The effect of waste PVC modified bitumen on the mechanical and physical properties of asphalt mixtures

Öz

Asphalt pavements are the most widely used pavement type on highways due to advantages such as flexibility, stability, and durability. PVC is a commonly used industrial material, and because it is difficult and labor-intensive to recycle, it plays a significant role in increasing environmental pollution. In this study, the mechanical and physical properties of asphalt mixtures modified with different proportions (1%, 3%, and 5% by weight of bitumen) of waste PVC were investigated. Within this scope, basic material properties were determined, Marshall mix design was performed for each modification level, and the flow and stability values were obtained. In addition, indirect tensile strength (ITS) and moisture susceptibility tests were conducted for each mixture type. The results showed that the incorporation of PVC increased the viscosity of the bitumen, leading to higher mixing and compaction temperatures. PVC modification also increased the softening point of the bitumen and reduced the sensitivity of the asphalt mixture to temperature variations. Mixtures modified with 1% and 3% PVC achieved the highest performance values in terms of stability and ITS, while the mixture containing 3% PVC exhibited superior resistance to moisture damage and freeze–thaw cycles. It was observed that PVC modification reduced the temperature susceptibility of the bitumen, and that especially 3% PVC improved its suitability under varying climatic conditions. Overall, the study demonstrates that the use of waste PVC enhances the mechanical performance of asphalt and offers an environmentally beneficial solution.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Hot mix asphalt
• waste PVC
• modified bitumen
• moisture susceptibility

Proje Numarası

23ADP145

Atık PVC ile modifiye edilmiş bitümün asfalt karışımların mekanik ve fiziksel özelliklerine etkisi

Öz

Asfalt kaplamalar, karayollarında en yaygın kullanılan kaplama tipi olup, esneklik, stabilite ve dayanıklılık gibi avantajlarıyla tercih edilmektedir. PVC yaygın kullanılan endüstriyel bir malzeme olup geri dönüştürülmesi zor ve zahmetli olduğu için çevre kirliğinin artmasında önemli rol oynamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, bitüm ağırlığınca farklı oranlarda (%1, %3 ve %5) atık PVC ile modifiye edilmiş asfalt karışımlarının mekanik ve fiziksel özellikleri incelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda, malzeme özellikleri belirlenmiş, her bir katkı içeriğine ait karışım tipi için Marshall tasarımı yapılmış, akma ve stabilite değerleri belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca yine her katkı içeriği için indirekt çekme mukavemeti ve neme karşı hassasiyet deneyleri de gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma sonunda, PVC katkısının bitümün viskozite değerlerini artırdığı ve bu artışa bağlı olarak karıştırma ve sıkıştırma sıcaklıklarının yükseldiği gözlemlenmiştir. Ayrıca, PVC modifikasyonu bitümün yumuşama noktasını yükseltmiş, asfalt karışımının sıcaklık değişimlerine karşı duyarlılığını da azaltmıştır. %1 ve %3 PVC modifikasyonlu karışımlar, stabilite ve dolaylı çekme dayanımı (ITS) gibi performans parametrelerinde en yüksek değerlere ulaşırken, %3 PVC içeren karışımın nem ve donma-çözülme döngülerine karşı üstün direnç gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. PVC modifikasyonunun bitümün sıcaklığa karşı duyarlılığını azalttığı ve özellikle %3 PVC modifikasyonunun bitümün iklim değişikliklerine uygunluğunu artırdığı görülmüştür. Çalışma, atık PVC kullanımının asfaltın mekanik performansını iyileştirdiğini ve çevresel açıdan faydalı bir çözüm sunduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sıcak karışım asfalt
• atık PVC
• modifiye bitüm
• neme karşı hassasiyet

Destekleyen Kurum

Eskişehir Teknik Üniversitesi

Proje Numarası

23ADP145

Etik Beyan

Çalışmanın tüm süreçlerinin araştırma ve yayın etiğine uygun olduğunu, etik kurallara ve bilimsel atıf gösterme ilkelerine uyduğumuzu beyan ederiz.

Teşekkür

Bu çalışma, Eskişehir Teknik Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Komisyonu tarafından 23ADP145 numaralı proje kapsamında desteklenmiştir. Yazarlar Dr. Fatma BİRİNCİ KAYAALP'e çalışma sırasındaki desteklerinden ötürü teşekkürlerini sunarlar.

Kaynakça

1. 1. Kök B., Yalçin E., Yi̇lmaz M., and B. Büyük, Investigation of conventional and rheological properties of bitumen modified with Selenizza natural asphalt, Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, 39 (2), 921–932, 2023.
2. 2. Kumandaş A., Pancar E. B., Bitüm Modifikasyonunda Kullanılan Güncel Katkı Maddeleri: Bir Literatür Araştırması, OMÜ Mühendis. Bilim. ve Teknol. Derg., 3 (2), 109–140, 2023.
3. 3. Lahl U., Zeschmar-Lahl B., More than 30 Years of PVC Recycling in Europe—A Critical Inventory, Sustainability, 16, (9), 3854, 2024.
4. 4. Lu L., Li W., Cheng Y., Liu M., Chemical recycling technologies for PVC waste and PVC-containing plastic waste: A review, Waste Manag., 166, 245–258, 2023.
5. 5. Naderi Kalali E., Lotfian S., Entezar Shabestari M, Khayatzadeh S., Zhao C., Yazdani Nezhad H., A critical review of the current progress of plastic waste recycling technology in structural materials, Curr. Opin. Green Sustain. Chem., vol. 40, 100763, 2023.
6. 6. Fakhri M., Shahryari E., and Ahmadi T, Investigate the use of recycled polyvinyl chloride (PVC) particles in improving the mechanical properties of stone mastic asphalt (SMA), Constr. Build. Mater., 326, 126780, 2022.
7. 7. Ziari H, Nasiri E., Amini A., Ferdosian O., The effect of EAF dust and waste PVC on moisture sensitivity, rutting resistance, and fatigue performance of asphalt binders and mixtures, Constr. Build. Mater., 203, 188–200, 2019.
8. 8. Behl A, Sharma G., Kumar A., A sustainable approach: Utilization of waste PVC in asphalting of roads, Constr. Build. Mater., 54, 113–117, 2014.

9. 9. Kazim H. A. A., Naser A. F., Jawad Z. F., Evaluating the Properties of Improved Asphalt Material and Hot Mixture Asphalt by Adopting Rotational Viscosity Test and Wheel Track Test, J. Kejuruter., 36 (3), 877–889, 2024.
10. 10. Murana A. A., Amartey Y. D., Abah L. I., Ibedu K. E., Bitrus J. N., Strength Properties of Asphalt Mixture Produced with Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Modified Bitumen, Covenant Journal of Engineering Technology, 8 (2), 2024
11. 11. Tayh S. A., Jasim A. F., Mughaidir A. M., Yousif R. A., Performance enhancement of asphalt mixture through the addition of recycled polymer materials, Discov. Civ. Eng., 1 (68), 2024.
12. 12. Pangestika S. H., Saptaji K., Nandiyanto A. B. D., Liman S. D., Triawan F., Utilization of plastic waste to improve properties of road material: A review, Mech. Eng. Soc. Ind., 3 (3), 119–135, 2023.
13. 13. Kumar B., Kumar N., Enhancing asphalt mixture performance through waste plastic modification: a comprehensive analysis of optimal compositions and volumetric properties, J. Struct. Integr. Maint., 9 (2), 2376804, 2024.
14. 14. Köfteci S., Ahmedzade P., Kultayev B., Performance evaluation of bitumen modified by various types of waste plastics, Constr. Build. Mater., 73, 592–602, 2014.
15. 15. Ezzat E. N., Abed A. H., Prediction of modified asphalt concrete rutting depth using statistical model, Mater. Today Proc., 42, 1784–1790, 2021.
16. 16. Xiao R., Shen Z., Polaczyk P., Huang B., Thermodynamic Properties of Aggregate Coated by Different Types of Waste Plastic: Adhesion and Moisture Resistance of Asphalt-Aggregate Systems, J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 35 (8), 04023261, 2023.
17. 17. Alsaleh F., Properties of Hot Mix Asphalt Containing Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement of the Aleppo highways, Int. J. Emerg. Trends Eng. Res., 8 (8), 4037–4043, 2020.
18. 18. Salman N., Jaleel Z., Effects of waste PVC addition on the properties of (40-50) grade asphalt, 3rd Int. Conf. Buildings, Constr. Environ. Eng., Sharm el-Sheikh, 162 (01046), 2018.
19. 19. Abed M. A., Al‐Tameemi A. F., Abed A. H., Wang Y., Direct tensile test evaluation and characterization for mechanical and rheological properties of polymer modified hot mix asphalt concrete, Polym. Compos., 43 (9), 6381–6388, 2022.
20. 20. Yüknü K., Öztürk Y., Komut M., Bitümlü Bağlayıcılar Laboratuvar El Kitabı, Karayolları Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara, 2021.
21. 21. ASTM International, ASTM D5: Standard Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2021
22. 22. ASTM International, ASTM D36: Standard Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen (Ring-and-Ball Apparatus), West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2022
23. 23. Read J., Whiteoak D., The Shell bitumen handbook (5th ed.), Thomas Telford Publ., London, 2003. 24. Yılmaz M. Ahmedzade P., Investigation of Pure and SBS Modified Bituminous Binder Properties After Short Term Ageing by Using Two Different Ageing Methods, Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, 23 (3), 569-575, 2013.
24. 25. Karayolu Teknik Şartnamesi, Karayolları Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara, 2023.
25. 26. ASTM International, ASTM D4402: Standard Test Method for Viscosity Determination of Asphalt at Elevated Temperatures Using a Rotational Viscometer, West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2023.
26. 27. Presti D. Lo, Fecarotti C., Clare A. T., Airey G., Toward more realistic viscosity measurements of tyre rubber–bitumen blends, Constr. Build. Mater.,67, 270–278, 2014.
27. 28. Yero S. A., Hainin M. R., Viscosity Characteristics of Modified Bitumen, ARPN Journal of Science and Technology, 2 (5), 2012.
28. 29. ASTM International, ASTM C136: Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates, West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2019
29. 30. ASTM International, ASTM C127: Standard Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity) and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate, West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2024
30. 31. ASTM International, ASTM C128: Standard Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity) and Absorption of Fine Aggregate, West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2022
31. 32. ASTM International, ASTM C535: Standard Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Large-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los Angeles Machine, West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2016
32. 33. ASTM International, ASTM C88/C88M-24 – Standard Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use of Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate. West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2024.
33. 34. Oliver J. W., A review of Austroads gyratory compaction research, Austroads, Sydney, 2008.
34. 35. James R. S., Cooley L. A., Ahlrich R. C., Prowell B. D., Howard I. L., Development of Design Gyration Levels for Airfield Asphalt Pavement, Adv. Civ. Eng. Mater., 4 (1), 61–79, 2015.
35. 36. Xie H., Watson D. E., Brown E. R., Evaluation of Two Compaction Levels for Designing Stone Matrix Asphalt, Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board, 1929 (1), 149–156, 2005.
36. 37. Alderson A., Selection of a Laboratory Asphalt Compactor for Australasia, Austroads, Sydney, 2011
37. 38. Tapkın S., Keskin M., Design Gyration Number Determination of 100 mm-Diameter Asphalt Mixtures, Int. J. Civ. Eng., 17 (9), 1383–1396, 2019.
38. 39. Watson D. E., Moore J., Heartsill J., Jared D., Wu P., Verification of Superpave Number of Design Gyration Compaction Levels for Georgia, Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board, 2057 (1), 75–82, 2008.
39. 40. Cetin A., Evirgen B., Karslioglu A., Tuncan A., The Effect of Basalt Fiber on the Performance of Stone Mastic Asphalt, Period. Polytech. Civ. Eng., 65 (1), 2021.
40. 41. Tapkın S., Optimal polypropylene fiber amount determination by using gyratory compaction, static creep and Marshall stability and flow analyses, Constr. Build. Mater., 44, 399–410, 2013.
41. 42. Görkem İ. Ç., Artagan S. S., Kayaalp B. T., Saykan C., Özdemir İ. A., Determination of Resistance to Water-Induced Damage of Bituminous Mixtures Containing Hydrated Lime Prepared with Different Contents of PVC Waste, Firat Univ. J. Exp. Comput. Eng., 3 (1), 28–51, 2024.
42. 43. Muniandy R., Aburkaba E. E., Effect of Filler Type and Particle Size on Moisture Susceptibility of Stone Mastic Asphalt Mixtures, Aust. J. Basic Appl. Sci., 4 (11), 5522–5532, 2010.
43. 44. Naji J. A., Improving the Stripping Resistance of Local Hot Mix Asphalt Containing Basalt Aggregate by the use of Cement, J. Sci. Technol., 13 (2), 57–66, 2008.
44. 45. Arifuzzaman M., Islam M. S., Hossain M. I., Moisture damage evaluation in SBS and lime modified asphalt using AFM and artificial intelligence, Neural Comput. Appl., 28 (1), 125–134, 2017.
45. 46. Yao Z., Zhu H., Gong M., Yang J., Xu G., Zhong Y., Characterization of asphalt materials’ moisture susceptibility using multiple methods, Constr. Build. Mater., 155, 286–295, 2017.
46. 47. ASTM International, ASTM D4867/D4867M-21 – Standard Test Method for Effect of Moisture on Asphalt Mixtures, West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2021.