci hemşirelerinin algıladıkları stresin eleştirel düşünme eğilimlerine etkisi. Master Thesis, Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi, Hemşirelik Anabilim Dalı, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana.
• Hagelskamp, C., Brackett, M. A., Rivers, S. E., and Salovey, P. (2013). Improving classroom quality with the RULER approach to social and emotional learning: Proximal and distal outcomes. American Journal of Community Psychology, 51(3), 530-543.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-013-9570-x
• Halpern, D. F. (2003). Thought and knowledge: An introduction to critical thinking. Mahwah, New Jersey: Erlbaum.
• Heidari, M., and Ebrahimi, P. (2016). Examining the relationship between critical-thinking skills and decision-making ability of emergency medicine students. Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine, 20(10), 581-586.doi: 10.4103/0972-5229.192045
• Hırlak, B., Taşlıyan, M., and Sezer, B. (2017). İyimserlik ve yaşam doyumu arasındaki ilişki, demografik özellikler bağlamında algı farklılıkları: Bir alan araştırması. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(1), 95–116.
• Hopkins, M. M., and Bilimoria, D. (2008). Social and emotional competencies predicting success for male and female executives. Journal of Management Development 27(1), 13-35.doi: 10.1108/02621710810840749
• Jung, H. S., and Yoon, H. H. (2016). Why is employees’ emotional intelligence important? The effects of EI on stress-coping styles and job satisfaction in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 28(8), 1649–1675. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-10-2014-0509
• Kang, F. (2015). Contribution of emotional intelligence towards graduate students’ critical thinking disposition. International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies, 3(4), 6-17.http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.3n.4p.6
• Karimi, M. N., Hashemi, M. R. and Sarbazfard, M. (2015). Emotional intelligence and critical thinking ability as correlates of EFL learners’ vocabulary knowledge, RALs, 7(1), 1-20. 10.22055/RALS.2016.11778
• Kaya, H., Şenyuva, E., and Bodur, G. (2017). Developing critical thinking disposition and emotional intelligence of nursing students: A longitudinal research. Nurse Education Today, 48, 72-77.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2016.09.011
• Keshavarz, N., Amini, M., Mani, A., Nabeiei, P., Saffari, Z., and Jafari, M. M. (2014). A study on the relationship between emotional intelligence and academic achievement in students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Interdisiplinary Journal of Virtual Learning in Medical Sciences, 5(18), 70-77. article_46120_50ad1574db3fbebd78975f9f051ccb31.pdf (sums.ac.ir)
• Leasa, M. (2018). The correlation between emotional intelligence and critical thinking skills with different learning styles in science learning, International Conference on Science and Applied Science, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5054539
• Lee, J. J., and Ok, C. (2012). Reducing burnout and enhancing job satisfaction: Critical role of hotel employees’ emotional intelligence and emotional labor. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(4), 1101–1112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2012.01.007
• Li, Y., Li, K., Wei, W., Dong, J., Wang, C., Fu, Y., Li, J., and Peng, X. (2021). Critical thinking, emotional intelligence and conflict management styles of medical students: A cross-sectional study. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 40, 1-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2021.100799
• Li, Z. (2021). Critical thinking cultivation in Chinese learning classes for international students during the COVID-19 pandemic, Thinking Skills and Creativity, 40, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2021.100845
• Luthans, F., and Youssef, C. M. (2004). Human, social and now positive psychological capital management: Investing in people for competitive advantage. Organizational Dynamics, 33(2), 143-160.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2004.01.003
• Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M., and Avolio, B. J. (2007). Psychological capital: Developing the human competitive edge. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
• Makafui Boso, C., S. van der Merwe, A., and Gross, J. (2021). Critical thinking disposition of nursing students: A quantitative investigation. Nurse Education in Practice, 55, 1-7.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2021.103167
• Mayburry, T., and Swanger, N. (2011). Identification of industry needs for baccalaureate hospitality graduates: A Delphi study. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Education, 23(4), 33-45.https://doi.org/10.1080/10963758.2011.10697018
• Mayer, J. D., Caruso, D. R., and Salovey, P. (2016). The ability model of emotional intelligence: Principles and updates. Emotion Review, 8(4), 290-300. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073916639667
• Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., and Caruso, D. R. (2008). Emotional Intelligence: New Ability or Eclectic Traits? American Psychologist, 63, 503-517. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.63.6.503
• Mc Cormick, N. J., Clark, L. M., and Raines, J. M. (2016). Enganging students in critical thinking and problem solving: A brief review of the literature. Journal of Studies in Education, 5(4), 100.https://doi.org/10.5296/jse.v5i4.8249
• Meshkat, M., and Nejati, R. (2017). Does emotional intelligence depend on gender? A study on undergraduate english majors of three Iranian Universities. Sage Open, 7(3), 1-8.https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244017725796
• Miao, C., Humphrey, R. H., and Qian, S. (2017). A meta-analysis of emotional intelligence and work attitudes. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 90(2), 177-202.https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12167
• Morre, T. (2013). Critical thinking: Seven definitions in search of a concept. Studies in Higher Education, 38, 506-522. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2011.586995
• Mura, L., Zsigmond, T., and Machova, R. (2021). The effects of emotional intelligence and ethics of SME employees on knowledge sharing in Central-European countries. Oeconomia Copernicana, 12(4), 907-934. https://doi.org/10.24136/oc.2021.030
• Niu, L., Behar Horenstein, L., and Garvan, C. W. (2013). Do instructional interventions influence college students' critical thinking skills? A meta-analysis. Educational Research Review, 9, 114-128.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2012.12.002
• Pelit, E., Karaçor, M., and Kılıç (2018). Duygusal zekanın iletişim becerilerine etkisi: Turizm öğrencileri üzerinde bir araştırma. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 20(1), 85-107. http://dx.doi.org/10.16953/ deusosbil.27968
• Rahimnia, F., and Hoshyar, V. (2013). Effect of organizational justice on desire to quit job through job satisfaction. Modiriat Farda Journal, 9, 23-42.
• Rezaei, H., Shafiabady, A., Ghaedi, Y., Delavar, A., Esmaeili, M. and Moghaddam, L. F. (2017). Reasoning, critical thinking and attitudes toward substance abuse in adolescence: Explaining the mediator role of emotional intelligence. European Psychiatry, 41(1), 861-872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1719
• Rivers, S. E., Brackett, M. A., Reyes, M. R., Elbertson, N. A., and Salovey, P. (2013). Improving the social and emotional climate of classrooms: A clustered randomized controlled trial testing the RULER approach. Prevention Science, 14(1), 77-87. doı: 10.1007/s11121-012-0305-2
• Rodzalan, S. A., Saat, M. M. (2015). The perception of critical thinking and problem solving skill among Malaysian Undergraduate students. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 172, 725-732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.425
• Salguero, J. M., Extremera, N., and Fernandez-Berrocal, P. (2012). Emotional intelligence and depression: The moderator role of gender. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(1), 29–32.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.02.006
• Salovey, P., and Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional Intelligence. İmagination, Cognition, and Personality, 9(2), 189-194. https://doi.org/10.2190/DUGG-P24E-52WK-6CDG
• Salovey, P., and Sluyter, D. J. (1997). Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Educational implications. Basic Books.
• San, Y. L., Roslan, S. B., and Sabouripour, F. (2016). Relationship between self-regulated learning and academic procrastination. American Journal of Applied Sciences, 13(4), 459-466.doı: 10.3844/ajassp.2016.459.466
• Schneider, T. R., Nusbaum, H. C., Kim, Y., Borders, M. .R., and Ryan, T. J. (2021). Emotional intelligence predicts wise reasoning. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1-15.https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2021.1991448
• Schutte, N. S., Malouff, J. M., Hall, L. E., Haggerty, D. J., Cooper, J. T., Golden, C. J., and Dornheim, L. (1998). Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 25(2), 167-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00001-4
• Searing, L. M., and Kooken, W. C. (2016). The relationship between the California critical thinking disposition inventory and student learning outcomes in baccalaureate nursing students. Journal Nurse Education, 55(4), 224-226. https://doi.org/10.3928/01484834-20160316-08
• Semerci N. (2016). Eleştirel düşünme eğilimi ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik revize çalışması. International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish, 11(9), 725-740. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.9573
• Shim, W., and Walczak, K. (2012). The impact of faculty teaching practices on the development of students' critical thinking skills. International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 2(4), 16-30. Microsoft Word - IJTLHE1128.doc (ed.gov)
• Silviariza, W. Y., Sumarmi, and Handoyo, B. (2021). Improving critical thinking skills of geography students with spatial-problem based learning (SPBL). International Journal of Instruction, 14(3), 1-21.https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2021.1438a
• Sk, S., and Halder, S. (2020). Critical thinking disposition of undergraduate students in relation to emotional intelligence: Gender as a moderator. Heliyon 6, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05477
• Soheili, M., Bagheri, M., Ashouri, E., Mohammadi, A., and Kamani, A. (2021). The relationship between emotional intelligence and tendency toward critical thinking with academic success in nursing students: An analytic sectional descriptive study. Future of Medical Education Journal, 11(3), 1-7. 10.22038/FMEJ.2021.54464.1373
• Stone, G., Duffy, L. N., Pinckney, H. P., and Templeton Bradley, R. (2017). Teaching for critical thinking: Preparing hospitality and tourism students for careers in the twentyfirst century. Journal of Teaching in Travel and Tourism, 3-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15313220.2017.1279036
• Suleman, Q., Hussain, I., Syed, M. A., Parveen, R., Lodhi, I. S., and Mahmood, Z. (2019). Association between emotional intelligence and academic success among undergraduates: A cross-sectional study in KUST, Pakistan. PloS one. 14(7).https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219468
• Supratman, Zubaidah, S., Corebima, A. D. and Ibrohim (2021). The effect size of different learning on critical and creative thinking skills of biology students. International Journal of Instruction, 14(3), 1-21.https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2021.14311a
• Tatar, A., Tok, S., and Saltukoğlu, G. (2011). Gözden geçirilmiş Schutte Duygusal Zeka Ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması ve psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni, 21(4), 325-338. https://doi.org/10.5455/BCP.20110624015920
• Tolegenova, A., Madaliyeva, Z., Jakupov, M., Naurzalina, D., Ahtayeva, N., and Taumysheva, R. (2015). Management and understanding features in communication depending on level of emotional intelligence. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 171(16) , 401-405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.139
• Torun, N. (2011). Fen ve teknoloji öğretmenlerinin eleştirel düşünme eğilimleri ile duygusal zeka düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki. Master Thesis, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Adana.
• Tsvetkova, M. (2018). Lies of the reader: Disadvantages of the sociological research methods for the study of the reading. European Journal of Contemporary Education, 7(1), 190-213.https://ssrn.com/abstract=3140890
• Turhan, M. and Çetinsöz, B. C. (2019). Duygusal zeka ve motivasyon arasındaki ilişki: Turizm programı öğrencileri üzerine bir araştırma. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(69), 268-287.https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.438269
• Wang, X., and Zheng H. (2016). Reasoning critical thinking: Is it born or made? Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 6(6), 1323. doı: http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0606.25
• Wilson, K. (2016). Critical reading, critical thinking: Delicate scaffolding in English for Academic Purposes (EAP). Thinking Skills and Creativity, 22, 256–265. doı:10.1016/J.TSC.2016.10.002
• Wood, R. Y., and Toronto, C. E. (2012). Measuring critical thinking dispositions of novice nursing students using human patient simulators. Journal Nurse Education, 51(6), 349–352.https://doi.org/10.3928/01484834-20120427-05
• Vahedi, S., Heydarlou, M. M., and Imanzadeh, A. (2015). The relationship between emotional intelligence and critical thinking in nursing students of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Development Strategy Medical Education, 2(1), 47-57. 10.14196/mjiri.32.40
• Yao, X., Yuan, S., Yang, W., Chen, Q., Wei, D., Hou, Y., Zhang, L., Qui, J. and Yang, D. (2018). Emotional intelligence moderates the relationship between regional gray matter volume in the bilateral temporal pole and critical thinking disposition. Brain Imaging and Behavior, 12(2), 488-498.doı: 10.1007/s11682-017-9701-3
• Zivkovic, S. (2016). A model of critical thinking as an important attribute for success in the 21st Century. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 232, 102-108. doı: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.10.034