Batı Anadolu’daki bazı jeotermal alanların termal akışkanlarında bor izotop oranları ve borun kökeni

Yıl 2023, , 1361 - 1374, 06.01.2023

Murat Tokcaer

https://doi.org/10.17341/gazimmfd.1092227

Cited By: 1

Öz

Batı Anadolu’nun tektonik olarak aktif graben bölgeleri, birçok jeotermal aktivite ve jeotermal sularda oldukça yüksek bor zenginleşmesi ile karakterizedir. Köken konusunda farklı kaynakları belirlemek için bor izotop jeokimyasının jeolojik çalışmalarda yaygın olarak kullanımı oldukça yenidir. Borun jeotermal akışkanlardaki kökenini belirleyebilmek amacıyla, örneklenen termal suların B izotop oranları, suların kimyasal analiz sonuçları ve bölgelerin jeolojileri birlikte değerlendirilmiştir. İncelenen termal suların genellikle Na-HCO3, Ca, Na- HCO3, Ca-HCO3,Cl ve Na-Cl tipinde oldukları saptanmıştır. Yüksek sıcaklığa sahip, soğuk sular ile seyrelmenin az olduğu bölgelerde B konsantrasyonları oldukça yüksek (B=52,1mg/l; Salihli), B izotop oranları ise litolojik farklılıklardan dolayı geniş bir aralıkta çıkmıştır (δ11B=-7,73‰ / +10,83‰; n=15). Tüm sularda sıcaklık ile çözülü iyonlar arasında ve benzer şekilde B - Cl ve B-elektriksel iletkenlikleri arasında pozitif korelasyon saptanmıştır. Ayrıca termal sulardaki B izotop oranları suların etkileşimde oldukları kayaçların B izotop oranları ile uyumlu çıkmış olması borun kökeni konusunda su-kaya etkileşimini destekler. Na-Cl tipindeki termal suların yüksek pozitif δ11B değerleri ise diğer kimyasal verilerin de desteklediği gibi denizel karışım sonucudur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Jeotermal sular, bor izotopları, borun kökeni, deniz suyu girişi

Kaynakça

• 1. Gemici Ü. ve Tarcan G., Distribution of boron in thermal waters of western Anatolia, Turkey and examples on their environmental impacts. Environmental Geology 43:87–98, 2002
• 2. Ramakumar K. L., Parab A. R., Khodade P. S., Almaula A. I., Chitambar S. A. ve Jain H. C., Determination of isotopic composition of boron, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 94, 53-62, 1985.
• 3. Spivack, A. J., ve Edmond J. M., Determinations of boron isotope ratios by thermal ionization mass spectrometry of cesium metaborate cation. Anal. Chem., 58, 31-35, 1986
• 4. Xiao Y. K., Beary E. S., ve Fassett J. D., An improved method for the high precision isotopic measurement of boron by thermal ionization mass spectrometry, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion. Processes, 85, 203-213, 1988.
• 5. Hemming N.G., ve Hanson G. N. A procedure for the analysis of boron by thermal ionization mass spectrometry, Chem. Geol., 114, 147-156, 1994
• 6. Leemann W.P., Vocke R. D., Beary E. S. ve Paulsen P. J., Precise boron isotopic analysis of aqueous samples: Ion exchange extraction and mass spectrometry, Geochim. Et Cosmochim. Acta, 55, 3901-3907, 1991
• 7. Barth S., Boron isotope variations in nature: a synthesis. Geol. Rundsch., 82, 640-651, 1993
• 8. Cary L., Casanova J., Gaaloul N. ve Guerrot, C., Combining boron isotopes and carbamazepine to trace sewage in salinized groundwater: a case study in Cap Bon, Tunisia. Appl. Geochem. 34, 126–139, 2013
• 9. Jiang, S.Y., Boron isotope geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits in China: a preliminary study. Phys. Chem. Earth Solid Earth Geod. 26, 851–858, 2001
• 10. Jiang S.Y., Palmer M.R., Boron isotope systematics of tourmaline from granites and pegmatites; a synthesis. Eur. J. Mineral. 10, 1253–1265, 1998
• 11. Marschall H.R. ve Jiang S.Y., Tourmaline isotopes: no element left behind. Elements 7, 313–319, 2011
• 12. Aggarwal J.K. ve Palmer M.R., Boron Isotope Analysis: A review. The Analyst, Vol.120 (5),1301-1309, 1995
• 13. Catanzaro E. J., Champion C. E., Garner E. L., Marinenko G., Sappenfield K. M. ve Shields W. R., Standard Reference Materials: Boric acid; Isotopic, and Assay Standard Reference Materials, US National Bureau of Standards, Spec. Publ., 260-17: 70pp, 1970
• 14. NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technologie), Certificate of Analysis: Standard Reference Material® 952, http://www.nist.gov/, 1999
• 15. Williams L.B. ve Hervig, R.L., Boron isotope composition of coals: a potential tracer of organic contaminated fluids. Appl. Geochem. 19, 1625-1636, 2004
• 16. Hogan J. F. ve Blum J. D., Boron and lithium isotopes as ground- water tracers: a study at the Fresh Kills Landfill, Staten Island, New York, USA. Applied Geochemistry 18, 615–627, 2003
• 17. Spivack A. J. ve Edmond J. M., Boron isotope exchange between seawater and the oceanic crust. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 51, 1033–1043, 1987
• 18. Palmer M. R., Boron isotope systematics of hydrothermal fluids and tourmalines: a synthesis. Chemical Geology: Isotope Geosciences Section 94, 111–121, 1991
• 19. Ishikawa T. ve Nakamura E. Boron isotope systematics of marine sediments. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 117, 567–580, 1993
• 20. Smith H. J., Spivack A. J., Staudigel H. ve Hart R. H., The boron isotopic composition of the altered oceanic crust, Chem. Geol., 126, 119-135, 1995
• 21. Jiang S. Y., Palmer M. R., Peng Q. M. ve Yang J. H., Chemical and stable isotope composition of Proterozoic metamorphosed evaporates and associated tourmalines from the Houxianyu borate deposit, eastern Liaoning, China. Chemical Geology 135,189–211, 1997
• 22. Deyhle A. ve Knopf A., The use and usefulness of boron isotopes in natural silicate–water systems. Phys. Chem. Earth 30, 1038–1046, 2005
• 23. Kakihana H., Kotaka M., Satoh S., Nomura M. ve Okamoto M., Fundamental studies on the separation of boron isotopes, Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan, 50, 158-163, 1977
• 24. Oi T., Nomura M., Ossaka T., Okamoto O. ve Kakihana H., Boron isotopic compositions of some boron minerals, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 53, 3189-3195, 1989
• 25. Palmer M. R. ve Swihart G. H., Boron isotope geochemistry: An overview, In: Boron, Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry (eds. E.S. Grew and L.M. Anovitz) Rev. Mineral., 33, 845-862, 1996
• 26. Nomura M., Kanzaki T., Ozawa T., Okamoto M. ve Kakihana H., Boron isotopic composition of fumarolic condensates from some volcanoes in Japanese island arcs. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 46, 2403–2406, 1982
• 27. Spivack A.J., Palmer M.R. ve Edmond J.M., The sedimentary cycle of the boron isotopes. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 51, 1939–1949, 1987
• 28. Palmer M.R. ve Sturchio N.C., The boron isotope systematics of the Yellowstone National Park (Wyoming) hydrothermal system: a reconnaissance study. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 54:2811-2815, 1990
• 29. Vengosh A., Kolodny Y., Starinsky A., Chivas A. R., ve Mc Culloch M. T., Co-precipitation and isotopic fractionation of boron in modern biogenic carbonates. Geochim. Cosomochim. Acta 55, 2901–2910, 1991
• 30. Voutsa D., Dotsika E., Kouras A., Poutoukis D. ve Kouimtzis T., Study on distribution and origin of boron in groundwater in the area of Chalkidiki, Northern Greece by employing chemical and isotopic tracers. J. Hazard. Mater. 172, 1264-1272, 2009
• 31. Chao H.C., You C.F., Wang B.S., Chung C.H. ve Huang K.F., Boron isotopic composition of mud volcano fluids: implications for fluid migration in shallow subduction zones. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 305, 32–44, 2011
• 32. Aggarwal J.K., Sheppard D., Mezger K., Pernicka E., Precise and accurate determination of boron isotope ratios by multiple collector ICP-MS: origin of boron in the Ngawha geothermal system, New Zealand. Chem. Geol. 199, 331–342, 2003
• 33. Dotsika E., Poutoukis D., Kloppmann W., Guerrot C., Voutsa D. ve Kouimtzis T.H., The use of O, H, B, Sr and S isotopes for tracing the origin of dissolved boron in groundwater in Central Macedonia, Greece. Appl. Geochem. 25, 1783–1796, 2010
• 34. Panagopoulos G., Application of major and trace elements as well as boron isotopes for tracing hydrochemical processes: the case of Trifilia coastal karst aquifer, Greece. Environ. Geol. 58, 1067-1082, 2009.
• 35. Güleç N., The distribution of helium-3 in Western Turkey. Mineral Res. Exploration Bull. 108, 35–42, 1988
• 36. Ercan T., Ölmez E., Matsudo I. Wagao K. ve Kıta I., Chemical and isotopic values of hot and mineralized waters and the gases they contain in North and West Anatolia. Turkey Energy Bulletin. Vol: 1. No: 2. TMMOB Chamber of Geological Engineers publication. 20–21, 1994
• 37. Vengosh A., Helvacı C. ve Karamanderesi, İ.H., Geochemical constraints for the origin of thermal waters from western Turkey. Applied Geochemistry 17, 163- 183, 2002
• 38. Özgür N., Graf, W., Stichler W. ve Wolf M., Origin of the high sulfate contents in thermal waters of Kızıldere and environs, Western Anatolia, Turkey. Int. Symposium. on Eastern Mediterranean Geology, Thessaloniki, Greece, pp. 1306–1309, 2004
• 39. Tokcaer M., Geochemical Cycle of Boron and Isotope Fractionation in Geothermal Fluids of Western Anatolia. PhD. Thesis, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences of Dokuz Eylül University (yayınlanmamış), 2007
• 40. Gran G., Determination of the equivalence point in potentiometric titrations. Part II Analyst; 77: 661-671, 1952.
• 41. Piper, A.M., Interpretation of water analyses. Geol. Survey Water Res. Div.No.12, 1979
• 42. Palmer, M.R. ve Sturchio N.C., The boron isotope systematics of the Yellowstone National Park (Wyoming) hydrothermal system: a reconnaissance. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 54, 2811-2815, 1990
• 43. Nicholson K., Geothermal fluids. Chemistry and exploration techniques. Springer-Verlag. Berlin, 263s, 1993
• 44. Werding G. ve Schreyer W. Chapter 3. Experimental Studies On Borosilicates And Selected Borates. Boron: Mineralogy, Petrology, and Geochemistry, edited by Lawrence M. Anovitz and Edward S. Grew, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 117-164 , 2018
• 45. Sanchez-Valle C., Reynard B., Daniel I., Lecuyer C., Martinez I. ve Chervin J.C. Boron isotopic fractionation between minerals and fluids: new insights from in situ high pressure-high temperature vibrational spectroscopic data. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 69:4301–4313, 2005
• 46. Hitchon B., Perkins E. H. ve Gunte W.D., Introduction to Ground Water Geochemistry, Geoscience Publishing Ltd., Sherwood Park, Alberta, Canada, 1999
• 47. Leeman W.P. ve Sisson V.B., Geochemistry of Boron and its implications for crustal and mantle processes, In Boron, Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry (eds. E.S. Grew and L.M. Anovitz) Rev. Mineral., 33, 645-708, 1996
• 48. Henry D. ve Dutrow B., Metamorphic tourmaline and its petrologic applications, In Boron, Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry (eds. E.S. Grew and L.M. Anovitz) Rev. Mineral., 33, 503-557, 1996
• 49. Grew, E. Borosilicates and boron in rock-forming minerals in metamorphic environments, In Boron, Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry (eds.E.S. Grew & L.M. Anovitz) Rev. Mineral., 33, 387-502, 1996
• 50. Stubican V. ve Roy R., Boron substitution in synthetic micas and clays. Am Mineral 47: 1166-1173, 1962
• 51. Pichavant M., Shnapper D. ve Brown W.L., Al-B substitution in alkali feldspars: preliminary hydrothermal data in the system NaAlSi3O8-NaBSi3O8. bull. Mineral 107: 529-537, 1984
• 52. Nabelek P.I., Denison J.R. ve Glascock M.D. Behavior of boron during contact meta- morphism of calc- silicate rocks at Notch Peak, Utah. American Mineralogist 75 (7–8), 874–880, 1990
• 53. Shaw D. M., Similarities And Contrasts In Lunar And Terrestrial Boron Geochemistry, In Boron, Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry (eds. E.S. Grew and L.M. Anovitz) Rev. Mineral., 33pp. 745-770, 1996
• 54. Filiz Ş., Investigation of the Important Geothermal Areas by Using, C, H, O Isotopes, Seminar on Utilization of Geothermal Energy for Electric Power Production and Space Heating, Florence, 25-26, 1984.
• 55. Gökgöz A., Geochemistry of the Kızıldere–Tekkehamam–Buldan–Pamukkale geothermal fields, Turkey. In: Georgsson, L.S. (Ed.), Geothermal Training in Iceland 1998, United Nations University Geothermal Training Programme, Reykjavik, Iceland, 115–156, 1998.
• 56. Tamgaç Ö.F., Yıldırım N. ve Güner, N., Report on Conservation Area of Balçova Geothermal Field. MTA, Ankara, pp. 55 (in Turkish), 2005
• 57. Karakuş H. ve Şimsek, Ş, Tracing deep thermal water circulation systems in the E-W trending Büyük Menderes Graben, Western Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Resc., 252, 38–52, 2013
• 58. Şimşek Ş,. Aydın-Germencik-Ömerbeyli Field of Turkey. Seminar on Utilisation of Geothermal Energy for Electric Power Production and Space Heating, 14-17 May, Florence, Italy. Sem. Ref. No. Ep/Sem.9/R.37, 1984
• 59. Karamanderesi İ.H., Yılmazer S., Yıldırım T., Yakabağ A., Çiçekli K., Gevrek A.İ., Demir A. ve Yıldırım N., Manisa-Turgutlu-Salihli-Alaşehir arası Gediz vadisi jeotermal enerji aramaları etüd ve sondaj (SC-1 derin sondaj) verileri sonuç raporu: MTA Der. Rap. No:10460, 180 s., (yayımlanmamış), Ankara, 1995
• 60. Şimşek Ş., Doğdu M.S., Akan B. ve Yıldırım N., Chemical and isotopic survey of geothermal reservoirs in Western Anatolia, Turkey. In: World Geothermal Congress, Japan, May 28 - June 10, 2000, Proceedings: 1765-1770, 2000. 61. Şimşek Ş., Yıldırım N. ve Gülgör, A., Developmental and environmental effects of the Kızıldere geothermal power project, Turkey, Geothermics 34 (2005) 239–256, 2005
• 62. Yücel Y., Helvacı C., Martin R. P., Ersoy E.Y., ve Freslon N., Origin and significance of tourmalinites and tourmaline-bearing rocks of Menderes Massif, western Anatolia, Turkey. Lithos 218–219 pp.22–36, 2015
• 63. Marschall H.R., Korsakov A.V., Luvizotto G.L., Nasdala L. ve Ludwig T., On the occurrence and boron isotopic composition of tourmaline in high pressure metamorphic rocks. J. Geol. Soc. 166, 811–823, 2009
• 64. Nakano T. ve Nakamura E., Boron isotope geochemistry of metasedimentary rocks and tourmalines in a subduction zone metamorphic suite. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 127, 233–252, 2001
• 65. Bingöl E., Akyürek B. ve Korkmazer B., Biga yarımadasının jeolojisi ve Karakaya formasyonunun bazı özellikleri. Cumhuriyetin 50. Yılı Yerbilimleri Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, 1973
• 66. Yılmazer S., Özgür R., Yıldırım N. ve Aydoğdu Ö., Bergama (İzmir) bölgesinin jeotermal olanakları, MTA Der. Rap. No:15, 2004
• 67. Jeckelmann C., Genese Lokaler Thermalwasservorkommen in der region Bergama / W-Türkei, Ph.D: Thesis (Diss. ETH Nr. 11990), Zürich, 200p, 1996
• 68. Saurer AF ve Troll G., Abundance and distribution of boron in the Hauzenberg (Bavaria) granite complex. Geochim Cosmochi Acta 54:49-56, 1990
• 69. Tarcan G. ve Gemici, Ü., Water geochemistry of the Seferihisar geothermal area, Izmir, Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 126 (3–4), 225–242, 2003
• 70. Conrad M.A., Hipfel B. ve Satır M., Chemical and stable isotopic characteristics of thermal waters from the Çeşme-Seferihisar area, İzmir (W-Turkey). IESCA Proceedings. 9-14 October, İzmir-Güllük, Turkey, 1995
• 71. Filiz, Ş., Ege Bölgesindeki önemli jeotermal alanların O-18, H-2, H-3, C-13 izotoplarıyla incelenmesi. Doçentlik Tezi, E.Ü.Y.B.F., 1-95, İzmir, 1982
• 72. Craig H., Isotopic variations in meteoric waters. Science 133, 1702-B, 1961
• 73. Şimşek Ş., Hydrogeological and isotopic survey of geothermal fields in the Büyük Menderes graben, Turkey, Geothermics 32, p 669-678, 2003
• 74. Akkuş İ., Akıllı H., Ceyhan S., Dilemre A. ve Tekin Z., Turkey Geothermal Resources Inventory, Envanter Serisi 201, Ankara; Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, 2005
• 75. Karacık Z. ve Yılmaz Y., Geology of the Young Plutonic and Volcanic Associations of the Ezine Region; NW Anatolia. Second International Turkish Geology Workshop. Cumhuriyet Univ. Sivas, Abstracts, p. 60, 1995
• 76. Harder, H., Beitrag zur Geoechemie des Bors, Teil I: Bor in Mineralen und magnetischen Gesteinen Teil II Bor in Sedimenten. Nachr. Akad. Wiss II. Math.-phys. Kl. Göttingen, 5:67-122; 6:123-183, 1959
• 77. Aggarwal J.K., Palmer M.R., Bullen T.D., Arnórsson S. ve Ragnarsdóttir K.V.. The boron isotope systematics of Icelandic geothermal waters: 1. Meteoric water charged systems. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 64 (4), 579– 585, 2000
• 78. Palmer M.R., Spivack A.J. ve Edmond J.M., Temperature and pH controls over isotopic fractionation during absorption of boron marine clay. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 51, 2319– 2323, 1987
• 79. Yuan J., Guo Q. ve Wang Y., Geochemical behaviors of boron and its isotopes in aqueous environment of the Yangbajing and Yangyi geothermal fields, Tibet, China. J. Geochem. Explor. 140, 11–22, 2014
• 80. Pennisi M., Adorni-Braccesi A., Andreani D., Gori L., Sciuto P.F. ve Gonfiantini R., ISOBORDAT: An Online Database on Boron Isotopes, Isotopes in Hydrology, Marine Ecosystems and Climate Change Studies. IAEA, Monaco, pp. 381–388, 2011