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SAĞLIK VE EĞİTİM HARCAMALARININ BEŞERİ SERMAYE ÖZELLİĞİ ÜZERİNDE COVİD-19 PANDEMİSİNİN MODERATÖR ETKİSİ

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 34 Sayı: 2, 895 - 906, 29.05.2024
https://doi.org/10.18069/firatsbed.1433117

Öz

Bu çalışmada sağlık ve eğitim harcamalarının gayri safi yurt içi hâsıla (GSYİH) üzerindeki etkisinde Yeni Koronavirüs (SARS-CoV-2, COVİD-19) değişkeninin moderatör etkisinin olup olmadığını ortaya koyarak literatüre katkıda bulunmak amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda çalışmanın analiz kısmında 37 Ekonomik İşbirliği ve Kalkınma Örgütü (OECD) üyesi ülkenin 2015-2020 dönemine ait verileri ile oluşturulan panel veri seti kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada iki model kurulmuştur. Model I’de sağlık harcamalarının GSYİH üzerindeki etkisinde COVİD-19’un moderatör etkisi incelenmiştir. Model II’de ise, eğitim harcamalarının GSYİH üzerindeki etkisinde COVİD-19’un moderatör etkisi incelenmiştir. Her iki modelde de sağlık ve eğitim harcamalarının GSYİH üzerinde pozitif yönlü ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir etkisinin olduğu tespit edilmiştir (p<0,05). Ayrıca her iki modelde de COVİD-19 değişkeninin etkili olduğu yıl olan 2020 yılında 2015-2019 dönemine kıyasla GSYİH değişkeninde bir azalış yaşandığı görülmüştür ancak bu azalışın istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olmadığı saptanmıştır (p>0,05). Son olarak, eğitim ve sağlık harcamalarının GSYİH üzerindeki etkisinde COVİD-19 değişkenin herhangi bir moderatör etkisi bulunamamıştır (p>0,05

Etik Beyan

“Sağlık ve Eğitim Harcamalarının Beşeri Sermaye Özelliği Üzerinde Covid-19 Pandemisinin Moderatör Etkisi” isimli bu çalışmada ikincil veri seti kullanıldığından etik kurul izni gerektirmemektedir.

Destekleyen Kurum

Çalışmayı destekleyen herhangi bir şahıs, kurum ya da kuruluş bulunmamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Aboubacar, B. ve Xu, D. (2017). The impact of health expenditure on the economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. Theoretical Economics Letters, 7(3), 615-622.
  • Akçacı, T. (2013). Eğitim harcamalarının iktisadi büyümeye etkisi. Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(5), 65-79.
  • Akıncı, A. Ve Tuncer, G. (2016). Türkiye’de sağlık harcamaları ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki. Sayıştay Dergisi, 102, 47-61.
  • Anand, S. ve Sen, A. (2000). Human development and economics sustainability. World Development, 28, 2029-2049.
  • Balogun, A. A., Ajiboye, I. E. Ve Olorunmade, G. (2023). The impact of human capital expenditure on economic growth in Nigeria. Fuoye Journal of Finance and Contemporary Issues, 4(2), 1-8.
  • Balmumcu, Ö. ve Bozkurt, K. (2018). Beşeri sermaye ve ekonomik büyüme: Gelişmekte olan ülkeler için bir panel veri analizi. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, 391-406.
  • Barro, R. J. (1991). Economic growth in a cross section of countries. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106, 407-444.
  • Berger, M. C. ve Messer, J. (2002). Public financing of health expenditures, insurance, and health outcomes. Applied Economics, 34(17), 2105-2113.
  • Binay, M. (2020). OECD ülkeleri̇nde sağlık harcamaları ekonomi̇k büyüme ili̇şki̇si̇. Sosyal Güvence, 17, 195-208.
  • Bloom, D. E. ve Canning, D. (2000). Policy forum: Public health. Health Wealth Nations Science, 287, 1207-1209.
  • Bloom, E. D., Canning, D. ve Sevilla, J. (2004). The effect of health on economic growth: A production function approach, World Development, 32(1), 1-16.
  • Buchanan, J. M. ve Tullock, G. (1962). The calculus of consent: Logical foundations for constitutional democracy. The Online Library of Liberty, http://files.libertyfund.org/files/1063/Buchanan_0102-03_EBk_v6.0.pdf (ss. 1-270). Erişim Tarihi: 01.02.2024.
  • Churchill, S. A., Yew, S. L. ve Ugur, M. (2015). Effects of government education and health expenditures on economic growth: A meta-analysis. Report G9ERC21, Greenwich Political Economy Research Center: London.
  • Çeli̇k, A. (2020). G20 ülkelerinde sağlık harcamalarının ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisinin analizi. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi, 27(1), 1-20.
  • Elola-Somoza, F. J., Bas-Villalobos, M. C., Pérez-Villacastín, J. ve Macaya-Miguel, C. (2021). Public healthcare expenditure and COVID-19 mortality in Spain and in Europe. Revista Clínica Española (English Edition), 221(7), 400-403.
  • Ferreira, P. L., Tavares, A. I., Quintal, C. ve Santana, P. (2018). EU health systems classification: A new proposal from EURO-HEALTHY. BMC Health Services Research, 18(1), 1–11.
  • Gheraia, Z., Benmeriem, M., Abdelli, H. A. ve Saadaoui, S. (2021). The effect of education expenditure on economic growth: The case of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Humanities and Social Sciences Letters, 9(1), 14-23.
  • Giziene, V., Simanaviciene, Z. ve Palekiene, O. (2012). Evaluation of investment in human capital economical effectiveness. Inzinerine Ekonomika-Engineering Economics, 23(2), 106–116.
  • Gujarati, D. N. (2009). Basic econometrics. Tata McGraw-Hill Education.
  • Hameed, Z., Garavan, T. N., Naeem, R. M., Burhan, M., Moin, M. F. ve McCabe, T. (2024). Subjective well‐being, COVID‐19 and financial strain following job loss: Stretching the role of human resource management to focus on human sustainability beyond the workplace. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 62(1), 1-26.
  • Hansen, C. W. (2013). Life expectancy and human capital: Evidence from the international epidemiological transition. Journal of Health Economics, 32(6), 1142–1152.
  • Hanushek, E. A. ve Woessmann, L. (2008). The role of cognitive skills in economic development. Journal of Economic Literature, 46(3), 607-668.
  • Hartwig, J. (2010). Is health capital formation good for long-term economic growth? Panel granger causality evidence for OECD countries. Journal of Macroeconomics, 32(1), 314-325.
  • Jung, H. S. ve Thorbecke, E. (2003). The impact of public education expenditure on human capital, growth, and poverty in Tanzania and Zambia: A general equilibrium approach. Journal of Policy Modeling, 25(8), 701-725.
  • Koç, A. (2013). Beşeri sermaye ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Yatay kesit analizi ile AB ülkeleri üzerine bir değerlendirme. Maliye Dergisi, 165(12), 241-258.
  • Kousar, S., Ahmed, F., Afzal, M. ve Segovia, J. E. (2023). Is government spending in the education and health sector necessary for human capital development?. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10(1), 1-11.
  • Kurt, S. (2015). Government health expenditures and economic growth: A Feder-Ram approach for the case of Turkey. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 5(2), 441-447.
  • Le, M. P. ve Tran, T. M. (2021). Government education expenditure and economic growth nexus: Empirical evidence from Vietnam. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(7), 413-421.
  • Li, Y., Zhao, X. ve Wang, B. (2024). Public education expenditure and corporate human capital: Evidence from China. Finance Research Letters, 60, 1-6.
  • Maharda, J. B. ve Aulia, B. Z. (2020). Government expenditure and human development in Indonesia. Jambura Equilib J, 2(2), 81-94. Mankiw, N. G., Romer, D. ve Weil, D. N. (1992). A contribution to the empirics of economic growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107, 407-437.
  • Ngo, Q. T., Tran, H. A. ve Tran, H. T. T. (2022). The impact of green finance and Covid-19 on economic development: Capital formation and educational expenditure of ASEAN economies. China Finance Review International, 12(2), 261-279.
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  • North, D. (1990). Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2023a). Education data. https://data.oecd.org/education.htm. Erişim Tarihi: 17.01.2024.
  • Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2023a). Economy data. https://data.oecd.org/economy.htm. Erişim Tarihi: 17.01.2024.
  • Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2023b). Health data. https://data.oecd.org/health.htm. Erişim Tarihi: 17.01.2024.
  • Ogundari, K. ve Awokuse, T. (2018). Human capital contribution to economic growth in SubSaharan Africa: Does health status matter more than education. Economic Analysis and Policy, 58(12), 131-140.
  • Okerekeoti, C. U. (2022). Government expenditure on education and economic growth in Nigeria. International Journal of Recent Research in Commerce Economics and Management (IJRRCEM), 9, 126-134.
  • Osiobe, E. U. (2020). Human capital and economic growth in Latin America: A cointegration and causality analysis. Journal of Finance & Economic Research, 7, 218-235.
  • Öztürk, S. ve Topcu, E. (2014). Health expenditure and economic growth: Evidence from G8countries. International Journal of Economics and Empirical Research, 2, 256-261.
  • Pamuk, M. Ve Bektaş, H. (2014). Türkiye’de eğitim harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki: ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı. Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 77-90.
  • Pedace, R. (2016). Econometrics for dummies. https://www.dummies.com/article/business-careers-money/business/economics/econometrics-and-the-log-log-model-156386/. Erişim Tarihi: 18.01.2024.
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  • Raghupathi, V. ve Raghupathi, W. (2020). Healthcare expenditure and economic performance: Insights from the United States data. Frontiers in Public Health, 8(156), 1-15.
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  • Romer, P. M. (1986). Increasing returns and long run growth. Journal of Political Economy, 94(5), 1002-1037.
  • Schultz, T. P. (2005). Productive benefits of health: Evidence from low-income countries. In: Currais L, editor. Health and Economic Growth: Findings and Policy Implications Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, p. 257–86.
  • Selim, S., Purtaş, Y. ve Uysal, D. (2014). G-20 ülkelerinde eğitim harcamalarının ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi. Optimum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(2), 93-102.
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The Moderating Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Human Capital Characteristics of Health and Education Expenditures

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 34 Sayı: 2, 895 - 906, 29.05.2024
https://doi.org/10.18069/firatsbed.1433117

Öz

This study aimed to contribute to the literature by revealing whether the New Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had a moderating effect on the effect of health and education expenditures on gross domestic product (GDP). In this context, in the analysis section of the study, a panel data set from 37 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries for the period 2015-2020 was used. Two models were established in the study. In Model I, the moderating effect of COVID-19 on the effect of health expenditures on GDP was examined. In Model II, the moderating effect of COVID-19 on the effect of education expenditures on GDP was examined. It was determined that health and education expenditures had a significant positive effect on GDP in both models (p<0.05). In addition, in both models, there was a decrease in GDP in 2020, the year when the COVID-19 was effective, compared to the 2015-2019 period, however, this decrease was not found to be statistically significant (p>0.05). Finally, no moderating effect of the COVID-19 was found on the effect of education and health expenditures on GDP (p>0.05).

Kaynakça

  • Aboubacar, B. ve Xu, D. (2017). The impact of health expenditure on the economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. Theoretical Economics Letters, 7(3), 615-622.
  • Akçacı, T. (2013). Eğitim harcamalarının iktisadi büyümeye etkisi. Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(5), 65-79.
  • Akıncı, A. Ve Tuncer, G. (2016). Türkiye’de sağlık harcamaları ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki. Sayıştay Dergisi, 102, 47-61.
  • Anand, S. ve Sen, A. (2000). Human development and economics sustainability. World Development, 28, 2029-2049.
  • Balogun, A. A., Ajiboye, I. E. Ve Olorunmade, G. (2023). The impact of human capital expenditure on economic growth in Nigeria. Fuoye Journal of Finance and Contemporary Issues, 4(2), 1-8.
  • Balmumcu, Ö. ve Bozkurt, K. (2018). Beşeri sermaye ve ekonomik büyüme: Gelişmekte olan ülkeler için bir panel veri analizi. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, 391-406.
  • Barro, R. J. (1991). Economic growth in a cross section of countries. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106, 407-444.
  • Berger, M. C. ve Messer, J. (2002). Public financing of health expenditures, insurance, and health outcomes. Applied Economics, 34(17), 2105-2113.
  • Binay, M. (2020). OECD ülkeleri̇nde sağlık harcamaları ekonomi̇k büyüme ili̇şki̇si̇. Sosyal Güvence, 17, 195-208.
  • Bloom, D. E. ve Canning, D. (2000). Policy forum: Public health. Health Wealth Nations Science, 287, 1207-1209.
  • Bloom, E. D., Canning, D. ve Sevilla, J. (2004). The effect of health on economic growth: A production function approach, World Development, 32(1), 1-16.
  • Buchanan, J. M. ve Tullock, G. (1962). The calculus of consent: Logical foundations for constitutional democracy. The Online Library of Liberty, http://files.libertyfund.org/files/1063/Buchanan_0102-03_EBk_v6.0.pdf (ss. 1-270). Erişim Tarihi: 01.02.2024.
  • Churchill, S. A., Yew, S. L. ve Ugur, M. (2015). Effects of government education and health expenditures on economic growth: A meta-analysis. Report G9ERC21, Greenwich Political Economy Research Center: London.
  • Çeli̇k, A. (2020). G20 ülkelerinde sağlık harcamalarının ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisinin analizi. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi, 27(1), 1-20.
  • Elola-Somoza, F. J., Bas-Villalobos, M. C., Pérez-Villacastín, J. ve Macaya-Miguel, C. (2021). Public healthcare expenditure and COVID-19 mortality in Spain and in Europe. Revista Clínica Española (English Edition), 221(7), 400-403.
  • Ferreira, P. L., Tavares, A. I., Quintal, C. ve Santana, P. (2018). EU health systems classification: A new proposal from EURO-HEALTHY. BMC Health Services Research, 18(1), 1–11.
  • Gheraia, Z., Benmeriem, M., Abdelli, H. A. ve Saadaoui, S. (2021). The effect of education expenditure on economic growth: The case of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Humanities and Social Sciences Letters, 9(1), 14-23.
  • Giziene, V., Simanaviciene, Z. ve Palekiene, O. (2012). Evaluation of investment in human capital economical effectiveness. Inzinerine Ekonomika-Engineering Economics, 23(2), 106–116.
  • Gujarati, D. N. (2009). Basic econometrics. Tata McGraw-Hill Education.
  • Hameed, Z., Garavan, T. N., Naeem, R. M., Burhan, M., Moin, M. F. ve McCabe, T. (2024). Subjective well‐being, COVID‐19 and financial strain following job loss: Stretching the role of human resource management to focus on human sustainability beyond the workplace. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 62(1), 1-26.
  • Hansen, C. W. (2013). Life expectancy and human capital: Evidence from the international epidemiological transition. Journal of Health Economics, 32(6), 1142–1152.
  • Hanushek, E. A. ve Woessmann, L. (2008). The role of cognitive skills in economic development. Journal of Economic Literature, 46(3), 607-668.
  • Hartwig, J. (2010). Is health capital formation good for long-term economic growth? Panel granger causality evidence for OECD countries. Journal of Macroeconomics, 32(1), 314-325.
  • Jung, H. S. ve Thorbecke, E. (2003). The impact of public education expenditure on human capital, growth, and poverty in Tanzania and Zambia: A general equilibrium approach. Journal of Policy Modeling, 25(8), 701-725.
  • Koç, A. (2013). Beşeri sermaye ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Yatay kesit analizi ile AB ülkeleri üzerine bir değerlendirme. Maliye Dergisi, 165(12), 241-258.
  • Kousar, S., Ahmed, F., Afzal, M. ve Segovia, J. E. (2023). Is government spending in the education and health sector necessary for human capital development?. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10(1), 1-11.
  • Kurt, S. (2015). Government health expenditures and economic growth: A Feder-Ram approach for the case of Turkey. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 5(2), 441-447.
  • Le, M. P. ve Tran, T. M. (2021). Government education expenditure and economic growth nexus: Empirical evidence from Vietnam. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(7), 413-421.
  • Li, Y., Zhao, X. ve Wang, B. (2024). Public education expenditure and corporate human capital: Evidence from China. Finance Research Letters, 60, 1-6.
  • Maharda, J. B. ve Aulia, B. Z. (2020). Government expenditure and human development in Indonesia. Jambura Equilib J, 2(2), 81-94. Mankiw, N. G., Romer, D. ve Weil, D. N. (1992). A contribution to the empirics of economic growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107, 407-437.
  • Ngo, Q. T., Tran, H. A. ve Tran, H. T. T. (2022). The impact of green finance and Covid-19 on economic development: Capital formation and educational expenditure of ASEAN economies. China Finance Review International, 12(2), 261-279.
  • North, D. C. ve Thomas, R. P. (1973). The rise of the western world: A new economic history. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, North, D. C. (1981). Structure and change in economic history. New York: Norton and Co.
  • North, D. (1990). Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2023a). Education data. https://data.oecd.org/education.htm. Erişim Tarihi: 17.01.2024.
  • Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2023a). Economy data. https://data.oecd.org/economy.htm. Erişim Tarihi: 17.01.2024.
  • Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2023b). Health data. https://data.oecd.org/health.htm. Erişim Tarihi: 17.01.2024.
  • Ogundari, K. ve Awokuse, T. (2018). Human capital contribution to economic growth in SubSaharan Africa: Does health status matter more than education. Economic Analysis and Policy, 58(12), 131-140.
  • Okerekeoti, C. U. (2022). Government expenditure on education and economic growth in Nigeria. International Journal of Recent Research in Commerce Economics and Management (IJRRCEM), 9, 126-134.
  • Osiobe, E. U. (2020). Human capital and economic growth in Latin America: A cointegration and causality analysis. Journal of Finance & Economic Research, 7, 218-235.
  • Öztürk, S. ve Topcu, E. (2014). Health expenditure and economic growth: Evidence from G8countries. International Journal of Economics and Empirical Research, 2, 256-261.
  • Pamuk, M. Ve Bektaş, H. (2014). Türkiye’de eğitim harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki: ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı. Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 77-90.
  • Pedace, R. (2016). Econometrics for dummies. https://www.dummies.com/article/business-careers-money/business/economics/econometrics-and-the-log-log-model-156386/. Erişim Tarihi: 18.01.2024.
  • Piabuo, S. M. ve Tieguhong, J. C. (2017). Health expenditure and economic growth-a review of the literature and analysis between the economic community for central African States (CEMANC) and selected African countries. Health Economic Reviews, 27,1-13.
  • Raghupathi, V. ve Raghupathi, W. (2020). Healthcare expenditure and economic performance: Insights from the United States data. Frontiers in Public Health, 8(156), 1-15.
  • Railaite, R. ve Ciutiene, R. (2020). The impact of public health expenditure on health component of human capital. Inžinerinė Ekonomika, 31(3), 371-379.
  • Romer, P. M. (1986). Increasing returns and long run growth. Journal of Political Economy, 94(5), 1002-1037.
  • Schultz, T. P. (2005). Productive benefits of health: Evidence from low-income countries. In: Currais L, editor. Health and Economic Growth: Findings and Policy Implications Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, p. 257–86.
  • Selim, S., Purtaş, Y. ve Uysal, D. (2014). G-20 ülkelerinde eğitim harcamalarının ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi. Optimum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(2), 93-102.
  • Shafuda, C. P. ve De, U. K. (2020). Government expenditure on human capital and growth in Namibia: A time series analysis. Journal of Economic Structures, 9, 1-14.
  • Sofuoğlu, E. (2023). Türkiye’de yüksek teknoloji, kamu harcamaları, ekonomik büyüme ve beşerî sermaye arasındaki ilişki: Fourier ARDL yaklaşımı. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD), 15(28), 215-223.
  • Söylemez, A. ve Yurttançıkmaz, Z. Ç. (2020). Beşeri sermayenin ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi: Türkiye üzerine bir inceleme. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 24(1), 175-195.
  • Tarkar, P. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on education system. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 29(9), 3812-3814.
  • Taylor, M. (2022). The definitive guide to the log log model. https://www.vexpower.com/brief/log-log-model#:~:text=A%20log%2Dlog%20model%20is,otherwise%20difficult%20to%20measure%20accurately. Erişim Tarihi: 18.01.2024.
  • Tchanturia, N., Beridze, T. ve Kurashvili, G. (2015). Features of development of the human capital in Georgia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 213, 580-585.
  • Tıraş, H. H. ve Ağır, H. (2018). Sağlık harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: panel nedensellik analizi. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 17(4), 1558-1573.
  • Üzümcü, A. ve Söğüt, Y. (2020). Kamu sağlık harcamaları-iktisadi büyüme ilişkisi: Türkiye üzerine bir inceleme (1983-2019). Ekonomi İşletme Siyaset ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 6(2), 275-295.
  • Villela, R. ve Paredes, J. J. (2022). Empirical analysis on public expenditure for education, human capital and economic growth: Evidence from Honduras. Economies, 10(10), 1-13.
  • Vysochyna, A. V. ve Jakubowska, A. (2022). Influence of health expenditure on COVID-19 contraction: Theoretical and empirical analysis. Health Economics and Management Review, 1, 51-61.
  • Wang, F. (2015). More health expenditure, better economic performance? Empirical evidence from OECD countries. Inquiry, 52,1-5.
  • Weil, D. N. (2014). Health and economic growth. In Handbook of economic growth (Vol. 2, pp. 623-682). Elsevier.
  • Well, D. N. (2007). Accounting for the effect of health on economic growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122(3), 1265-1306.
  • Wooldridge, J. M. (2010). Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data. Second Edition, MIT Press.
  • Wyse, A. E., Stickney, E. M., Butz, D., Beckler, A. ve Close, C. N. (2020). The potential impact of COVID‐19 on student learning and how schools can respond. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 39(3), 60-64.
  • Yang, X. (2020). Health expenditure, human capital, and economic growth: An empirical study of developing countries. International Journal of Health Economics and Management, 20(2), 163-176.
  • Yu, Y., Xinxin, W., Ruoxi, L. ve Tingting, Y. (2023). The mediating role of human capital in the relationship between education expenditure and science and technology innovation: Evidence from China. SocioEconomic Challenges, 7(1), 129-138.
  • Zavras, D. ve Chletsos, M. (2023). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on catastrophic health expenditure in Greece. National Accounting Review, 5(4), 338-55.
  • Zhang, C. ve Zhuang, L. (2011). The composition of human capital and economic growth: Evidence from China using dynamic panel data analysis. China Economic Review, 22(1), 165-171.
  • Zhu, N., Zhang, D., Wang, W., Li, X., Yang, B., Song, J. …. Tan, W. (2020). A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(8), 727-733.
  • Ziberi, B. F., Rexha, D., Ibraimi, X. ve Avdiaj, B. (2022). Empirical analysis of the impact of education on economic growth. Economies, 10(4), 1-10
Toplam 69 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Bilimleri Eğitimi ve Program Geliştirme: Tıp, Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri
Bölüm İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler
Yazarlar

Seval Selvi Sarıgül 0000-0001-8363-3097

Murat Konca 0000-0002-6830-8090

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Mayıs 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 7 Şubat 2024
Kabul Tarihi 20 Mayıs 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 34 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Selvi Sarıgül, S., & Konca, M. (2024). SAĞLIK VE EĞİTİM HARCAMALARININ BEŞERİ SERMAYE ÖZELLİĞİ ÜZERİNDE COVİD-19 PANDEMİSİNİN MODERATÖR ETKİSİ. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 34(2), 895-906. https://doi.org/10.18069/firatsbed.1433117