Review of Humanitarian Assistance Programmes and Cycles in Times of Crisis and Emergencies

Öz

Background: Humanitarian aid operations include activities related to situations that require immediate action to prevent an immediate, sudden and serious incident or damage, or to prevent an imminent danger to life, health or property. Emergency services and procedures used vary according to the perception, management, capabilities or authorities of the incident or are determined by the responsible institutions and authorities. Natural disasters, catastrophes or man-made wars, internal conflicts worldwide, situations involving states and/or non-state armed groups, necessitate the urgent implementation of humanitarian aid operations and programs. Purpose: It is aimed to present current research findings on humanitarian aid programs and cycles in crisis and emergency situations, the mission and strategies of humanitarian aid actors, the planning, implementation, operational process and supporting mechanisms of humanitarian aid operations and humanitarian aid programs cycle. As a result of the literature review conducted in this study, it was tried to reveal the basic characteristics of emergency and crisis moments; they cause loss and damage, require external aid, participation of multiple stakeholders and reactive/proactive approaches and it was planned to display possible research opportunities for the future. Method: In this research; the existing literature was examined as a method. As a result of the literature review carried out with this study, it was tried to reveal the basic characteristics of emergency and crisis moments; they cause loss and damage, require external aid, participation of multiple stakeholders and reactive/proactive approaches, and it was planned to exhibit possible research opportunities for the future. Findings: As a result of the literature review conducted in this study, it was revealed that the basic characteristics of disasters are; being sudden, unpredictable, causing loss and damage, requiring external aid, participation of multiple stakeholders and reactive/proactive approaches. Conclusion: When the definitions of crisis are considered within the scope of the literature, it was observed that crises are generally associated with a system, organization, group of people or individuals, and their basic characteristics are determined as uniqueness, danger, causing damage and unpredictability.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Humanitarian Operations
• Emergency and Crisis Situations
• Humanitarian Organisations
• Humanitarian Aid Cycle
• Coordination and Communication

Kriz Anı ve Acil Durumlarda İnsani Yardım Program ve Döngülerine İlişkin Bir İnceleme

Öz

Arka Plan: İnsani yardım operasyonları; acil, ani ve ciddi bir olay ya da zararı gidermek, hayata, sağlığa, mülke yönelik yakın bir tehlikeyi önlemek amacıyla acil eylem gerektiren durumlara ilişkin faaliyetleri içermektedir. Acil durum hizmetleri ve kullanılan prosedürler; olayın algılanabilme, yönetilebilme, kabiliyet ya da yetkililerine göre değişim göstermekte veya sorumlu kurumlar ve yetkililerce belirlenmektedir. Dünya genelinde doğal nedenlerden kaynaklı afetler, felaketler veya insan kaynaklı savaş, iç çatışma durumları devlet ve/veya dışı silahlı grupların dâhil olduğu durumlar; insani yârdim operasyonlarının ve programlarının ivedilikle gerçekleştirilmesini zorunlu kılmaktadır. Amaç: Kriz ve acil durumlarda insani yardım program ve döngülerine ilişkin, insani yardım aktörlerinin misyon ve stratejileri, “insani yardım operasyonları ve insani yârdim programları döngüsünün planlanması, uygulanması, işleyiş süreci ve yardımcı mekanizmalarına ilişkin mevcut araştırma bulgularının ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Bu çalışmayla gerçekleştirilen literatür taraması sonucunda acil durum ve kriz anlarının temel özelliklerini; kayıp ve hasara yol açmaları, dış yardım, çoklu paydaşların katılımı ve reaktif/proaktif yaklaşımları gerektirdikleri ortaya konulmaya çalışılmış ve geleceğe ilişkin olası araştırma fırsatları sergilenmesi planlanmıştır. Yöntem: Bu araştırmada; yöntem olarak mevcut literatür incelenmiştir. Bu çalışmayla gerçekleştirilen literatür taraması sonucunda acil durum ve kriz anlarının temel özelliklerini; kayıp ve hasara yol açmaları, dış yardım, çoklu paydaşların katılımı ve reaktif/proaktif yaklaşımları gerektirdikleri ortaya konulmaya çalışılmış ve geleceğe ilişkin olası araştırma fırsatları sergilenmesi planlanmıştır. Bulgular: Bu çalışmada gerçekleştirilen literatür taraması sonucunda afetlerin temel özelliklerinin; ani olmaları, öngörülememeleri, kayıp ve hasara yol açmaları, dış yardım, çoklu paydaşların katılımı ve reaktif/proaktif yaklaşımları gerektirdikleri ortaya koyulmuştur. Sonuç: Literatür kapsamında kriz tanımları ele alındığındaysa, krizlerin genellikle bir sistem, kuruluş, bir grup insan veya bireyle ilişkilendirildiğini, temel özelliklerinin ise benzersizlik, tehlike, hasara yol açma ve öngörülemezlik olarak belirlendiği gözlemlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İnsani Yardım Operasyonları
• ⁠Acil ve Kriz Durumları
• ⁠İnsani Yardım Kuruluşları
• İnsani Yardım Döngüsü
• Koordinasyon ve İletişim

Destekleyen Kurum

Unıted Natıon Safety and Securıty Department

Teşekkür

Sayın Prof.Dr. Ismail Erol, Akademik dergide yayınlanmak üzere hazırladığım makale sürecinde bana sağladığınız değerli destek ve rehberlik için içtenlikle teşekkür ederim. Bilgi ve deneyimlerinizi benimle paylaştığınız için minnettarım. Sizin yönlendirmeleriniz sayesinde, çalışmamı daha derinlemesine inceleme ve geliştirme fırsatı buldum. Sizin gibi bir akademisyenin desteği, bu süreçte benim için büyük bir motivasyon kaynağı oldu. Gelecekteki çalışmalarımda da bu deneyimden edindiğim bilgilerle ilerlemeyi umuyorum. Tekrar teşekkür ederim. Saygılarımla, Gulbahar ARSLAN ELNASHARTY

Kaynakça

1. Anjomshoae, A., Banomyong, R., Mohammed, F., & Kunz, N. (2022). A systematic review of humanitarian supply chains performance measurement literature from 2007 to 2021. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 72, 102852. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.102852.
2. Anderson, M., Becknell, K., & Taliano, J. (2018). History of humanitarian emergencies. health in humanitarian emergencies. Cambridge University Press. 2018b, 9-24.
3. ARCOM. (n.d.). Understanding the terminologies: Disaster, crisis and emergency. Retrieved December 19, 2024, from https://openresearch.lsbu.ac.uk/.
4. Başarı Sıralamaları. (2024). Uluslararası ulaşım hatlarının küresel ve bölgesel etkileri konu anlatımı. Başarı Sıralamaları. Retrieved July 14, 2024, from basarisiralamalari.com.
5. Birleşmiş Milletler (BM). (2006, Kasım). UN procurement manual. United Nations.
6. Blecken, A. (2010). Supply chain process modelling for humanitarian organizations. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 40(8/9), 675-692. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09600031011079328.
7. Brewton, C. (1987). Managing a crisis: A model for the lodging industry. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 28(3), 10-15.
8. Bundy, J., Pfarrer, M. D., Short, C. E., & Coombs, W. T. (2017). Crises and crisis management: Integration, interpretation, and research development. Journal of management, 43(6), 1661-1692.

9. Change, I. C. (2013). The physical science basis. (No Title).
10. Chandes, J., & Paché, G. (2010). Investigating humanitarian logistics issues: from operations management to strategic action. Journal of Manufacturing technology management, 21(3), 320-340. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/17410381011024313.
11. Cornell Law School. Legal Information Institute, Erişim linki:https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/emergency,
12. Dijkzeul, D., & Griesinger, D. (2020). Ambivalent Humanitarian Crises and Complex Emergencies. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1093 /acrefore/ 9780190228637. 013.1606.
13. European Union (EU). (n.d.). Civil protection and humanitarian aid operations. Retrieved December 19, 2024, from https://civil-protection-humanitarian-aid.ec.europa.eu/funding-evaluations_en.
14. European Union (EU). (n.d.). Funding the United Nations: How much does the U.S. pay? Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved December 19, 2024, from https://www.cfr.org.
15. Franke, J., Widera, A., Charoy, F., Hellingrath, B., & Ulmer, C. (2011, May). Reference process models and systems for inter-organizational ad-hoc coordination-supply chain management in humanitarian operations. In 8th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM'2011).
16. Hanatani, A., Gómez, O. A., & Kawaguchi, C. (2018). Crisis management beyond the humanitarian-development nexus (p. 256).
17. Hazaa, Y. M. H., Almaqtari, F. A., & Al-Swidi, A. (2021). Factors influencing crisis management: A systematic review and synthesis for future research. Cogent Business & Management, 8(1), 1878979. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2021.1878979.
18. Hoskins, A. (2004). Targeting General Food Distributions: Desk Review of Lessons from Experience. Rome: WFP.
19. Hosseini, S. A., Mohammadi, L., Amirbagheri, K., & de la Fuente, A. (2023). Assessing humanitarian supply chain operations in the aftermath of the Kermanshah earthquake. Journal of humanitarian logistics and supply chain management, 13(4), 378-398. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JHLSCM-01-2022-0001.
20. Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC). (2018). Humanitarian programme cycle protocol-1: Humanitarian system-wide scale-up activation: Definition and procedures. Retrieved December 19, 2024, from https://emergency.unhcr.org/coordination-and-communication/interagency/humanitarian-programme-cycle-iasc.
21. Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC). (n.d.). Humanitarian programme cycle. Retrieved December 19, 2024, from https://emergency.unhcr.org/coordinationandcommunication/interagency/humanitarianprogrammecycleiasc.
22. Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC). (2012). Inter-Agency Standing Committee transformative agenda reference document 5: Responding to Level 3 emergencies: The humanitarian programme cycle (PR/1212/4224/7).
23. Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC). (2015). Guideline for the implementation of the humanitarian programme cycle (Humanitarian Programme Cycle Steering Group). Retrieved December 19, 2024, from https://interagencystandingcommittee.org/sites/default/files/migrated/2019.02/hpc_reference_module_2015_final_.pdf.
24. Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC). (2019). Toplumsal cinsiyet ve insani yardım eylemi (Cinsiyet ve İnsani Eylem Referans Grubu).
25. Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC). (2017). Cinsiyet ve insani eylem referans grubu.
26. Jensen, J. (2010). Emergency management theory: Unrecognized, underused, and underdeveloped. Integrating emergency management into higher education: Ideas, programs, and strategies, 7-24.
27. Kash, T. J., & Darling, J. R. (1998). Crisis management: prevention, diagnosis and intervention. Leadership & organization development journal, 19(4), 179-186.
28. Kennedy, E. & Maietta, M. (2021). Strategıc Plannıng In The Humanıtarıan Sector: A Manual To Foresight And Futures-Focused Thinking. ROUTLEDGE.
29. Küresel İnsani Yardım Raporu. (2023). The GHA programme is funded by the governments of Canada, Denmark, the Netherlands. Erisim linki: GHA2023_Digital_v9.pdf (ams3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com), Global Humanitarian Assistance Report 2023- Development Initiatives (devinit.org),
30. Krishna, A. (2010). One illness away: Why people become poor and how they escape poverty. OUP Oxford.
31. Labib, A., Abdi, M. R., Hadleigh-Dunn, S., & Yazdani, M. (2022). Evidence-based models to support humanitarian operations and crisis management. Decision Making: Applications in Management and Engineering, 5(1), 113-134. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31181/dmame030222100y.
32. Larson, P. D., & Foropon, C. (2018). Process improvement in humanitarian operations: an organisational theory perspective. International Journal of Production Research, 56(21), 6828-6841. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2018.1424374.
33. Lavallee, E., Olivier, A., Pasquier-Doumer, L., & Robilliard, A. S. (2010). Poverty alleviation policy targeting: a review of experiences in developing countries. Document de Travail. Paris: Université Paris-Dauphine/IRD, 1-29.
34. Maxwell, D., Young, H., Jaspars, S., & Frize, J. (2009). Targeting in complex emergencies: Darfur case study. Feinstein International Center Report (part of larger study commissioned by WFP). Medford MA: Tufts University, 1.
35. Mansuri, G., & Rao, V. (2013). Localizing development: Does participation work?. The World Bank.
36. McClure, M. (1984). Catholic Priests And Peasant Politics In Haiti: The Role Of The Outsider In A Rural Community A paper prepared for presentation at the Caribbean Studies Association meetings St. Kitts May.
37. Schwartz, T. (2019). A model for humanitarian Aid Beneficiary Targeting. Schwartz research group [online]. Haiti: Schwartz research group.
38. Scott, L., & Shepherd, A. (2013). Microeconomic Indicators of Development Impacts and Available Datasets in Each Potential Case Study Country. SDRFI Impact Appraisal Project.
39. Selçuk, S. F. (2023). Uluslararası İklim Değişikliği Anlaşmaları ve Türkiye’nin Tutumu. Ulusal Çevre Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 6(1), 9-19.
40. Sharp, K. (1997). Targeting food aid in Ethiopia. Save the Children Fund (UK), Addis Ababa.
41. Smillie, I. (Ed.). (2001). Patronage or partnership: Local capacity building in humanitarian crises. Idrc.
42. The World Bank. (2013). Design & implementation: Targeting and selection. Retrieved December 19, 2024, from http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/communitydrivendevelopment/brief/cdd-targeting-selection.
43. The World Bank. (2016). Procurement guidance. World Bank.
44. UNHCR. (n.d.). Humanitarian programme. Coordination and Communication Center. Retrieved December 19, 2024, from https://emergency.unhcr.org/coordinationandcommunication/interagency/humanitarianprogramme.
45. United Nations (UN). (1996). Final report on human rights and extreme poverty submitted by the Special Rapporteur.
46. UNWFP. (n.d.-b). Monitoring & evaluation guidelines. United Nations World Food Programme Office of Evaluation and Monitoring. Retrieved December 19, 2024, from www.wfp.org.
47. UNWFP. (2013). Basic guidance community-based targeting (WFP/EB.A/2004/5-C). United Nations World Food Programme.
48. Interagency Procurement Working Group (IAPWG). (2006). UN procurement practitioner’s handbook. United Nations.
49. UNOCHA. (2018). Küresel insani yardım genel bakış raporu. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.
50. USAID. (2013). Performance indicators reference sheets for FFP indicators. U.S. Agency for International Development. Retrieved December 19, 2024, from http://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1866/PIRS%20for%20FFP%20Indicators.pdf.
51. Widera, A., Dietrich, H. A., Hellingrath, B., & Becker, J. (n.d.). Understanding humanitarian supply chains. Retrieved December 19, 2024, from https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=afed0aa157163363af4ee4aaa031ec37645dcf12.
52. Wiens, T., & Carlos, S. (1998). Rural poverty in Haiti: The challenges of poverty reduction (World Bank Technical Papers, Vol. II, Report No. 17242-HA). World Bank.
53. Wiesmann, D., Bassett, L., Benson, T., & Hoddinott, J. (2009). Validation of the world food programme s food consumption score and alternative indicators of household food security. Intl Food Policy Res Inst.