İklim Mültecileri

Yıl 2016, Sayı: 4, 10 - 58, 01.07.2016

Nuray Ekşi

Öz

Çevre felaketlerinden ve iklim değişikliklerinden etkilenen insanlar, ülkelerini terk ederek başka ülkelerden uluslararası koruma talep etmektedirler. Çevresel felaketler ve iklim değişiklikleri, bu değişikliklerden etkilenen ve “iklim mültecileri” veya “çevre mültecileri” olarak anılan insanların ortaya çıkmasına sebep olmuştur. Ancak her ne kadar “iklim mültecileri” veya “çevre mültecileri” olarak anılsalar da söz konusu kişiler 1951 Cenevre Konvansiyonu kapsamında mülteci değillerdir. “İklim mültecileri” veya “çevre mültecileri” olarak anılan insanlara bazı devletlerin yasalarında “tamamlayıcı koruma” veya “geçici koruma” sağlanabilmektedir. Bazı devletlerin yasal düzenlemelerinde ise iklim mültecilerine yönelik herhangi bir koruma öngörülmemiştir. Yaşama hakkı başta olmak üzere insan haklarına ilişkin uluslararası düzenlemelerde yer alan bazı hükümler çerçevesinde iklim mültecilerine insani koruma sağlanabilir. Ancak insani korumanın çerçevesi de henüz tam olarak çizilmemiştir. Çalışmamızda iklim mültecilerine sağlanacak bir uluslararası korumanın olup olmadığı hususu incelenecektir. Bu bağlamda öncelikle iklim mültecileri kavramı açıklanacak ve bu durumun ortaya çıkmasına etki eden faktörler incelenecektir. Daha sonra iklim mültecilerinin, 1951 Cenevre Konvansiyonu kapsamına giren mülteciler olarak kabul edilmemesinin sebepleri mahkeme kararlarıyla açıklanacaktır. İklim mültecilerini korumak için hazırlanan milletlerarası antlaşma taslaklarına değinildikten sonra Türk hukukunda iklim mültecilerinin durumu irdelenecektir

Anahtar Kelimeler

İklim mültecileri, çevre mültecileri, iklim göçmenleri, ülkesinden yerinden edilmiş insanlar, IDPs, insani koruma

Climate Refugees

Öz

People affected by environmental disasters and climate change abandon their countries and seek international protection from other states. Environmental disasters and climate change have caused migration and the emergence of the so-called “climate refugees” or “environmental refugees”. Although they are often called “climate refugees” or “environmental refugees”, these people do not fall within the definition of refugee under the 1951 Geneva Convention on the Legal Status of Refugees. The laws of certain countries provide “complementary protection” or “temporary protection” to climate refugees or environmental refugees. On the other hand, no protection is envisaged in the laws of some countries regarding climate refugees. Humanitarian protection can be provided to climate refugees under the legal provisions guaranteeing certain basic rights, such as the right to life, in international human rights treaties. However, the boundaries of the notion of “humanitarian protection” have not been clearly drawn yet. In this study, we evaluate whether any international protection may be available to climate refugees. To this end, we first describe the term “climate refugees” and analyze the factors that led to its emergence. We then examine the reasons why climate refugees are not treated as refugees within the scope of the 1951 Geneva Convention, taking into account the relevant court decisions. Following a discussion of the draft international treaties prepared to protect climate refugees, we examine the situation of climate refugees under Turkish law

Anahtar Kelimeler

Climate refugees, environmental refugees, climate migrants, internally displaced persons, IDPs, humanitarian protection, climate change displacement

Kaynakça

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